The purpose of this research is to study the effect of pyrolysis temperature to the wood vinegar chemical composition by be produced wood vinegar, charcoal, biofuel etc. The variation of pyrolysis temperatures were 110, 200, 300, 400 and 500 °C at 5 hours. That pine wood vinegar yield obtained were 13.80%, 16.12%, 11.99%, 15.51% and 0.90 %. Analysis DTA (Diferential Thermal Analysis) showed thermal decompotition occurs at 227, 320.2 and 349.7 °C. Identification of GC-MS of pine sawdust could provide compounds that mostly derived from acid group and was dominated by acetic acid produced was 31.65%. At distillate of teak smokes was obtained three yield of liquid smokes resulted from conversion of pine wood wastes can be utilized to preserve fishes. Keywords : Pine sawdust, pyrolysis, wood vinegar, and preserve fishes

The purpose of this research is to study the effect of  pyrolysis temperature to the wood vinegar chemical composition by be produced wood vinegar, charcoal, biofuel  etc. The variation of pyrolysis  temperatures were 110, 200, 300, 400 and 500 °C at 5 hours. That pine wood vinegar yield obtained were 13.80%, 16.12%, 11.99%, 15.51% and 0.90 %.  Analysis  DTA (Diferential Thermal Analysis)  showed thermal decompotition occurs at  227, 320.2 and 349.7 °C.  Identification of GC-MS of pine sawdust could provide compounds that mostly derived from acid group and was dominated by acetic acid produced was 31.65%. At distillate of teak smokes was obtained three yield of liquid smokes resulted from conversion of pine wood  wastes can be utilized to preserve fishes.   Keywords :  Pine sawdust,  pyrolysis, wood vinegar, and preserve  fishe

The qualities of core kenaf particle boards were studied. The boards were made of core kenaf particles and their liquids fortified by melamine formaldehyde. Core kenaf liquids were prepared using 20 – 60 mesh particles, phenol : formaldehyde ratio of 0,5, based on Masri (2005). SNI 06-4567-1998 and JIS A 5908-2003 were used to grade the kenaf liquids and particle board. Factorial analysis 3 x 3 in Complete Randomized Design was applied with 2 replications. Glue spread with 3 levels (10, 15 and 20% of the oven dry weight kenaf particles) and fortification MF with 3 levels (15, 30 and 45% of the solid content of the kenaf liquids) were used. Kenaf particles were cold soaked prior bonding. The condition of bonding operation in making particle board were : pressure of 20 kgf/cm2 at 160ºC for 12 minutes. The best result of particle board produced by 20% glue spread and 45% MF fortification with the properties as follows : density of 0,7 g/cm3, moisture content of 6,6%, water absorb ability of 55,6%, thickness swelling of 16,6%, screw holding strength of 641,2 N, internal bond of 0,86 N/mm2, MOE of 2131,9 N/mm2, and MOR of 15,3 N/mm2. Fortifications doesn’t significantly affect the quality of the particle boards. Keywords: Core-kenaf, kenaf liquids, fortification.

The qualities of core kenaf particle boards were studied.  The boards were made of core kenaf particles and their liquids fortified by melamine formaldehyde. Core kenaf liquids were prepared using 20 – 60 mesh particles, phenol : formaldehyde ratio of 0,5, based on Masri (2005).  SNI 06-4567-1998 and JIS A 5908-2003 were used to grade the kenaf liquids and particle board.  Factorial analysis 3 x 3 in Complete Randomized Design was applied with 2 replications.  Glue spread with 3 levels (10, 15 and 20% of the oven dry weight kenaf particles) and fortification MF with 3 levels (15, 30 and 45% of the solid content of the kenaf liquids) were used.  Kenaf particles were cold soaked prior bonding.  The condition of bonding operation in making particle board were : pressure of 20 kgf/cm2 at 160ºC for 12 minutes. The best result of particle board produced by 20% glue spread and 45% MF fortification with the properties as follows : density of 0,7 g/cm3, moisture content of 6,6%, water absorb ability of 55,6%, thickness swelling of 16,6%, screw holding strength of 641,2 N, internal bond of 0,86 N/mm2, MOE of 2131,9 N/mm2, and MOR of 15,3 N/mm2.  Fortifications doesn’t significantly affect the quality of the particle boards.   Keywords: Core-kenaf, kenaf liquids, fortification

