LA UNIÓN EUROPEA COMO POTENCIA NORMATIVA EN UN MUNDO GLOBALIZADO: ¿SUEÑO O REALIDAD?

The European Union (EU) is considered a normative power today. It has achieved a prominent position in international trade and has consolidated itself as one of the main markets worldwide, factors that have allowed it to have a global influence in normative terms, making its norms taken as reference models. The global role of the EU has been analyzed based on its power components and its dimensions of influence, being considered a soft, civil or normative power, mainly due to its ability to influence through persuasion and attraction, rather than coercion. However, the influence of the EU as a normative power, in a globalized and increasingly uncertain world, remains a topic of debate and controversy, as some question whether the EU really has the capacity to influence, in an effective way, the global normative framework. Therefore, the purpose of this writing is to shed light on that debate, with the aim of defining and reflecting the degree of normative influence that the EU has at the international level.La Unión Europea (UE) es considerada, hoy en día, una potencia normativa. Ha logrado una posición destacada en el comercio internacional y se ha consolidado como uno de los principales mercados a nivel mundial, factores que le han permitido tener una influencia global en términos normativos, logrando que sus normas sean tomadas como modelos de referencia. El papel global de la UE ha sido analizado en base a sus componentes de poder y sus dimensiones de influencia, siendo considerada como una potencia blanda, civil o normativa, debido a su capacidad de influir a través de la persuasión y la atracción en vez de con la coerción. Sin embargo, la influencia de la UE como potencia normativa, en un mundo globalizado y cada vez más incierto, sigue siendo un tema de debate y controversia, ya que algunos cuestionan si realmente la UE tiene la capacidad de influir, de una manera efectiva, en el marco normativo global.  Por ello, el propósito de este escrito es dar luz a ese debate, con el objetivo de definir y reflejar el grado de influencia normativa que tiene la UE a nivel internacional

Explorers of Arabia in the XIX Century: Costumed Pilgrims

Throughout the 19th century, several important scientific and political expeditions passed through or were directed towards the Arabian Peninsula. Though many expedition members were of English origin, others were French and seeking to establish French presence in the region to confront British hegemony. These scientific voyages intensified as a result of the Napoleonic campaign in Egypt, and in connection with the construction of the Suez Canal. Consequently, several books were produced that showcased the contemporary reality and the antiquity of Arabia. In this paper, we will reviewsome of the most significant ones, all written by travelers who went to the region as pilgrims.Throughout the 19th century, several important scientific and political expeditions passed through or were directed towards the Arabian Peninsula. Though many expedition members were of English origin, others were French and seeking to establish French presence in the region to confront British hegemony. These scientific voyages intensified as a result of the Napoleonic campaign in Egypt, and in connection with the construction of the Suez Canal. Consequently, several books were produced that showcased the contemporary reality and the antiquity of Arabia. In this paper, we will review some of the most significant ones, all written by travelers who went to the region as pilgrims

Más allá del Oeste: Los postwésterns transnacionales

The term post-Western has been in use since the 1970s and has been employed by different scholars to refer both to films that revisit the Western as a film genre and to the spatial and ideological implications of the American West. The most comprehensive analysis of this subgenre (or postgenre) is Neil Campbell\u27s Post-Westerns (2013), where the English professor has defined them as films produced after World War II, «coming after and going beyond the traditional Western, while engaging with and commenting on its deeply haunting assumptions and values». Based on this definition, this article opens the focus to transnational cinema to analyze films made in countries outside the United States that reference the Western and establish a dialogue in which the underlying values of the genre are questioned, and the national identity and conflicts of these countries are investigated.El término postwéstern se viene utilizando desde los años 70 y ha sido utilizado por diversos críticos para referirse a películas que revisan tanto el wéstern como género cinematográfico como las implicaciones espaciales e ideológicas del Oeste de los Estados Unidos. El análisis más completo de este subgénero (o postgénero) ha sido realizado por Neil Campbell, que en su monografía Post-Westerns (2013) ha definido los postwésterns como películas producidas después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial, que «vienen después y van más allá del género del Oeste tradicional, interactuando y haciendo comentarios sobre unos presupuestos y valores profundamente inquietantes». Basándonos en esta definición, en este artículo se abre el foco al cine transnacional para analizar películas realizadas fuera de Estados Unidos que hacen referencia al género del Oeste y que establecen un diálogo con el género original en el que se cuestionan los valores subyacentes al wéstern y se investiga la identidad y los conflictos nacionales de los propios países en los que se producen estas películas

