The Political And Humanitarian Crisis In Yemen: Causes And Consequences

Yemen\u27s humanitarian and political crisis is among the most complicated and destructive of the twenty-first century. As a result of persistent starvation, airstrikes and missile attacks, and inadequate access to healthcare, thousands of people have been reported dead. The basis for this paper\u27s assessment of Yemen\u27s political and humanitarian crisis, with a focus on identifying its roots and effects, was the crisis\u27s severity and worldwide concern. The paper adopted the desk research method, while realism theory served as the theoretical foundation. The study found that despite multiple attempts to resolve the crisis, Yemen\u27s historical fragmentation, weak institutions and poor governance, the growth of terrorist organisations, the geopolitical interests of both regional and international countries, and the constant missile attacks on civilian infrastructure, farmlands, and healthcare facilities exacerbated the political and humanitarian crisis. As a result, widespread mortality, permanent population displacement, poverty, ongoing water scarcity, food insecurity, etc., became the norm. Therefore, the study concluded that the Yemeni crisis is a terrible junction of humanitarian suffering and political dysfunction, necessitating immediate and multidimensional remedies. Therefore, it recommends that inclusive political discourse between domestic parties be given top priority, demilitarise and safeguard civilian infrastructure, address economic collapse, hold local and international offenders accountable, and promote transitional justice

The Islamic Concept, “Umma” In International Relations: A Contrast With The Western Conventional Idea Of "Universalism"

International Relations (IR) as a field of academic inquiry, although burgeoning, finds its origins and dominant theories steeped largely in Western traditions. This inherent bias significantly hampers its ability to fully grasp, elucidate, and anticipate the dynamics within the non-Western spheres. Amidst the burgeoning efforts to delve into non-Western IR perspectives and thereby enrich the discipline\u27s knowledge base, the Islamic viewpoint, particularly the notion of "Ummah," offers a refreshingly different lens. This concept illuminates a form of global solidarity that starkly contrasts with the prevailing Western notion of "universalism." However, this is driven by the curiosity to understand the conspicuous absence of modern Islamic theories in IR, probing into factors attributable both to the Muslim community and to the prevailing global system underscored by Western dominance. This paper examines the role and interpretation of IR within the Islamic tradition, the influence and place of Islam within the contemporary IR landscape. It also tries to evaluate the potential of Islam to serve as either a comprehensive theory or a paradigm within IR scholarship. It concludes that a nascent model alongside two distinct trajectories—traditional and revolutionary remains valid. These proposed paths endeavours to overcome the current limitations and pave the way for a more inclusive and diverse interpretation of International Relations in the future

Childhood Trauma, Academic Amotivation, and Parenting Styles as Predictors of Adolescent Substance Use in Akure, Nigeria

Adolescent substance use represents a significant public health challenge that disrupts educational achievement, mental health, and long-term social adjustment. While prior studies have established childhood trauma and parenting as determinants, little is known about their interaction with academic amotivation within the Nigerian context. This study investigated childhood trauma, academic amotivation, and parenting styles as correlates of adolescent substance use in Akure, Ondo State. A descriptive survey research design was employed with 168 secondary school students selected through a multi-stage sampling procedure. Data were collected using validated instruments: the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, Academic Motivation Scale, Parental Authority Questionnaire, and the WHO Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test. Pearson correlation analysis revealed significant positive associations between substance use and childhood trauma (r = 0.46), academic amotivation (r = 0.38), and neglectful, authoritarian, and permissive parenting styles, while authoritative parenting showed a negative correlation (r = -0.29). Multiple regression analysis indicated that the predictors jointly accounted for 48% of the variance in adolescent substance use, with childhood trauma being the strongest contributor, followed by academic amotivation and neglectful parenting, and authoritative parenting demonstrating a protective effect. These findings underscore the interconnected role of personal, academic, and family factors in shaping adolescents’ risk behaviours. The study concludes that interventions to reduce substance use should integrate trauma-informed care, motivational enhancement strategies, and parental training to promote authoritative practices. It is recommended that schools, families, and community stakeholders collaborate to develop holistic prevention and intervention frameworks tailored to Nigerian adolescents

Examining the effect of tuition structure on enrollment dynamics in faith-based private Universities: Evidence from IUIU–Female Campus (2015–2023)