Wood has specific base properties of thermal and combustion. Since being grew normally at marginal soil of mining area, sengon buto, waru and gmelina woods were objectified to investigate thermophisic aspect of their usage as substitution fuel in cement production. Examination based on species, ages and horizontal positions of those woods showed that mean of heating value in oven dry and air dry condition was 4.505 kkal/kg and 4.084 kkal/kg, respectively. Determination of wood substitution to ordinary fuel was acquired by accumulating heating value with prediction value of plantation biomass potency; and enquiry for 850 ha mining area resulted that waru wood will contribute about 5,14% to coal total requisite per year, gmelina and sengon buto will contribute about 5,03% and 4,49%, respectively. Keywords: Wood, heating value, substitution fuel

Wood has specific base properties of thermal and combustion. Since being grew normally at marginal soil of mining area, sengon buto, waru and gmelina woods were objectified to investigate thermophisic aspect of their usage as substitution fuel in cement production. Examination based on species, ages and horizontal positions of those woods showed that mean of heating value in oven dry and air dry condition was 4.505 kkal/kg and 4.084 kkal/kg, respectively. Determination of wood substitution to ordinary fuel was acquired by accumulating heating value with prediction value of plantation biomass potency; and enquiry for 850 ha mining area resulted that waru wood will contribute about 5,14% to coal total requisite per year, gmelina and sengon buto will contribute about 5,03% and 4,49%, respectively.   Keywords:  Wood, heating value, substitution fue

The objective of this research is to evaluate the characteristic of composite board made from coconut fibre, recycled polypropylene (RPP), and bamboo matting layers. The board samples target density was 0,70 g/cm3. The board construction type was core type composite board (three layers). Coconut fiber and RPP were used as core, and bamboo matting was used as face and back layers. RPP was used 50% based on coconut fiber oven dry weight. The bamboo sheet wide is 1 cm and 2 cm, with and without bark. The bamboo matting layers were used in slope (45˚) and perpendicular (0/90˚) orientation to length of the board. The research results showed that utilization of bamboo matting layers increase the mechanical properties of board. All of composite board made from coir, RPP, and bamboo matting layers fulfill the JIS A 5908 standard in density, thickness swelling after 24 hours of water immersions, and screw holding power. Only composite boards with bamboo matting layers with bark, sheet wide 1 cm, and perpendicular orientation to length of the board fulfill JIS A 5908 1994 standard for veneered particleboard in MOE. However, application of bamboo matting layers without bark is adviced better because more efficient in the raw material using. Keywords: Composites board, coconut fiber, recycled polyprophylene, bamboo matting layers

The objective of this research is to evaluate the characteristic of  composite board made from coconut fibre, recycled polypropylene (RPP), and bamboo matting layers. The board samples target density was 0,70 g/cm3. The board construction type was core type composite board (three layers).  Coconut fiber and RPP were used as core, and bamboo matting was used as face and back layers. RPP was used 50% based on coconut fiber oven dry weight. The bamboo sheet wide is 1 cm and 2 cm, with and without bark. The bamboo matting layers were used in slope (45˚) and perpendicular (0/90˚) orientation to length of the board. The research results showed that utilization of bamboo matting layers increase the mechanical properties of board. All of composite board made from coir, RPP, and bamboo matting layers fulfill  the JIS A 5908 standard in density, thickness swelling after 24 hours of water immersions, and screw holding power. Only composite boards with bamboo matting layers with bark, sheet wide 1 cm, and perpendicular orientation to length of the board fulfill JIS A 5908 1994 standard for veneered particleboard in MOE.  However, application of bamboo matting layers without bark is adviced better because more efficient in the raw material using.   Keywords:               Composites board, coconut fiber, recycled polyprophylene, bamboo matting layer