Inclusive Leadership in Portugal: Findings from the External Evaluation of Schools

Este artigo analisa como as lideranças de escolas públicas do ensino não superior, em Portugal, implementam as políticas de educação inclusiva, identificando tendências e desafios. Adotou-se uma abordagem qualitativa, alicerçada na análise de conteúdo de 106 relatórios (2023/2024) da Inspeção-Geral da Educação e Ciência, produzidos no âmbito do Programa de Avaliação Externa das Escolas. A codificação, com apoio do MAXQDA, centrou-se no domínio “Liderança e Gestão” e nas categorias: classificações obtidas, pontos fortes e áreas de melhoria. Observou-se um cenário globalmente positivo, com predomínio de classificações de Muito Bom e Excelente. Entre os pontos fortes, destacam-se a liderança transformadora e democrática, os projetos e parcerias, bem como a orientação para a qualidade das aprendizagens. Nas áreas de melhoria, sobressaem os documentos orientadores e a gestão de recursos humanos. Conclui-se que a ação das lideranças é determinante para práticas inclusivas bem-sucedidas e sustentáveis. Os resultados devem ser interpretados tendo em conta as limitações de um estudo de análise documental e o recorte temporal consideradoThis article analyses how leadership in public non-tertiary schools in Portugal implements inclusive education policies, identifying trends and challenges. A qualitative approach was adopted, based on content analysis of 106 reports (2023/2024) by the Inspectorate-General of Education and Science, produced within the scope of the External Evaluation of Schools Programme. Coding, with the support of MAXQDA, focused on the “Leadership and Management” domain and on the categories: ratings obtained, strengths, and areas for improvement. An overall positive picture was observed, with a predominance of Very Good and Excellent ratings. Among the strengths, transformational and democratic leadership, projects and partnerships, as well as an orientation towards the quality of learning, stand out. In the areas for improvement, guidance documents and human resources management are prominent. It is concluded that leadership action is crucial for successful and sustainable inclusive practices. The results should be interpreted considering the limitations of a documentary study and the time frame considered.This article analyses how leadership in public non-tertiary schools in Portugal implements inclusive education policies, identifying trends and challenges. A qualitative approach was adopted, based on content analysis of 106 reports (2023/2024) by the Inspectorate-General of Education and Science, produced within the scope of the External Evaluation of Schools Programme. Coding, with the support of MAXQDA, focused on the “Leadership and Management” domain and on the categories: ratings obtained, strengths, and areas for improvement. An overall positive picture was observed, with a predominance of Very Good and Excellent ratings. Among the strengths, transformational and democratic leadership, projects and partnerships, as well as an orientation towards the quality of learning, stand out. In the areas for improvement, guidance documents and human resources management are prominent. It is concluded that leadership action is crucial for successful and sustainable inclusive practices. The results should be interpreted considering the limitations of a documentary study and the time frame considered

Markers of social differences in Tuscany from the 14thto the 20th century: The villa Medicea of Cafaggiolo(Barberino del Mugello, Florence)

In the mid-14th century, the villa of Cafaggiolo became a property of the Medici family. The structure, strategically located on the road connecting Florence to Bologna, was an important economic centre and a place for rest away from city life. Cosimo I promoted the construction of an enclosed hunting reserve near to the villa where rare animals were kept. The villa then passed to the Lorraine family and in 1864 it was acquired by the Borghese Princes.Faunal remains have been recovered from 15th-20th century contexts; however, most remains are dated between the mid-18th century and 1822. In total, 888 fragments were analysed which included mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish and marine shells. Cattle, sheep/goat and pig, raised in the surroundings of the villa, were the main source of meat. The presence of young and sub-adult individuals of wild mammals and birds and of marine fauna attests the consumption of high-level food which was sometimes hard to acquire.The study of the Cafaggiolo assemblage provides important information about indicators of social differences in food consumption of the high-status community living in the villa between mid-18th century and 1822.In the mid-14th century, the villa of Cafaggiolo became a property of the Medici family. The structure, strategically located on the road connecting Florence to Bologna, was an important economic centre and a place for rest away from city life. Cosimo I promoted the construction of an enclosed hunting reserve near to the villa where rare animals were kept. The villa then passed to the Lorraine family and in 1864 it was acquired by the Borghese Princes.Faunal remains have been recovered from 15th-20th century contexts; however, most remains are dated between the mid-18th century and 1822. In total, 888 fragments were analysed which included mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fish and marine shells. Cattle, sheep/goat and pig, raised in the surroundings of the villa, were the main source of meat. The presence of young and sub-adult individuals of wild mammals and birds and of marine fauna attests the consumption of high-level food which was sometimes hard to acquire.The study of the Cafaggiolo assemblage provides important information about indicators of social differences in food consumption of the high-status community living in the villa between mid-18th century and 1822

