Anatomical variations in hearing and sound production in amniotes

LABW receives support from the Australian Research Council (FT200100822). DK receives support from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (22KK0101 and 21H02546) and the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JPMJFR2148).Peer-reviewe

Characteristics of chicken production systems in rural Burkina Faso: A focus on One Health related practices and food security

In addition to having cultural importance, village chicken production remains an important source of cash income for most rural households in Burkina Faso. However, strict biosecurity and good management of chicken flocks are required to reduce the risk of exposure of communities to chicken waste at household level. We characterized village production systems in rural Burkina Faso in relation to importance to food security, biosecurity, husbandry and chicken health management. We surveyed 483 chicken-producing households and carried out 20 focus group discussions separately with men and women chicken producers in Boussouma commune, a typical rural setting. Crop farming was reported as the main income-generating activity carried out by chicken producers (79.5. Seveny six per cent of households sold chicken to local markets. Chicken production and sales were aligned to social/cultural events (religious festivals, weddings, etc…) and school-fee payment period. While men spent more revenues from chicken production on agriculture and household equipment’s, women spent more on food, education and medical expenses. The chicken management system is mainly extensive scavenging, with most farmers (81.4 keeping 5 to 50 birds with little or no supplementary feeding and rudimentary housing. Most producers indicated that Newcastle disease was the main cause of chicken mortality. While men consider high disease burden, lack of finance, and poor chicken housing as the major constraints, women prioritized the lack of adequate chicken housing, lack of feeds and limited access to veterinary services. With locally adapted interventions that build one a One Health approach, village chicken keeping has the potential to secure and greatly improve smallholder livelihoods and household food security, while preserving public health in Burkina Faso.This work was funded by the Bureau for Resilience and Food Security of the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) under agreement No. AID-OAAL-15-00003 as part of the Feed the Future Innovation Lab for Livestock Systems and the Bill & Melinda Gates, Foundation OPP#1175487.Peer-reviewe

‘Looking back, looking around, looking forward : ANU’s Department of International Relations at 75’

This introduction to the forum marking the 75th anniversary of the Department of International Relations (IR) at the Australian National University (ANU) is organised in three parts. First, it ‘looks back’ at the origins and evolution of the department, highlighting the opportunities and tensions that have arisen from the housing of the department within administrative units concerned with area studies, particularly the Asia-Pacific region. ‘Looking around’ at the department today, the paper notes the prevalence of work on issue-areas previously unexplored (such as gender, justice and security) or being re-explored (particularly diplomacy), as well as the close relationship between theory and practice that emerges from the department's base in Canberra at Australia's national university. Finally, the introduction ‘looks forward’, using themes developed in the papers that make up this forum around ethical silences and openings to examine the public responsibilities of scholars, both in ANU's Department of IR and further afield, around research, teaching and engagement.Peer-reviewe

Screen time among kindergarten children in the Australian Capital Territory (including a comparison of First Nations and non-Indigenous children)

Background: Australian First Nations children have poorer outcomes across a range of health measures. High levels of screen time are associated with a range of adverse health outcomes. Gaps remain in our knowledge on the association between screen time and health outcomes for different demographic groups, including First Nations children. We aimed to describe the screen time behaviours of First Nations and non-Indigenous kindergarten children in the Australian Capital Territory (ACT) and identify any associated disparities in key health outcomes. Methods: 5,516 children participated in the cross-sectional population-based ACT Kindergarten Health Check (KHC) survey, including 146 First Nations children. The association between screen time of more than two hours per day and health outcomes (body mass index, respiratory health, development and wellbeing) was assessed for both First Nations and non-Indigenous cohorts using comparative statistics. Results: Non-Indigenous children who had an average of more than two hours of screen time per day were 1.5 (95% CI, 1.3–1.7) times more likely to be overweight/obese, 1.2 (95% CI, 1.0-1.4) times more likely to have had a wheeze/whistle in their chest in the 12 months before the KHC, 1.5 (95% CI, 1.3–1.7) times more likely to have developmental concerns and 1.5 (95% CI, 1.3–1.8) times more likely to have reduced wellbeing measures compared to non-Indigenous children with screen time of two hours or less per day. None of these associations were statistically significant amongst First Nations children. Conclusions: Screen time of more than two hours per day is associated adverse health outcomes in non-Indigenous children, including overweight/obesity, respiratory problems, developmental concerns, and reduced wellbeing. Further analysis is required to enable a more robust assessment of the effect of screen time on health outcomes for First Nations children.Peer-reviewe