The purpose of this study was to analyze the phisycal and mechanical properties of binderless particleboard using bamboo as raw materials. Andong bamboo (Gigantochloa pseudoarundinaceae) used in this study was taken from Bogor area. Bamboo was converted using hammer mill and air dried subsequently. The particle zise was passed of the 20 mesh screener. Three types pretreatment were used to prepare the particle, namely : 1) water boiling for 30 and 60 minutes, 2) oxydation using hydrogen peroxyde, and 3) combination of water boiling for 30 minutes and oxydation using hydrogen proxide. As a control, conventional particleboards using 10 % melamine formaldehyde (MF) resin based on dry particle weight was produced. The particle which has pretreated then utilized to produce binderless particleboard with board density of 0.75 g/cm3. The pressing conditions were 180 oC in temperature, 25 kgf/cm2 in pressure for 20 minutes. The board characteristics were tested according to JIS A 5908 2003. The results indicated that particleboard made from particle with oxydation pretreatment performed superior characteristics compared to those of particleboard made from particle only with water boiling pretreatment. Dimensional stability and modulus of elasticity of board with oxydation pretreatment were excellent. Its was superior compared to that of conventional particleboard using melamine formaldehyde as adhesive. Keywords : Bamboo, Binderless Particleboard, Oxydation, Hydrogen Peroxyde

The purpose of this study was to analyze the phisycal and mechanical properties of binderless particleboard using bamboo as raw materials. Andong bamboo (Gigantochloa pseudoarundinaceae) used in this study was taken from Bogor area. Bamboo was converted using hammer mill and air dried subsequently. The particle zise was passed of the 20 mesh screener. Three types pretreatment were used to prepare the particle, namely : 1) water boiling for 30 and 60 minutes, 2) oxydation using hydrogen peroxyde, and 3) combination of water boiling for 30 minutes and oxydation using hydrogen proxide. As a control, conventional particleboards using 10 % melamine formaldehyde (MF) resin based on dry particle weight was produced. The particle which has pretreated then utilized to produce binderless particleboard with board density of 0.75 g/cm3. The pressing conditions were 180 oC in temperature, 25 kgf/cm2 in pressure for 20 minutes. The board characteristics were tested according to JIS A 5908 2003. The results indicated that particleboard made from  particle with oxydation pretreatment performed superior characteristics compared to those of particleboard made from particle only with water boiling pretreatment. Dimensional stability and modulus of elasticity of board with oxydation pretreatment were excellent. Its was superior compared to that of conventional particleboard using melamine formaldehyde as adhesive.   Keywords : Bamboo, Binderless Particleboard, Oxydation, Hydrogen Peroxyd

Investigation of mold and blue stain fungi on rattan was conducted at the rattan industry, Cileungsi, Bogor on February 2005. The isolation and identification of fungi on rattan samples was done at the laboratory of Forest Pathology, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia. Rattan samples are cutted in size each 2 cm. Samples were growth and incubated on medium PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar) for 7 days in 29°C. There are two treatment, surface sterilized is used alcohol 70 % and non surface sterilized. Each treatment was replicated 4 times. The identification of fungi was done manually using identification book Barnett (1986). The results showed that fungi dominantly formed from sterilized samples of rattan were Monilia sp. (55%) and Rhizophus sp. (32.5%). Whereas from non sterilized samples were Rhizophus sp. (54.77%) and than Monilia sp. (30.95%). Keywords : Rattan, Monilia sp., Rhizophus sp., mold fungi, blue stain fungi.

Investigation of mold and blue stain fungi on rattan was conducted at the rattan industry, Cileungsi, Bogor on February 2005. The isolation and identification of fungi on rattan samples was done at the laboratory of Forest Pathology, Faculty of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University, Indonesia. Rattan samples are cutted in size each 2 cm.  Samples were growth and incubated on medium PDA (Potato Dextrose Agar) for 7 days in 29°C. There are two treatment, surface sterilized is used alcohol 70 % and non surface sterilized. Each treatment was replicated 4 times.  The identification of fungi was done manually using identification book Barnett (1986). The results showed that fungi dominantly formed from sterilized  samples of rattan were Monilia sp. (55%) and Rhizophus sp. (32.5%). Whereas from non sterilized samples were Rhizophus sp. (54.77%) and than Monilia sp. (30.95%).   Keywords :  Rattan, Monilia sp., Rhizophus sp., mold fungi, blue stain fungi.

