Analysis and risk evaluation of soil microplastics in the Rohingya refugee camp area, Bangladesh: A comprehensive study

The global concern over the pollution-induced by microplastics (MPs) has intensified due to its adverse effects on the environment, particularly in terrestrial ecosystems, where it poses potential threats to soil quality and resident species. However, there is a noticeable research gap regarding soil MPs in dumping sites, specifically within the Rohingya Refugee Camp (RRC), the world's largest humanitarian crisis located in Bangladesh. The main objective of this study is to assess soil MPs' abundance, spatial distribution, and inherent risks in the RRC. The investigation involved extracting MPs from ten soil sampling sites in Kutupalong RRC, home to Rohingya refugees who sought refuge in Bangladesh following the 2017 ethnic atrocities in Northern Rakhine State, Myanmar. Stereomicroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were employed for identification purposes. The concentration of MPs in the study area varied from 67 to 126 (items/kg) (dry weight), with a mean concentration of 103.80 ± 20.671 (items/kg). MPs with sizes <0.5 mm constituted the majority at 83 %, with fragments (68 %) being the prevailing shape, and transparent (63 %) as the most abundant color. Predominant polymers included polyethylene (53 %) and polypropylene (46 %). Negative correlations were observed between MP abundance and pH and moisture content (p<0.05), while a positive correlation was found between MP abundance and organic matter. PCA results suggested that human-induced inappropriate waste and air deposition are the primary sources of soil MP pollution. Contamination factor values suggested moderate pollution with MPs in the study area. According to the geo-accumulation index (Igeo), the area was classified as pollution grade II, signifying 'uncontaminated to moderately contaminated.' However, pollutant load index and potential ecological risk index indicated Hazard Level-I and Pollution Grade-I, respectively. This study illuminates the contamination scenario with MPs, underscoring concerns for eco-environmental safety and providing crucial data for future investigations into MPs in terrestrial dumping habitats

Impact of anthropogenic activities and the associated heavy metal pollution in Sundarbans waterways: threats to commercial fish and human health

The exposure of fish to heavy metals is a significant concern for human health and natural ecosystems. Despite being a critical issue, the extent of contamination in tropical fish from developing countries like Bangladesh remains somewhat unexplored. In this study, ten economically vital fish species (Osteogeneiosus militaris, Arius gagora, Har‑ padon nehereus, Mugil ephalus, Pseudapocryptes elongates, Apocryptes bato, Labeo bata, Tenualosa toil, Notopterus notopterus, and Pampus chinensis) from the Pasur River, Bangladesh, were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometer for the concentrations of four concerned heavy metals, viz., As, Cr, Cd, and Pb, and the associated human health risks. The mean concentrations (mg/kg) followed the order of As (3.30±1.43)>Pb (2.32±0.73)>Cr (0.63±0.29)>Cd (0.37±0.24). Additionally, the bioaccumulation factor of the metals in the investigated fish species followed a decreasing trend of As (824.75)>Cr (781.25)>Cd (744)>Pb (385.83). While most species fell below the minimum bioaccumulation line, a few exceptions were noted for some species specific to metals. Health risk assessments indicated no significant carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks for both children and adults, although children exhibited greater vulnerability to both types of health effects. Multivariate analysis and local perceptions supported the conclusion that heavy metals primarily originated from anthropogenic sources related to development activities adjacent to the riverine areas

Optimizing growth, yield, and nutritional quality of Chinese cabbage through vermicompost and reduced fertilizer application in organic farming systems

Chinese cabbage, though less prominent in Bangladesh, has shown potential for successful cultivation in theregion. This study aimed to assess various cultivars’ efficacy on Chinese cabbage growth, yield, and qualitywithin an organic farming system. A field experiment employed a for two consecutive years, investigating thecombined impact of cultivar and vermicompost with reduced fertilizer levels on yield. Three cultivars viz., BARIChinakopi 1, Blues, and Retasi, were tested along with four fertilizer levels namely, recommended NPK (control);80% NPK + vermicompost 6 t/ha; 70% NPK + vermicompost 8 t/ha; and 50% NPK + vermicompost 10 t/ha.Results demonstrated that cv. Blues, treated with 50% NPK + 10 t/ha of vermicompost, exhibited significantenhancements in various parameters compared to the control group. Notably, the treated var. Blues showcasedincreased plant height (43%), head diameter (46.3%), dry matter (71.2%), and gross yield (72.2%) at harvest.Moreover, var. Blues treated with vermicompost at 10 t/ha displayed elevated levels of vitamin C (28%),β-carotene (96.3%), Ca (7.1%), Mg (18.4%), P (5%), K (10.5%), Fe (13.1%), and Zn (21%) compared tocontrol. These findings suggest that utilizing 50% NPK + vermicompost at 10 t/ha significantly enhances Chinesecabbage growth and quality, particularly in cv. Blues. Incorporating this treatment method could effectivelyelevate both production yield and crop quality, providing valuable insights for organic farming practices