Identification of the Novel Synthetic Opioid N-Pyrrolidino Isotonitazene at an Australian Drug Checking Service

2-Benzylbenzimidazole opioids and related derivatives, also known as ‘nitazenes’, present a growing threat to public health. Emerging in Europe in 2019, the nitazene group of drugs is a recent addition to the novel synthetic opioid class and has been associated internationally with adverse effects in drug users, overdose clusters and significant mortality. The high potency of many nitazene derivatives, which can in many cases exceed that of fentanyl, poses a significant challenge to the public health and early warning systems used to detect and respond to the emergence of new high-risk substances. This report describes close collaboration between an Australian drug checking service and a nearby university laboratory to identify and characterise the novel synthetic opioid N-pyrrolidino isotonitazene in an expected oxycodone sample presented by a member of the public. Though no prior publications are available describing the presence of this nitazene in the drug market, previously reported in vitro evaluation of this compound reveals it to be among the most potent nitazene opioid agonists known. The study highlights the rapid response possible though engaging drug users with drug checking services as a market monitor and early warning system to alert health services and the broader community to the presence of unexpected, high-risk substances. Integration of well-resourced and supported drug checking services provides a powerful approach to tackle the public health threats associated with novel synthetic opioids and other drugs of concern.The CanTEST Health and Drug Checking Service is operated by Directions Health Services with funding from ACT Health and support from Pill Testing Australia and the Canberra Alliance for Harm Minimisation and Advocacy. We thank Mr Joeseph Boileau and Ms Anitha Jeyasingham and Dr Adam Carroll for helpful discussions on mass spectrometry. Open access publishing facilitated by Australian National University, as part of the Wiley \u2010 Australian National University agreement via the Council of Australian University Librarians.Peer-reviewe

Understanding the world through legal biography

This article draws on the historiography of biography, sociology and examples from law to consider the potential of group legal biography projects to generate knowledge and theories about law, society and politics. From the historiography of biography, it explains how debates between historians about whether histories of social orders are best treated as large-scale biography projects reflect certain theories about humanity and how people construct society. They suggest that biographical approaches are about something more than form and that the size and depth of projects support some theories better than others. From sociology, it explains how sociologists have unwittingly taken positions in the historians’ debates, developing theories that encourage researchers to approach biographical data in different ways to generate certain theories about society. From law, it situates historical and sociological projects that draw on lawyers’ biographical data within the historical debates and the sociological theories. The point is to encourage more researchers to appreciate the range of possibilities and corresponding debates about the use and potential of biographical data in understanding law.This work was supported by Australian Research Council [grant number DE220100264]Peer-reviewe

Protecting Access to Medicines After Cambodia Graduates From Least Developed Country Status

Cambodia is a least developed country (LDC); however, it may graduate from the LDC status by 2029 Membership in the World Trade Organisation, will require Cambodia to provide patent protection for medicines that meet standard criteria. This qualitative policy analysis examines Cambodia's readiness for LDC graduation in terms of protecting access to medicines and explores how it can prepare to mitigate the impact of graduation on access to medicines. The study employed a single case study design that included analysis of key informant interviews and documents retrieved from a targeted literature review and website scans. The Health Policy Triangle framework informed the research design, methods, data collection, and analysis. While Cambodia has established structures and processes to facilitate preparations for LDC graduation and engaged with UN agencies that support sustainable graduation, there has been little focus on the implications of graduation for access to medicines. To prepare for graduation Cambodia will need technical assistance to reform its patent-related laws and policies. This study demonstrates that LDCs are poorly equipped for the introduction of patent protection and agencies tasked with supporting LDC graduation need to provide assistance to protect access to medicines in countries planning graduation.Peer-reviewe

A Continuity of Shariʿa: Political Authority and Homicide in the Nineteenth Century. By Brian Wright.

