Histoire de l'enseignement de la médecine en Belgique

D'une transmission orale et sacrée du savoir médical jusqu’à un véritable enseignement institutionnalisé, comment les médecins des territoires composant l'actuelle Belgique ont-ils reçu leur formation ? Revue de la littérature portant sur la formation des médecins en Belgique à travers l’histoire. Cet article est issu d’une présentation faite lors de la Journée d’étude de la SFHM du 15 juin 2024 à Lille, elle-même adaptée du mémoire intitulé "Ébauche d’une histoire générale de l’enseignement de la médecine en Belgique à travers les différentes périodes de ce pays" et rédigé par le présent auteur durant l'année académique 2021-2022 en vue de l'obtention du DU Histoire de la médecine de l'UParisCité

Where and why do politicians send pork? Evidence from central government transfers to French municipalities

This paper uses French data to simultaneously estimate the impact of two types of connections on government subsidies allocated to municipalities. Investigating different types of connection in a same setting helps to distinguish between the different motivations that could drive pork-barreling. We differentiate between municipalities where ministers held office before their appointment to the government and those where they lived as children. Exploiting ministers’ entries into and exits from the government, we show that municipalities where a minister was mayor receive 30% more investment subsidies when the politician they are linked to joins the government, and a similar size decrease when the minister departs. In contrast, we do not observe these outcomes for municipalities where ministers lived as children. These findings indicate that altruism toward childhood friends and family does not fuel pork-barreling, and suggest that altruism toward adulthood social relations or career concerns matter. We also present complementary evidence suggesting that observed pork-barreling is the result of soft influence of ministers, rather than of their formal control over the administration they lead.</p

The Travelling Schnauzer Problem:Mission planning for heterogeneous vehicles with distance constraints

In many modern tasks involving small exploration submarines or tethered drones connected to a main vehicle, the presence of physical power supply cables or the limitations of wireless communication range require consideration of distance constraints during mission planning. To solve these tasks, in this work we consider the problem where an asset has to visit a set of points of interest while remaining within a certain distance of a mobile base station. First, we consider the case where the points to visit are ordered and we derive the structural properties of the optimal policy. Exploiting the results for ordered points, we consider the general case where the points to visit are not ordered and we mathematically formalize the optimization problem in an efficient way. Since deriving the optimal solution for a high number of points is computationally challenging, we devise a heuristic and we provide the theoretical bounds on optimality gaps. The proposed solution is assessed and validated through simulations. In particular, extensive numerical results on a marine exploration task show the effectiveness of the proposed heuristic both in terms of solution optimality and computation time.</p