The acidity of wood and panel product was important factor to impact on metal corrosion and give effect on adhesive curing time. The objective of this research was to explore of pH and buffering capacity from nine tropical woods. Method to determination of pH and buffering capacity reffers to Johns and Niazi (1980) experiment. The result of this research showed that nine tropical woods which observed had different acidity and buffering capacity. The range of wood acidity had pH 4-7. The correlation value of pH and buffering capacity from this research about 4-5 for base and acid buffering. Keywords: acidity of wood, pH, buffering capacity.

The acidity of wood and panel product was important factor to impact on metal corrosion and give effect on adhesive curing time.  The objective of this research was  to explore of pH and buffering capacity from nine tropical woods.  Method to determination of pH and buffering capacity  reffers to Johns and Niazi (1980) experiment. The result of this research showed that nine tropical woods which observed had different acidity and buffering capacity. The range of wood acidity had pH 4-7.  The correlation value of pH and buffering capacity from this research about 4-5 for base and acid buffering.   Keywords:  acidity of wood, pH, buffering capacity

Soldier from subterranean termites Coptotermes curvignathus eject a poison secretions as a defensive secretions to overcome their enemy. This research aimed to evaluation the toxicity of soldier defensive secretions extract in aquabidestilata, ethanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane solutions against Odontoponera denticulata ants. Filter paper with 200 µl extract were exposure to ants for 14 day. The first time ants mortality and time for all ants mortality were recorded. Result of the research showed that the first time ants mortality was on ethanol extract (15 minutes after exposure), then followed on ethyl acetate extract, n-hexane extract and aquabidestilata extract for 30, 35 and 40 minutes respectively.The faster time for all ants mortality was on ethanol extract (54 hour), then followed by ethyl acetate extract, n-hexane extract and aquabidestilata extract for 74, 79 and 82 hour respectively. GCMS analysis showed that the bioactive compound on ethanol extract were pentadecanal and tetradecanal. Keywords : Soldier defensive secretions, toxicity, Coptotermes curvignathus, Odontoponera denticulata

Soldier from subterranean termites Coptotermes curvignathus eject a poison secretions as a defensive secretions to overcome their enemy. This research aimed to evaluation the toxicity of soldier defensive secretions extract in aquabidestilata, ethanol, ethyl acetate and n-hexane             solutions against Odontoponera denticulata ants. Filter paper with 200 µl extract were exposure to ants for 14 day.                    The first time ants mortality and time for all ants                  mortality were recorded. Result of the research showed that the first time ants mortality was on ethanol extract (15 minutes                after exposure), then followed on ethyl acetate extract,                  n-hexane extract and aquabidestilata extract for 30, 35 and 40 minutes respectively.The faster time for all ants mortality            was on ethanol extract (54 hour), then followed by ethyl acetate  extract, n-hexane extract and aquabidestilata extract for 74, 79 and 82 hour respectively. GCMS analysis showed that the bioactive compound on ethanol extract were pentadecanal and tetradecanal.   Keywords : Soldier defensive secretions, toxicity, Coptotermes curvignathus, Odontoponera denticulat

Nowadays wood supplies from natural forest are decreasing. Many efforts had been done to overcome this problem. One of them was by developing plantation forest, however it has not optimized yet because of many problems. Lately wood supplies were fulfilled by community forest woods. One of them is cinnamon (Cinnamomum spp.). The research objective was to gain information on anatomical, physical, mechanical and chemical properties of C. burmanni Blume and to analyse its utilization based on these properties. Wood samples used were three logs of 15 years old with 25 cm diameter. It showed that wood texture was fine, between sapwood and heartwood was not distinguished well. Specific gravity was 0.56, while MOE, MOR, and compressive parallel to grain were 55.731 kg/cm2, 742 kg/cm2, and 392 kg/cm2, respectivelly. Solubility in ethanol benzene was 4.07%, cellulose content was 48.53%, hemicellulose was 15.71% and lignin was 22.72%. Based on those properties, it could be recommended that C. burmanni wood was suitable enough for furniture, pulp, and light construction purposes. Keywords : community forest, Cinnanomum burmanii Blume, wood properties, wood utilization.

