Knowledge and perception of the negative outcomes of tobacco smoking among teenagers attending a public university in Benin city, Nigeria.

Background: Most tobacco smokers begin tobacco smoking during adolescence and find it difficult to quit as they become dependent on the nicotine content of the tobacco product over time. The aim of this study was to assess knowledge levels, perception and attitudes towards the negative health outcomes associated with cigarette smoking by students from the University of Benin, Nigeria. Methods: Approval for this research was obtained from the Research Ethics Committee at Liverpool John Moores University. Quantitative technique using a survey form adapted and modified from a previously validated questionnaire was used. The questionnaire was divided into four sub-sections and these sections contained questions pertaining to sociodemographic information as well as perceptions and attitudes in relation to tobacco smoking. Undergraduate students were recruited with the aid of a convenience sampling procedure via face-to-face interactions with a gatekeeper. Sixty students consented to participate and completed hard copies of the survey form. Only 50 completed forms (83.3%) were anonymously retrieved by the gatekeeper and mailed to the principal investigator. The responses from the completed forms were transcribed and coded on Microsoft excel. The coded data were exported to SPSS and frequency tables were generated. Two-way Pearson chi square association test between gender, age, current class level and several opinions on tobacco smoking was conducted using SPSS. Results: It was revealed that 98% of students were non-tobacco smokers while 62 % of the respondent revealed the non-involvement of their close friends in tobacco smoking. All the observed associations between the respondent’s age, gender as well as the class level and the different smoking related opinions were insignificant. Conclusion: Majority of the survey participants were knowledgeable of the negative health effects associated with tobacco smoking. The levels of knowledge, perception and attitude towards tobacco smoking disclosed by the students could be reflective of the effect of sensitization campaigns on the harmful effects of tobacco smoking

A survey study exploring attitudes, knowledge and perceptions of air pollution in the United Kingdom.

Background: Air pollution is defined as contamination of the indoor or outdoor environment by any chemical, physical, or biological agent that alters the inherent properties of the atmosphere. Air pollution is commonly caused by household combustion devices, motor vehicles, industrial facilities, agriculture and forest fires. It is considered a major public health issue and described as an “invisible killer.” This study aimed to explore people’s knowledge, attitudes and perceptions of air pollution in the United Kingdom. Methods: A quantitative study was conducted using an online questionnaire sent via Facebook and the Doctoral Academy group. A total of 80 participants completed the questionnaire. Results: The findings of the study revealed that (93.8%) of participants perceived air pollution as an important concern compared to only 6.3% who considered air pollution to be unimportant. Automobiles were indicated as the major cause of air pollution by participants (93.8%). Most participants identified carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen dioxide (NOx), and sulphur dioxide (SO2) as pollutants. While a small number of people identified particulate matter (PM), ozone (O3), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as air pollution contaminants. (66.3%) of participants believed that air pollution adversely affected their health. Most participants mentioned asthma (92.5%), lung cancer (57.5%) and respiratory related conditions as associated with air pollution. However, they were less likely to link air pollution to diseases such as cardiovascular disease (16.3%) and diabetes (5%). Most participants felt air pollution had deceased during the lockdown and acknowledged that there is a relationship between the weather and air pollution. Most participants attributed the main responsibility to tackle the issue of air pollution to individuals. There was a significant relationship between perception’s concern and gender, asthma risk perceptions and age. There was a significant association between the source of information about air pollution and the sense of contribution to reduce air pollution. Conclusion: Overall, this study provided important information and knowledge for public health. It will act as a baseline information to raise awareness among the population. Additionally, it will give much-needed information to policymakers engaged in critical relevant air quality statements, including generating recommendations for new clean air regulations

A qualitative study aiming to explore the impact of gender on individuals' perception of risk when engaging in the night-time economy in Liverpool.

Background: The night-time economy has become an area of public health concern, due to stress and anxieties relating to the potential ‘risks’ individuals may encounter. These anxieties are not experienced equally, as gender significantly influences perceptions of risk in these public spaces, with women disproportionately more fearful than men. Despite great concern about safety and violence in the night- time economy, there has been little discussion of how young men and women feel about their safety on a night out, or how they acquire a sense of safety in a supposedly 'risky' social setting. Methods: A qualitative research design method was used to investigate this concept, via semi-structured focus groups. Using a purposive sampling technique, a sample of 16 participants, 8 men and 8 women, was collected. The focus group discussions were then transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis, to highlight key themes and patterns. Results: Findings show that women are more fearful in the night-time economy than men, with safety concerns overwhelmingly relating to men and the possibility of sexual assault, while men felt more at risk of physical assault and personal theft. Nonetheless, epidemiological data on actual risks, highlight often perceived risks felt by both male and females in the night-time economy, do not always reflect reality. Conclusion: Overall, this study highlights that men and women experience fear of the night-time economy very differently, with both genders facing their own perceived risks. There was a significant gap in knowledge regarding existing risk minimisation strategies in this sector. Future research and public health action need to focus on raising awareness and improving social marketing techniques of existing risk minimisation measures to improve public wellbeing. Furthermore, promoting gender equality by adapting traditional gendered social and cultural norms will help facilitate a more culturally accepting society

Sudden cardiac events/deaths in young people.