Effect of essential oils as vitamin C preservatives and chia seed (Salvia hispanica) in the fortification of pineapple jam

The present investigation “Effect of essential oils and chia seed (Salvia hispanica) in fortification of pineapple jam.” was conducted during the year 2022–2023 at the Post harvest laboratory of Horticulture Department, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka. The study investigated the effects of essential oil and chia seeds on the quality of pineapple jam. In this research, pineapple jam samples were prepared with varying essential oil such as Cinnamon essential oil and Lemongrass essential oil at range of 1000 ppm. The addition of essential oil significantly impacted the flavour profile of the jam, enhancing the fruity notes and providing a pleasant aroma in sustainable and eco-friendly way. Moreover, it exhibited antimicrobial properties, extending the shelf life of the jam. Chia seeds were incorporated into the jam at different levels (6.25 %, 12.5 %, 25 % and 50 %) to assess their influence on texture and nutritional content. The results indicated that chia seeds contributed to a thicker consistency and increased protein content, making the jam a potential source of dietary protein. The maximum pH was found to be 4.90 from treatment (C 4 E = 50 % chia and no Essential oil). The lowest pH was recorded at 3.63 for C o E 2 0 = No chia seed and 1000 ppm Lemongrass Essential oil). The investigation shows that lemongrass essential oil (E ) showed the best result in vitamin C retention. In case of chia seed 50 % (C 4 2 ) treatment showed the best protein content. Additionally, the seeds added a subtle crunch and nutty undertone to the product. From the research it can be concluded that the treatment (C 4 E = 50 % chia seed and 1000 ppm Lemongrass Essential oil) showed the best result in case of vitamin C retention and protein incorporation. But considering spread ability and appearance (C 3 E 2 = 25 % chia seed and 1000 ppm Lemongrass Essential oil) can be considered as best treatment for consumers. This research is motivated by the need to develop healthier, nutrient- dense pineapple jam using natural preservatives and fortifying agents. By exploring the combined effects of essential oils and chia seeds in preserving vitamin C and improving the jam’s overall nutritional value, this study aims to meet the increasing demand for functional foods that prioritize both health and taste. The outcomes could offer valuable insights into natural preservation techniques and fortification strategies, potentially contributing to more sustainable and consumer-friendly food products in the market

Climate‑smart practice: level of efectiveness and determinants of Sorjan farming adoption in coastal Bangladesh

Climate-smart agriculture stands as a promising solution to elevate cropping intensity and enhance food security in climate-vulnerable communities. Despite the evident potential, there is an existing gap in understanding the effects of climate change adaptation measures, with limited research explicitly focusing on adopting sorjan cultivation. This study seeks to address this gap by delving into the effectiveness and determinants of sorjan farming in the coastal regions of Bangladesh. Data was collected in three south-central districts, namely Patuakhali, Jhalakathi, and Pirojpur in 2022. A total of 222 farmers participated in the study, with 120 practicing plain land cultivation, while the remaining 102 were engaged in sorjan farming. Results show that the cropping intensity of farm households increased from 100–200% to 300–500% in sorjan farming. Farmers earned the highest net return by following the crop combinations of ‘Bottle gourd-Potato-Sweet gourd-Indian spinach’, ‘Banana-Okra-Snake gourd-Bottle gourd’, and ‘Jujube-Stem amaranth-Indian spinach’ under the sorjan method in Patuakhali, Jhalakathi, and Pirojpur districts, respectively. On average, farmers realized an additional net benefit of Tk. 55 for every Tk. 100 invested upon transitioning from plain land farming (benefit cost ratio, BCR = 1.25) to sorjan cultivation (BCR = 1.80). The results of the logit model found that household size, farming experience, and extension contact positively influenced the adoption of the sorjan method, while farmers' age and farm size had a negative influence. Further analysis of challenges in both types of farming revealed the advantages of sorjan over plain land cultivation, categorizing them into four distinct areas: environmental, management, input-related, and market issues. Government policies should prioritize holistic support systems and foster collaborative knowledge-sharing among stakeholders to enhance the adoption and diffusion of sorjan farming in coastal communities.Graphical abstrac