Nowadays wood supplies from natural forest are decreasing.  Many efforts had been done to overcome this problem. One of them was by developing plantation forest, however it has not optimized yet because of many problems. Lately wood supplies were fulfilled by community forest woods.  One of them is cinnamon (Cinnamomum spp.). The research objective was to gain information on anatomical, physical, mechanical and chemical properties of C. burmanni Blume and to analyse its utilization based on these properties. Wood samples used were three logs of 15 years old with 25 cm diameter. It showed that wood texture was fine, between sapwood and heartwood was not distinguished well. Specific gravity was 0.56, while MOE, MOR, and  compressive parallel to grain were 55.731 kg/cm2, 742 kg/cm2, and 392 kg/cm2, respectivelly. Solubility in ethanol benzene was 4.07%, cellulose content  was 48.53%, hemicellulose was 15.71% and lignin was 22.72%. Based on those properties, it could be recommended that C. burmanni wood was suitable enough for furniture, pulp, and light construction purposes.   Keywords :              community forest, Cinnanomum burmanii Blume, wood properties, wood utilization.

Connection is the weakest point of the structural building system. Structural construction building system must ensure that there is only a tensile force or just axial compression that is working on the connection. Data on the lateral design values (Z) double shear connection wood beam with nails of steel side plates for various types of tropical Indonesian wood have not studied much. Average moisture content (MC) for the main member varies from 13.3 to 22.5% while average specific gravity (r) from 0.27 to 0.76 and then wood density from 0.31 to 0.89 g/cm3. From this average value of MC, SG and wood density the lowest is sengon and the highest is rasamala wood. Average allowable load of compression parallel to grain ( ) and parallel tensile ( )is sengon, but the highest is bangkirai. There is a general tendency that and is linier to r of those wood. is approximately 2 times greater than its . The number of nail (4-10 pieces) did not give effect of average Z, but with the nail diameter 4.1 to 5.2 mm Z increased significantly and this value decreased on 5.5 mm diameter nail. Average Z also increases with increasing of ρ for displacement 1.50 mm (Indonesian Standard PKKI NI-5 1961)) and 5.0 mm (breaking load). The increasing of Z happens because ρ effect. At 5.0 mm displacement the increase of Z is not as sharp as that of 1.5 mm. Power regression type is the best equation to predict Z of wood density for several diameters of nails. Keywords : Allowable load of tensile parallel to grain, density, displacement, double shear connection, lateral design values

Connection is the weakest point of the structural building system. Structural construction building system must ensure that there is only a tensile force or just axial compression that is working on the connection. Data on the lateral design values (Z) double shear connection wood beam with nails of steel side plates for various types of tropical Indonesian wood have not studied much. Average moisture content (MC) for the main member varies from 13.3 to 22.5% while average specific gravity (r) from 0.27 to 0.76 and then wood density from 0.31 to 0.89 g/cm3. From this average value of MC, SG and wood density the lowest is sengon and the highest is rasamala wood. Average allowable load of compression parallel to grain ( ) and parallel tensile ( )is sengon, but the highest is bangkirai. There is a general tendency that and is linier to r of those wood. is approximately 2 times greater than its .  The number of nail (4-10 pieces) did not give effect of average Z, but with the nail diameter 4.1 to 5.2 mm Z increased significantly and this value decreased on 5.5 mm diameter nail. Average Z also increases with increasing of ρ for  displacement 1.50 mm (Indonesian Standard PKKI NI-5 1961)) and 5.0 mm (breaking load). The increasing of Z happens because ρ effect. At 5.0 mm displacement the increase of Z is not as sharp as that of 1.5 mm. Power regression type is the best equation to predict Z of wood density for several diameters of nails.   Keywords :    Allowable load of tensile parallel to grain, density, displacement, double shear connection, lateral design value