Access to higher education remains a central pillar for human capital development and gender equity in Uganda. However, tuition affordability continues to shape students’ access and retention, particularly in private universities that depend heavily on tuition income. This study examined the relationship between tuition structure and student enrollment trends at the Islamic University in Uganda – Female Campus (IUIU-FC) from 2015 to 2023. Specifically, the research aimed to: (i) analyze the effect of tuition expenditure on student enrollment; (ii) examine the responsiveness of enrollment to changes in tuition fees; and (iii) investigate the moderating factors influencing the tuition–enrollment relationship. The study employed a quantitative, correlational, and longitudinal design, using secondary data obtained from IUIU-FC\u27s financial and admission records, as well as the National Council for Higher Education (NCHE) \u27s annual reports. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and multiple regression techniques in SPSS v.26. The model results revealed an Adjusted R² of 0.435, indicating that tuition expenditure explained 43.5 percent of the variation in student enrollment during the study period. Regression coefficients showed a positive but statistically insignificant relationship between tuition expenditure and enrollment (β = 0.705, p > 0.05) and an inelastic response of enrollment to tuition changes (β = 0.574, p = 0.137 > 0.05). These results suggest that changes in tuition fees did not significantly influence student enrollment at IUIU-FC, implying that female students’ enrollment decisions were more shaped by non-economic factors, such as institutional reputation, flexible payment options, and scholarship opportunities. The findings support Human Capital Theory (Becker, 1964) and Price Elasticity Theory of Demand (Marshall, 1890), showing that tuition affects educational investment decisions but that demand for higher education among female students is relatively inelastic. The study concludes that while tuition expenditure moderately explains variations in enrollment, other socio-economic, cultural, and policy variables play greater roles. It recommends the adoption of gender-responsive tuition policies, expansion of scholarship and bursary schemes, diversification of institutional revenue streams, and enhanced community sensitization on the value of women’s education

Multiparty Politics in Uganda: Why Competition Has Not Translated into Engagement:

This study investigated the persistent paradox of high voter apathy within Uganda’s formal multiparty political system. Despite the institutional framework for partisan competition, electoral engagement remained critically low. Employing an explanatory sequential mixed-methods design, the research first collected quantitative data from a representative sample of 381 community respondents, drawn via cluster sampling from a registered voter population of 1,280,409. This was followed by qualitative interviews with 13 key informants, selected through census and purposive sampling, including District Registrars, Division Heads, political party officials, and Members of Parliament. The integrated analysis revealed that multiparty competition had not translated into meaningful public engagement due to four interconnected drivers: (1) profound institutional distrust, where electoral processes were perceived as predetermined; (2) a credibility deficit of key institutions, notably the Electoral Commission; (3) pervasive economic disenfranchisement, where citizens prioritized immediate livelihood concerns over electoral participation; and (4) the persistence of a dominant-party political culture that stifled genuine opposition and voter efficacy. The study concluded that apathy was not a passive condition but a rational response to structural and perceptual barriers within the political ecosystem. The mere existence of multiple parties proved insufficient to foster engagement when foundational issues of trust, equity, and electoral integrity were not addressed. Recommendations included substantive electoral and constitutional reforms to ensure genuine independence of electoral bodies, concerted civic education to rebuild a participatory political culture, and socio-economic interventions to reduce the opportunity costs of political participation for the electorate

