GENDER DIVERSITY ON BOARDS, WOMEN’S LEADERSHIP AND COMPANY PERFORMANCE (EMPIRICAL STUDY OF FOOD AND BEVERAGE SUB-SECTOR MANUFACTURING COMPANIES LISTED ON THE INDONESIAN STOCK EXCHANGE IN 2018-2022)

General Background: Gender diversity and women's leadership have become critical topics in corporate governance, especially in relation to firm performance. Specific Background: While previous studies have focused on gender diversity’s effects, few have explored the specific influence of gender diversity within the boards of directors and commissioners, particularly in the Indonesian context. Knowledge Gap: The literature lacks clarity on how gender diversity in these distinct leadership roles impacts firm performance in emerging markets like Indonesia. Aims: This study examines the effect of gender diversity on the board of directors, board of commissioners, and women's leadership on firm performance, focusing on manufacturing companies in the food and beverage sub-sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) from 2018-2022. Results: The findings indicate that gender diversity on the board of directors negatively affects firm performance, while gender diversity on the board of commissioners has a significant positive effect. Female leadership was also found to negatively influence firm performance. Novelty: This study reveals that the impact of gender diversity varies depending on the leadership position, highlighting that while diversity in oversight roles (board of commissioners) can improve performance, diversity in executive roles (board of directors) may have a different effect. Implications: The results suggest that firms and policymakers need to consider the specific context of board roles when promoting gender diversity, as its effects may differ across organizational structures. Additionally, the study underscores the importance of balancing gender diversity initiatives with the decision-making processes within boards to optimize performance outcomes

THE ROLE OF THE BULELENG DISTRICT DEPARTMENT OF INDUSTRY, TRADE, COOPERATIVES AND SMEs IN PROVIDING LEGAL PROTECTION OF THE INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY RIGHTS OF MSME ENTERPRISES IN BULELENG DISTRICT, BALI

This research investigates the role of the Buleleng Regency Industrial Trade and SME Cooperative Service in providing legal protection for the intellectual property rights (IPR) of MSME industry players in Buleleng Regency, and the obstacles faced in these efforts. Using empirical legal methods and non-probability sampling, the study involves the Department of Trade, Industry and Cooperatives, and MSME business actors. Data collection techniques include document study, observation, and interviews, with qualitative descriptive analysis. The findings reveal that the Department's role encompasses preventive measures like intensive outreach, IPR registration recommendations, technical guidance, and collective IPR registration facilitation, as well as repressive measures such as providing legal assistance during IPR violations. Obstacles include low awareness and understanding of IPR among MSME actors, the complexity of the registration process, limited competence of some employees, and an annual quota for IPR registration recommendations

THE IMPORTANCE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SPEECH OF CHILDREN OF EARLY AGE

a person lives in a social environment throughout his life, and in this environment speech becomes the main means of communication for a person. Human speech begins to develop from birth through imitation of adult speech. This article will talk about the importance of the development of speech of early childre

CONCEPT AND CHARACTERISTICS OF TORTURE, CRIMINAL PROSECUTION, OR PUNISHMENT

Torture, criminal prosecution, and punishment represent critical components of legal and human rights systems, each influencing justice and societal norms. The conceptualization and characteristics of these practices are deeply rooted in legal, ethical, and sociopolitical frameworks, yet they continue to be contentious and complex subjects within criminal justice discourse. Despite extensive examination of these elements individually, there is a lack of comprehensive studies that integrate their conceptual foundations with contemporary applications and implications. This study aims to explore the definitions, characteristics, and interrelationships of torture, criminal prosecution, and punishment, assessing how they are conceptualized in modern legal systems and their impact on justice. The research finds that while torture is universally condemned and criminal prosecution and punishment are widely accepted components of justice, there is significant variation in their application and ethical considerations across different jurisdictions. This study contributes to the literature by providing an integrated analysis of these practices, highlighting how evolving legal standards and human rights norms are reshaping their application and understanding. The findings suggest that a nuanced understanding of these concepts is essential for developing more effective and ethical legal frameworks, ultimately enhancing the integrity and fairness of criminal justice systems globally

IMMIGRATION PROCESSES IN THE MODERN GEOPOLITICAL SITUATION EXPECTED CHANGES IN THE FIELD OF LAW

This article examines the anticipated changes in immigration processes as a result of ongoing military conflicts in Ukraine and Middle East. By analyzing recent developments in immigration law in the European Union (EU) and the United States (US), the article explores how these geopolitical crises influence immigration policies. The study includes statistical data, legal reforms, and policy responses, offering insights into future changes in the field of immigration law

THE INTEGRAL ROLE OF MOTIVATION, DISCIPLINE, AND WORK ENVIRONMENT IN IMPROVING EMPLOYEE PERFORMANCE IN SURABAYA PLANTATIONS