TRATAMIENTO DE DATOS PARA CREDIT SCORING Y USO SECUNDARIO DE DATOS. EXAMEN DESDE LA PRESUNCIÓN DE COMPATIBILIDAD DEL ART. 5.1.B RGPD

The analysis of the borrower\u27s creditworthiness through credit scoring models is a legal obligation for credit institutions when granting loans. These institutions comply with this requirement by carrying out solvency profiling of their customers, which will entail the processing of personal data subject to the GDPR. Therefore, the correct identification of the purpose of the processing will make it possible to define the possibilities for processing the data and the secondary uses that credit institutions may make of them. The regulatory analysis of the issue leads to defining the purpose of the processing in a broad sense as the assessment of creditworthiness for the prevention of over-indebtedness and the maintenance of the health of the financial market. This will have an impact on subsequent uses which may be considered compatible. This could allow credit institutions to increase the range of possible processing of these data.El análisis de la solvencia del prestatario a través de modelos de credit scoring se presenta como una obligación legal de las entidades de crédito para la concesión de préstamos. Estas entidades dan cumplimiento a dicha exigencia realizando perfilados de solvencia de sus clientes, lo que supondrá un tratamiento de datos personales sujeto al RGPD. Por ello, la correcta identificación de la finalidad del tratamiento permitirá definir las posibilidades de tratamiento de los datos y los usos secundarios que las entidades de crédito podrán darles. El análisis de la cuestión conduce a definir la finalidad del tratamiento en sentido amplio como la de evaluación de la solvencia para la prevención del sobreendeudamiento y el mantenimiento de la salud del mercado financiero. Ello proyectará sus efectos en los usos ulteriores susceptibles de considerarse compatibles, cuestión que podría permitir a las entidades de crédito aumentar el espectro de tratamientos posibles de estos datos

The Effects of Mobile Phone Use on Learning in Schools

El estudio analiza el impacto del uso del móvil en el rendimiento académico desde la perspectiva del alumnado en Cataluña. En un contexto de creciente uso de dispositivos móviles desde edades tempranas, se busca comprender cómo estos influyen en el aprendizaje. Se utilizó una metodología mixta, recabando cuestionarios de más de 11.000 estudiantes, analizados mediante técnicas estadísticas no paramétricas. Los resultados revelan que el uso intensivo del móvil se asocia a un menor rendimiento académico, especialmente cuando se utiliza en momentos clave como antes de dormir, al comer o durante la interacción social. Asimismo, el alumnado que recibe advertencias por uso excesivo o muestra emociones negativas al no tener el móvil tiende a obtener peores calificaciones. No obstante, también se constatan percepciones positivas cuando el móvil se utiliza con fines educativos regulados. Se concluye que, aunque el uso del móvil no es la única causa del descenso en el rendimiento, su uso indiscriminado afecta negativamente al aprendizaje. Se propone implementar normativas claras y programas de formación para un uso responsable en el entorno escolar.This study analyzes the impact of mobile device use on academic performance from the perspective of students in Catalonia. In a context of increasing use of mobile devices from early ages, the study seeks to understand how these influence learning. A mixed methodology was used, collecting questionnaires from more than 11,000 students, analyzed using nonparametric statistical techniques. The results reveal that intensive mobile device use is associated with lower academic performance, especially when used at key moments such as before bedtime, at mealtimes, or during social interaction. Furthermore, students who receive warnings for excessive use or display negative emotions when not having their phone tend to obtain lower grades. However, positive perceptions are also found when mobile devices are used for regulated educational purposes. The study concludes that, although mobile device use is not the only cause of decreased performance, indiscriminate use has a negative impact. The study proposes implementing clear regulations and training programs for responsible use in the school environment

Llorens, Martí, ed., Rebecca Mutell, ed., y Ana Galán, trad. Buscando lo imposible. Una antología de textos sobre el origen de la fotografía, 3 vols. Museo Universidad de Navarra, 2024, 1308 págs. ISBN:‎ 978-84-8081-786-8

Recensión del libro: Llorens, Martí, ed., Rebecca Mutell, ed., y Ana Galán, trad. Buscando lo imposible. Una antología de textos sobre el origen de la fotografía, 3 vols. Museo Universidad de Navarra, 2024, 1308 págs. ISBN:‎ 978-84-8081-786-