Optimizing raised bed dimensions for enhanced maize yield, water footprint reduction, and improved soil moisture dynamics under furrow irrigation

Abstract. Islam MT, BhuyanMY, DasN, JahanN,RahmanMM, JewelMAH, Adham AKM.2024. Optimizing raised bed dimensions for enhanced maize yield, water footprint reduction, and improved soil moisture dynamics under furrow irrigation.Asian J Agric 8:10-22.Effective water management is crucial for sustainable agriculture, especially in regions facing water scarcity. This study examinesthe impact of different Raised Bed (RB)dimensions on maize (Zea maysL.) yield, Water Footprint (WF), and soil water content under furrow irrigation, with a focus on water conservation. The experiment, conducted at Bangladesh Agricultural University,Bangladesh,utilized a randomized complete block design featuring four irrigation treatments: the Conventional Method (CM)and three RB configurations with widths of 25 cm, 65 cm, and 110 cm.The RB65 treatment significantly improved maize yield, achieving 13.1±1.4 t/ha compared to 9.89±1.11 t/ha with CM. Additionally, RB65 peaked in water productivity, reducing irrigation water use by 37.72%, highlighting its potential for water conservation. Soil moisture retention was consistently higher across all RB treatments, with RB65 showing the greatest retention at depths up to 80 cm. It also recorded the lowest green WF (88.6±10.07l/kg) and blue WF (12.63±1.43 l/kg), resulting in the lowest total WF (101.22±11.50 l/kg). These findings suggest that RB systems, particularly the 65 cm configuration, optimize water usage and enhance maize productivity, making it a viable strategy for resource management in water-limited areas. The study recommends adopting the RB65 configuration to maximize water efficiency and crop yields, contributing to food security and sustainable agricultural practices. However, these results are based on specificgeographical and climatic conditions, limiting their generalizability to other regions or crops. Future research should explore long-term studies across diverse agro-ecological zones and examine various crops to validate the broader utility of the RB65 configuration

Nanocellulose: A novel pathway to sustainable agriculture, environmental protection, and circular bioeconomy

Abstract: Nanocellulose, obtained from natural cellulose, has attracted considerable interest for its distinctive properties and wide-ranging potential applications. Studies suggest that nanocellulose improves the thermal, mechanical, and barrier properties of conventional cellulose. This review investigates the production, properties, approach, and application of nanocellulose from various sources in agriculture. The main role play of cellulose-nanocomposite is discussed as a seed coating agent to improve seed dispersal, germination, protection against fungi and insects, plant growth promoter, adsorption of targeted pollutants, providing water and nutrient retention, and other advantages. As a nobility, we included all mechanical, chemical, and static culture approaches to the production procedure of nanocellulose and its application as a nanocarrier in soil, including the unique properties of nanocellulose, such as its high surface area, inherent hydrophilicity, and ease of surface modification. Here, methods such as melt compounding, solution casting, and in situ polymerization were evaluated to incorporate nanoparticles into cellulose materials and produce nanocellulose and cellulose-nanocomposites with improved strength, stability, water resistance, and reduced gas permeability. The commercialization faces challenges such as high production costs, scalability issues, and the need for more research on environmental impacts and plant interactions. Despite these hurdles, this field is promising, with ongoing advancements likely to yield new and improved agricultural materials. This review thoroughly examines the innovative application of nanocellulose in slow and controlled-release fertilizers and pesticides, to transform nutrient management, boost crop productivity, and minimize the environmental impact

Do climate-smart agricultural practices impact the livelihoods of vulnerable farmers in the Southern part of Bangladesh?