General Background: Human Resources (HR) significantly impact organizational performance, influencing overall productivity and success. Specific Background: This study investigates the effect of work motivation, work discipline, and work environment on employee performance at PT Kebun Sayur Surabaya. Existing literature suggests that while HR development is crucial, specific factors influencing employee performance remain underexplored. Knowledge Gap: Previous research has often overlooked the combined effects of these factors on performance, particularly in the context of Indonesian companies. Aims: This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of how work motivation, work discipline, and work environment impact employee performance at PT Kebun Sayur Surabaya. Results: Utilizing quantitative methods and SmartPLS 3.2.8, the study finds that work motivation, work discipline, and work environment each have a significant positive effect on employee performance. The study highlights that employees’ performance improves with enhanced motivation, strict discipline, and a supportive work environment. Novelty: The study’s novelty lies in its integrated approach, using total sampling of all employees to analyze these three variables collectively in a specific organizational context. Implications: The findings suggest that PT Kebun Sayur Surabaya should focus on strengthening work motivation, reinforcing discipline, and improving the work environment to boost employee performance. Implementing effective HR strategies based on these factors can drive organizational growth and success. &nbsp

EFEKTIVITAS PELAKSANAAN REDISTRIBUSI TANAH DALAM PROGRAM REFORMA AGRARIA DI INDONESIA

This article examines the effectiveness of land redistribution implementation in Indonesia's agrarian reform program. The land redistribution program is part of the government's efforts to achieve equitable land ownership and improve farmers' welfare. This study aims to evaluate the success of the land redistribution program, identify the challenges faced in its implementation, and provide strategic recommendations to enhance the program's effectiveness. The research uses a qualitative method with a case study approach in several regions that focus on land redistribution. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with farmers, government officials, and agrarian experts, as well as field observations and document studies. The findings indicate that while there are some successes in land redistribution, numerous obstacles hinder the program's effectiveness, including complex bureaucracy, agrarian conflicts, and lack of infrastructure support. This article also offers recommendations to overcome these challenges and improve the effectiveness of the land redistribution program in the future

ACTUAL ISSUES OF EXEMPTION FROM CRIMINAL LIABILITY OR PUNISHMENT OF MINORS IN SOME FOREIGN COUNTRIES

This article discusses the integration and enhancement of juvenile justice systems with a focus on legal reforms. It emphasizes the need to improve national legislation on juvenile offenders by adopting international best practices and probation measures. The study highlights that existing penalties, such as fines and community service, lack sufficient educational impact and fail to prevent recidivism effectively. It proposes incorporating probation measures to ensure more comprehensive rehabilitation and supervision. This approach involves collaboration with educational institutions, psychological support, and social services to foster law-abiding behavior and successful reintegration of juveniles. By integrating these measures into criminal legislation, the goal is to achieve a more effective response to juvenile crime, promote rehabilitation, and prevent future offenses, thereby enhancing the overall juvenile justice syste

THE OBJECTIVE SIDE OF THE CRIME OF ENDANGERMENT

This article describes in detail the risks associated with the criminal prosecution of Tomoni and uninga uziga. In this regard, in connection with violations related to the use of the lens, in connection with violations related to the use of the lens, in connection with violations related to the use of the lens, in connection with violations related to the use of the lens, in connection with violations, related to the use of the lens, in connection with violations related to the use of the lens, in connection with violations related to the use of the lens, in connection with violations related to the use of the lens, in connection with violations related to the use of the lens. In this verse, Allah swt said: While in other cases it may lead to a violation of law and order, in other cases it may lead to a violation of law and orde

ADAPTING COMMERCIAL LAW TO E-COMMERCE: NAVIGATING LEGAL FRAMEWORKS IN THE DIGITAL MARKETPLACE

The digital transformation of commerce has precipitated a complex interplay between evolving business practices and the static nature of commercial law. The present research paper focuses on a rather interesting and noteworthy theme that is the adaptation of commercial law to the difficulties arising from the rapid growth of e-commerce. The research, which is centered on identifying the legal concerns that e-commerce businesses usually face, studies the scope of consumer disputes, intellectual property issues and regulatory compliance difficulties to determine the frequency of legal challenges. Data from 100 e-commerce businesses were submitted to SPSS for statistical analysis, and the aim was to find out significant predictors among the legal issues in the ecommerce sector. Descriptive stats lay out the distribution of legal problems, hence making it clear that the majority of business entities are not involved in many legal complexities. Correlation analysis showed no significant link between the number of legal cases and their presence of consumer disputes, indicating that the latter is not a reliable predictor. Regression analysis also confirms the non-significant statistical impact of the model predictors, as indicated by a very small R square value, showing that consumer disputes, intellectual property issues, and regulatory compliance do not substantially explain the variability in legal issues faced by e-commerce businesses. The outcomes point out the need for more complex and sophisticated consideration of the legal problems of e-commerce and the fact that there may be other factors not included that can be more vital. This very fact demonstrates the complexity of legal environment where e-commerce operates and the possibility of further variables, for example, more qualitative or context-sensitive, to add to the explanatory power. The study ends with a proposal of the further study of this multifaced legal issues in e-commerce and the development of a legal system which can more efficiently respond to the dynamics of digital trade