Data and Code for "Evaluating large language models in theory of mind tasks"

This page accompanies: Kosinski, M. (2024). Evaluating Large Language Models in Theory of Mind Tasks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS, IF: 11). https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.240546012

The impact of cash out availability on online betting behavior

The rise of online sports betting, facilitated by technological innovations such as the cash-out feature, has transformed the gambling landscape. While cash-outs have been suggested to intensify problematic gambling behaviors, empirical studies to date have been correlational, leaving a gap in determining causal evidence. In the present Registered Report, the proposed study will investigate the direct impact of the perceived availability of cash-out feature on various facets of gambling behavior in an online experiment. Hungarian residents with online gambling history will be informed that they will have the chance to gamble real money on sport events. Following random allocation, half of the participants will be told that they will have the option to cash out their bets before the outcome of the sport event is known while the other half will not. The study will compare the proportion of participants placing bets, bet sizes, and bet risks between the two groups. Furthermore, the study will explore the differential effects of the cash-out feature on specific high-risk subgroups. The findings are likely to have significant implications for the design of online betting platforms, contribute to regulatory frameworks, and help in the design of interventions that minimize gambling-related harm

Interoceptive Accuracy in Children Aged 8 to 13 and Their Parents: Implications for Mental Health

Objective: Interoceptive accuracy, meaning accurately detecting and discriminating internal bodily signals, has been proposed as a factor of high relevance to mental health. Nevertheless, studies focusing on the assessment of interoceptive accuracy in children are scarce. Method: The present study addresses this gap by using questionnaire-based measures of interoceptive accuracy as well as behavioural measures such as a heartbeat counting task and a novel cardiovascular signal detection task. These instruments were used to assess interoceptive accuracy in a sample of children aged 8-13 years (N = 37) and their parents (N = 29), aiming to investigate its connection with dimensions of psychopathology, including internalizing, externalizing, and somatoform symptomatology. Following recent suggestions, standard frequentist analyses were complemented by results from Bayesian analyses. Results: The findings provide evidence for a negative relationship between children's self-reported interoceptive accuracy and internalizing symptomatology reported by their parents (β = -.527). However, no evidence was found to support relationships between experimentally assessed cardiac interoceptive accuracy and psychopathological symptoms. Conclusion: These results emphasize the importance of adopting more comprehensive measures for assessing interoceptive accuracy in research involving children. The paper addresses limitations arising from the limited sample size and potential type I error

Cognitive Disengagement Syndrome (CDS) and ADHD Symptoms in an Adult Community Sample: Sleep Problems and Circadian Preference

ADHD symptoms and CDS (formerly known as Sluggish Cognitive Tempo; SCT) symptoms have been associated with sleep difficulties and circadian preferences in prior studies. However, these relationships have been less commonly studied in adults (vs. youths). We examined unique associations between CDS and ADHD symptoms and sleep problems and circadian preference in a community sample of adults. We also explored the contribution of CDS factors/subscales to these associations

“A Continuous Opening of Life”: Perspectives on Aging Across Time, Gender, and Race

Research on narrative identity—the ongoing process of shaping and being shaped by life stories—provides rich insight into personality development and can predict psychosocial well- being. However, narratives about aging remain underexamined, limiting our understanding of narrative identity processes over the life course. We explored individuals’ narratives on aging, examining how narrative themes vary across age, gender, and race, and relate to four domains of self-reported well-being (psychological well-being, generativity, physical health, body image). We analyzed narrative scenes from 143 late midlife adults (62% women, 38% men; 58% White, 40% Black, 2% interracial/other) twice, first at mean age 60.37 (SD=0.90; n=135) and again at mean age 64.5 (SD=0.95; n=136). Participants responded to questions about stability versus change in personal identity and feelings about the aging process. We coded five narrative themes: agency, communion, closure, self-actualization, and exploratory processing. Results showed exploratory processing was the only narrative theme to increase significantly over time. Black participants scored higher than White participants on agency, self- actualization, and closure; no gender differences were found. Most narrative themes predicted well-being measures in models controlling for race. In particular, self-actualization predicted all four measures, and agency predicted all but generativity. Psychological well-being was predicted by four of five themes and physical health/fitness was predicted by three. We interpret these findings in the context of the interplay of race, gender, and master narratives, and highlight the importance of narrative identity processes to well-being in late midlife, with implications for understanding diverse aging experiences

Improving the Measurement of the Big Five via Alternative Formats for the BFI-2

The Big Five Inventory-2 (BFI-2) is a recent scale developed by Soto and John (2017) to improve upon the limitations of the original BFI by balancing the number of positively- and negatively-worded items and establishing a hierarchical structure for the Big Five traits. However, as the BFI-2 employs a Likert format with agree-disagree options scale, it suffers from common problems of the Likert format, including acquiescence bias and method effects due to the negatively-worded items. In this research, we converted the BFI-2 in the Likert format into three alternative formats: Expanded, Item-Specific-Full, and Item-Specific-Light. These formats have tailored response options for each item and avoid the use of negatively-worded items, thereby addressing the issues associated with the Likert format. Across two studies, we compared the factor structure, reliability, validity, and careless responding between the BFI-2 in the Likert vs alternative formats. Our findings revealed that while the Likert and alternative formats exhibit similar validity, the alternative formats—particularly the Expanded format—showed better psychometric properties, including enhanced factor structure, increased reliability, and reduced careless responding. We recommend that researchers consider using the BFI-2 in these alternative formats or adapting other Likert scales to these alternative formats

2-品牌偏好调查

验证假设H2，即品牌尺寸和控制感的匹配会影响消费者的购买意愿。具体而言，当消费者控制感低时，大品牌尺寸名称更能激发消费者的购买意愿；当消费者控制感高时，品牌尺寸对消费者购买意愿的影响不存在显著差异 被试：大品牌尺寸组60人（高低控制感组分别30人），小品牌尺寸组60人（高低控制感组分别30人） 实验设计：2（控制感：高vs.低）×2（品牌尺寸：大vs.小）双因素被试间设