Imam Muslim’s methodology in developing hadith mastery

تتناول هذه الدراسة منهج الإمام مسلم بن الحجاج في بناء الملكة الحديثية لدى الباحثين، من خلال تحليل سيرته، ورحلاته العلمية، وأسلوبه المنهجي في جمع وتنظيم الأحاديث في صحيحه، مع إبراز الأثر التربوي والتعليمي لهذا المنهج في تكوين الباحث الحديثي المعاصر. ركزت الدراسة على تحليل الاستراتيجيات المنهجية التي اتبعها مسلم، مثل: جمع الطرق المتعددة للحديث الواحد وترتيبها ترتيباً هرمياً يبدأ بالأصح، وطريقة عرض الاختلافات في الألفاظ والسياقات بين الروايات، وأسلوب التكرار المدروس للأحاديث تحت أبواب مختلفة لتوضيح دلالاتها المتعددة. وتبحث كيف أن هذا البناء المحكم ليس غاية في ذاته، بل هو وسيلة متقنة لتدريب ذهن الباحث على مهارات أساسية، أبرزها: مقارنة الروايات، وتتبع علل الحديث الخفية والظاهرة، ووزن رواة السند بعضهم ببعض، وفهم أثر السياق على دلالة المتن. كشفت هذه الورقة البحثية عن الأبعاد التربوية والتعليمية الكامنة في منهج الإمام مسلم بن الحجاج في تنظيم مادة صحيحه وعرضه للأحاديث وطرقها الروائية. ولا تقتصر الدراسة على الوصف الشكلي لهذا التنظيم، بل تتعداه إلى تحليل مقصدي يُبرز كيف جعل الإمام من كتابه مدرسة عملية لتربية الملكة الحديثية النقدية لدى الباحث والمتعلم. وختاماً، تقدم هذه الدراسة رؤية تربوية جديدة لقراءة الصحيح، لا كمجرد مصدر للأحكام الشرعية فحسب؛ بل كمرجعية منهجية في تعليم علم الحديث ونقده، مما يُؤهلها لتكون أساساً لتصميم مناهج معاصرة في التخصص، وتستلهم الحكمة التربوية من تراثنا العلمي الأصيل.تتناول هذه الدراسة منهج الإمام مسلم بن الحجاج في بناء الملكة الحديثية لدى الباحثين، من خلال تحليل سيرته، ورحلاته العلمية، وأسلوبه المنهجي في جمع وتنظيم الأحاديث في صحيحه، مع إبراز الأثر التربوي والتعليمي لهذا المنهج في تكوين الباحث الحديثي المعاصر. ركزت الدراسة على تحليل الاستراتيجيات المنهجية التي اتبعها مسلم، مثل: جمع الطرق المتعددة للحديث الواحد وترتيبها ترتيباً هرمياً يبدأ بالأصح، وطريقة عرض الاختلافات في الألفاظ والسياقات بين الروايات، وأسلوب التكرار المدروس للأحاديث تحت أبواب مختلفة لتوضيح دلالاتها المتعددة. وتبحث كيف أن هذا البناء المحكم ليس غاية في ذاته، بل هو وسيلة متقنة لتدريب ذهن الباحث على مهارات أساسية، أبرزها: مقارنة الروايات، وتتبع علل الحديث الخفية والظاهرة، ووزن رواة السند بعضهم ببعض، وفهم أثر السياق على دلالة المتن. كشفت هذه الورقة البحثية عن الأبعاد التربوية والتعليمية الكامنة في منهج الإمام مسلم بن الحجاج في تنظيم مادة صحيحه وعرضه للأحاديث وطرقها الروائية. ولا تقتصر الدراسة على الوصف الشكلي لهذا التنظيم، بل تتعداه إلى تحليل مقصدي يُبرز كيف جعل الإمام من كتابه مدرسة عملية لتربية الملكة الحديثية النقدية لدى الباحث والمتعلم. وختاماً، تقدم هذه الدراسة رؤية تربوية جديدة لقراءة الصحيح، لا كمجرد مصدر للأحكام الشرعية فحسب؛ بل كمرجعية منهجية في تعليم علم الحديث ونقده، مما يُؤهلها لتكون أساساً لتصميم مناهج معاصرة في التخصص، وتستلهم الحكمة التربوية من تراثنا العلمي الأصيل

Learning Styles, Teaching Strategies, and Academic Achievement among Basic Science Pupils in Ife East Local Government, Osun State