Efforts to reduce food insecurity must include building resilience in rural farmers to shocks. One way to achieve this is through climate-smart agriculture (CSA). This paper analyzes the impact of CSA on farmers’ livelihoods. Data were collected in two phases in 2010 and 2018 from a study (CSA practitioners) and control group (CSA non-practitioners) of climate-affected farmers (240 farmers in each group) using a quasi-experimental survey design considering all possible biases. Descriptive statistics, variance inflation factor analysis, multiple regression, path analysis, FE-IV, and propensity score matching models were applied. Practicing CSA technologies improved food security and the incomes of the farmers through increased agricultural productivity. The impact of CSA technologies differed based on farmers’ understanding of technologies, the time and amount of financial support, availability of extension staff, the provision of technical and other logistical support, and CSA practitioners’ experience, such as knowing how to enhance plant resilience. Specific policy interventions, including financing of CSA, would benefit rural farmers. CSA provides a path towards sustainable livelihood development and food security. These findings will be useful for policymakers, planners, administrators, and development workers

Role of Plants in Fluorides and Fluorocarbons Toxicity Remediation

The exposure of fish to heavy metals is a significant concern for human health and natural ecosystems. Despite being a critical issue, the extent of contamination in tropical fish from developing countries like Bangladesh remains somewhat unexplored. In this study, ten economically vital fish species (Osteogeneiosus militaris, Arius gagora, Harpadon nehereus, Mugil ephalus, Pseudapocryptes elongates, Apocryptes bato, Labeo bata, Tenualosa toil, Notopterus notopterus, and Pampus chinensis) from the Pasur River, Bangladesh, were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrometer for the concentrations of four concerned heavy metals, viz., As, Cr, Cd, and Pb, and the associated human health risks. The mean concentrations (mg/kg) followed the order of As (3.30 ± 1.43) > Pb (2.32 ± 0.73) > Cr (0.63 ± 0.29) > Cd (0.37 ± 0.24). Additionally, the bioaccumulation factor of the metals in the investigated fish species followed a decreasing trend of As (824.75) > Cr (781.25) > Cd (744) > Pb (385.83). While most species fell below the minimum bioaccumulation line, a few exceptions were noted for some species specific to metals. Health risk assessments indicated no significant carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks for both children and adults, although children exhibited greater vulnerability to both types of health effects. Multivariate analysis and local perceptions supported the conclusion that heavy metals primarily originated from anthropogenic sources related to development activities adjacent to the riverine areas

Multi-Trait Index-Based Selection of Drought Tolerant Wheat: Physiological and Biochemical Profiling

Drought is a detrimental abiotic stress that severely limits wheat growth and productivity worldwide by altering several physiological processes. Thus, understanding the mechanisms of drought tolerance is essential for the selection of drought-resilient features and drought-tolerant cultivars for wheat breeding programs. This exploratory study evaluated 14 wheat genotypes (13 relatively tolerant, one susceptible) for drought endurance based on flag leaf physiological and biochemical traits during the critical grain-filling stage in the field conditions. Measurements included six physiological, seven gas exchange, six photosystem II, six stomatal, three reactive species, seven metabolomic solutes, and two biomass traits. All parameters were significantly influenced by drought, with varying genotypic responses. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) categorized genotypes into three drought tolerance groups based on trait performance. Seven genotypes in Cluster 2 (BARI Gom 26, BARI Gom 33, BD-631, BD-600, BD-9910, BD-9889, BD-637) exhibited superior drought tolerance, characterized by minimal changes in physiological traits and biomass accumulation, reduced oxidative stress markers, and increased accumulation of osmoprotectants. The innovative multi-trait genotype-ideotype distance index (MGIDI) further ranked wheat genotypes in regard to drought tolerance, identifying BARI Gom 33, BARI Gom 26, BD-9889, and BD-600 as top performers. Notably, all these top-ranking genotypes belonged to Cluster 2, previously identified as the highest-performing group in the HCA. The identified genotypes with superior drought tolerance offer valuable genetic resources for enhancing wheat productivity in water-limiting environments. Traits related to photosynthetic activity, biomass gain, leaf conductance, water stress, and osmoprotection showed high selection differentials and heritability in MGIDI analysis, indicating their potential as selection targets for drought-tolerant wheat. Overall, the strategic approaches have yielded novel insights into genotype screening that can be directly applied to deepen our understanding of drought tolerance mechanisms in wheat.The work was funded by the Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh (No. 2018/489/MoE) and the Research Management Wing (RMW) of Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University in Gazipur, Bangladesh (UGC-RMC/2018/1