Peer-reviewe

Evidence of Truly Young High-α Dwarf Stars

The existence of high-α stars with inferred ages <6 Gyr has been confirmed recently with large spectroscopic and photometric surveys. However, stellar mergers or binary interactions can induce properties associated with young ages, such as high mass, rapid rotation, or high activity, even in old populations. Literature studies have confirmed that at least some of these apparently young stars are old merger products. However, none have ruled out the possibility of genuinely young high-α stars. Because cool GKM dwarfs spin down, rapid rotation can be used to indicate youth. In this paper, we provide strong evidence that truly young high-α stars exist by studying high-α rotators in the Kepler and K2 field with abundance measurements from GALAH and APOGEE. After excluding close binaries using radial velocity (RV) measurements from Gaia DR3 and multiepoch RVs from APOGEE, we find a total of 32 high-α rapid rotators with periods ∼10-30 days, 14 of which have lithium measurements from GALAH, indicating that they have not gone through past mass transfer or stellar merger events. We identify 10 young high-α candidates with no signs of merger-induced mixing or close companions. One clear example is a G dwarf with a measurable rotation and an age of <5 Gyr that is likely a single star with multiple RV measurements from APOGEE, has significant lithium detection from GALAH (A(Li) = 1.79), and has no signs of planet engulfment.Y.L. wants to acknowledge the discussion and input from the Nearby University Group at CCA, as well as those from Cecilia Mateu, James Johnson, Diogo Souto, Katia Cunha, Phillip Cargile, and Sean Matt. If these young high- \u03B1 stars are in fact clumped in chemical space (see Figure ), they most likely formed through processes that involved local enrichment. Possible pathways include small-scale clumpy formation (e.g., B. R. Garver et al. ), self-enrichment from trapped gas near the bar\u2019s corotation resonance (C. Chiappini et al. ), large fluctuations in the Type Ia supernova rate at large Galactic radius due to radial migration (J. W. Johnson et al. ), or a recent accretion event (T. Sun et al. ). Future studies will include optical spectroscopy follow-up on the APOGEE\u2013K2/Kepler sample for lithium measurements and multiepoch RV follow-up on the 10 GALAH\u2013K2 candidate for excluding close-by binary companions, as well as more overlapping optical spectroscopy data for stars with rotation period measurements, to extend this study further down the main sequence. Acknowledgments processed by the Gaia Data Processing and Analysis Consortium (DPAC). Funding for the DPAC has been provided by national institutions, in particular the institutions participating in the Gaia Multilateral Agreement. This research also made use of public auxiliary data provided by ESA/Gaia/DPAC/CU5 and prepared by Carine Babusiaux. L.A. acknowledges support from the Centre National des Etudes Spatiales (CNES) through a PLATO/AIM grant. S.B. acknowledges support from the Australian Research Council under grant Nos. CE170100013 and DE240100150. All the Kepler and K2 data used in this paper can be found in MAST (STScI , ).Peer-reviewe

Rethinking rigor, knowledge hierarchies, and deskilled data collectors: An agenda for skilling research in global development

Agricultural research for development (AR4D) often relies upon a centralized and mechanistic model of social science research. This is a model in which supposedly unskilled field officers (FOs) are recruited to implement household surveys that have been designed by faraway scientists. We argue that such research practices not only impede data quality and analysis but also devalue the work of FOs. We describe this phenomenon as a process of deskilling: One in which research protocols seek to limit the need for FOs to be skilled and also actively obscure the skilled work that FOs nevertheless do in the field. We link this process to a pervasive conception of “scientific rigor” that is grounded in an ideology of science as impersonal, disembodied, and mechanical. Drawing on feminist science and technology studies (STS), we highlight how the ideology and practice of deskilled research perpetuate colonial hierarchies of knowledge. We outline possibilities for and barriers to achieving more equitable and more generative relationships between scientists and FOs in AR4D.Tim thanks colleagues at IFF for being such generous hosts during his time in China. Ben would like to thank Sharon Acio Enon, Dorah Adoch, Vicky Alum, Sarah Amongin, Joel Ekaun Hannington, Ann Gumkit Parkaler, Ben Jones, Ezra Okello, Robert Oluka, and James Opolo for their work developing citizen ethnography together, as well as Mario Schmidt with whom they are now working on the next phase. We both thank Jim Sumberg for the invitation to participate in this special issue. The authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: McLellan's work was supported by National Science Foundation Grant No. 1357194, as well as by various grants from the Cornell East Asia Program, the Cornell Mario Einaudi Center for International Studies, and the Cornell Society for the Humanities. Eyre's work was supported by the Economic and Social Research Council (Award Reference: ES/J500094/1) and a Leverhulme Trust Early Career Fellowship. The authors disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: McLellan's work was supported by National Science Foundation Grant No. 1357194, as well as by various grants from the Cornell East Asia Program, the Cornell Mario Einaudi Center for International Studies, and the Cornell Society for the Humanities. Eyre's work was supported by the Economic and Social Research Council (Award Reference: ES/J500094/1) and a Leverhulme Trust Early Career Fellowship.Peer-reviewe