This study examined the influence of learning styles and teaching strategies on academic achievement among Basic Science pupils in Ife East Local Government, Osun State. The purpose was to determine the relationships, joint contribution, and relative predictive power of these variables on pupils’ academic performance. A descriptive survey design was employed, involving 126 pupils selected through purposive sampling from six primary and junior secondary schools. Data were collected using structured questionnaires on learning styles, teaching strategies, and pupils’ Basic Science scores. Pearson Product-Moment Correlation and Multiple Regression analyses were conducted to answer the research questions. Results revealed significant positive relationships between learning styles and academic achievement (r = .58, p < .01) and between teaching strategies and academic achievement (r = .63, p < .01). Learning styles and teaching strategies jointly accounted for 49% of the variance in academic achievement (R² = .49, F(2, 123) = 52.47, p < .05). Relative contributions indicated that teaching strategies (β = .50, p < .01) had a slightly stronger influence than learning styles (β = .45, p < .01) on pupils’ performance. The findings underscore the importance of aligning teaching methods with pupils’ learning preferences to enhance understanding, engagement, and overall academic success. Based on the results, it is recommended that teachers adopt flexible, learner-centred strategies, conduct regular assessments of pupils’ learning styles, and implement instructional methods that accommodate diverse preferences. The study contributes to improving Basic Science education by highlighting the interplay between instructional approaches and individual learning characteristics in the Nigerian educational context

Student Unions In Kenyan Universities: Representatives Or Political And Ethnic Puppets?

This paper provides an in-depth examination of the dual role of student unions in Kenyan universities, focusing on whether these unions function as authentic representatives of the student body or as tools manipulated by political and ethnic interests. By critically analyzing the historical evolution of student activism, the intersection of national politics with campus life, and the influence of ethnic dynamics within academic institutions, this study seeks to uncover the complex and often contentious nature of student leadership in Kenya. The research delves into the ways in which student unions, initially formed to advocate for students\u27 rights and welfare, have increasingly become embroiled in the broader political and ethnic struggles that define Kenyan society. By examining both the positive and negative impacts of political and ethnic manipulation on student unions, the study highlights the challenges these unions face in maintaining their independence and fulfilling their core mission of representing the interests of all students. The findings reveal a nuanced interplay between genuine student representation and the external pressures of political and ethnic affiliations, which often compromise the unity and effectiveness of student leadership

Land Boundary Dispute and Creative Peace Building Mechanism: A Literature Exploration

This study aims at conduction a literature review on land boundary dispute and creative peace-building mechanism. The study was guided to utilizing explorative research design and methods to review conceptual, theoretical and empirical perspectives on land boundary disputes and creative peace-building mechanism. The reviews revealed that leading perspectives are policy-centric, but our study conceptualizes land boundary disputes is not perceived as a theoretical ownership of land that arise from unclear or overlapping property lines, conflicting property deeds, encroachments, or misinterpretations of historical documents pertaining to land. The explorative literature review of the study also concludes that creative peace-building has not been  creative peace building is a complex and ongoing process that addresses the deep-rooted causes of conflict and strives to create societies where people can coexist peacefully. On this basis, it is recommended that perceptions on land boundary dispute and creative peace-building strategic conflict management mechanism should be perceived within a unique social construct and context

Non-state Actors and Humanitarian Service Delivery in North –East Nigeria: A Need for Recap

Over a decade now, the Nigeria state have been bedeviling with several typologies of security challenges, which is more predominant in the North-eastern Nigeria. The nature of insecurity in North-eastern has been rapid and ramped ranging from Boko-haram, bandits, suicide bombing, cattle rustlers among other security challenges. The upsurge in this level of insecurity as made life unconducive and unbearable for many populace in most parts on North-eastern Nigeria. This menace has made majority of citizens to leave their ancestral home to find abode in refugee camps who are been technically referred to as internal displace persons (IDPs). The effects of this insurgency has resulted into social vices such as out of school children, economics hardship, health issues among other several consequences. The paper adopts both the qualitative and quantitative research method, which consist of primary and secondary data. The research population were made up of the personnel of Non-governmental organization, Internally Displaced Person (IDPs) across the Borno, Adamawa, and Yobe state respectively and other similar federal and state agencies in humanitarian response delivery. The sapling technique was purposive and sample size was calculated using the Taro Yamane formula and data analysis was presented in SPSS and thematic forms. The paper finds out that Humanitarian non-state actors (HNSAs) have played a pivotal role in delivering life-saving assistance. Other findings shows a strong positive perception of their contributions to food security, healthcare, education, and psycho-social support, particularly among IDPs. The paper therefore recommends that HNSAs should adopt area-based aid models that incorporate host communities into planning and delivery frameworks which will reduce grievances and reinforce social cohesion. At the same time, the establishment of community-based feedback mechanisms is essential for aid delivery programs in North-east Nigeria