Background: Over the decades, sports and physical activity have been on trend to focus on the future, to make it a little lighter, and brighter. Physical activity is said to be a modifiable risk factor that helps the individual to have an inverse relationship with comorbidities like high blood pressure, high blood sugar etc and benefits cardiovascular health. However, it is also proven that sudden deaths occur usually shortly after vigorous physical activity. Although sudden cardiac deaths (SCD)/Sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) are seen at all ages, SCD in young adolescents has drawn major attraction. This study distinctly focuses on determining the ways to prevent unexpected or unforeseen negative health impacts on the young generation during vigorous exertion especially during sports and to assess the effectiveness of the existing screening methods to identify SCD. This paper followed Systematic Literature Review (SLR) and data was extracted, analysed, and summarised. Methods: Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, EBSCO host and grey literature like google scholar, NHS website, Office of National Registry (ONS), UK National Screening Programmes, Cardiac Risk for Young (CRY) website were searched, and six prospective observational studies were selected. The mentioned databases were searched using a traditional search strategy and five papers were obtained. The population of interest included young athletes and young non-athletes. In this study, only paper published in the United Kingdom were included, and therefore may not apply to the other regions. Results: Results from the final five eligible studies showed that pre-participation cardiac screening (PPCS) has a positive effect in identifying young people at risk and proved the effectiveness of PPCS. Evidence also showed it is not only the young athletes at risk, but non-athletes as well. And so, it is important to standardize and mandate the screening protocols where necessary. Conclusion: Various causes have been identified during the research which resulted in SCD/SCA in young athletes. Despite the significant controversy in this topic, the observational and cross-sectional studies included in this paper have shown that PPSC, clinical investigations like ECGs, on-site TTE and 24-hour ECG monitoring help in identifying and preventing unexpected cardiac events. Further research is necessary to fill in the evidence as cardiovascular disease (CVD) has always been a public health problem. Recommendations to prevent such tragic events were also included, highlighting the need for further research

Exploring prevalence and attitudes of Liverpool John Moores University students towards vaping; A quantitative study.

Background: The increase in vaping among student populations and youths in the United Kingdom and around the world has become a major public health concern. There is emerging evidence on the negative effects that vaping can have on individual health necessitating the need to explore prevalence and attitudes of university students towards vaping and determine the factors that influenced vaping. Methods: An online cross-sectional survey was delivered to students on the public health, midwifery, and criminology departments of LJMU to assess the prevalence, patterns of vaping, attitudes towards vaping and their dependence on nicotine by adapting Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence. The link to the survey was sent to students via their email addresses. SPSS was used to analyse the results. Results: A total of 82 students completed the survey. 85.4% were female and 70.7% were 25 years and above. Those that have ever vaped were 26.7% and 20.7% had vaped in the last six months. 17.6% of those who have vaped in last six months vaped daily. Compared to 18-24 years, students aged 25 and above vaped more. Peer pressure was the influencing factor to vape. 50% of UK students vaped compared to 16.1% of international students. 58.8% were classified as low dependence and 41.2% were low to moderate dependence. Above 80% of those that have vaped and never vaped agreed that vaping should be illegal for under 18, banned in public spaces and subject to the same rules as cigarettes. Conclusion: The students had a positive attitude towards the current regulation on vaping. The percentage of students that have ever vaped was lower than other European Countries and higher than other studies in China and Saudi Arabia. None of the respondents have a high nicotine dependence. Peer pressure was the major factor that influenced vaping

A quantitative study exploring knowledge of menopause and hormone replacement therapy among Liverpool John Moores University Kerala students.

Background: Menopause is a natural phase in a woman's life, yet its awareness and understanding among diverse populations remains a critical concern. This study focused on assessing menopause awareness, symptom comprehension, and hormone replacement therapy (HRT) understanding among students from Kerala studying at Liverpool John Moores University (LJMU). The aim was to unravel the depth of knowledge and contribute to better health literacy. Methods: A cross-sectional online survey was conducted, gathering responses from 103 participants. The survey was designed to explore participants' demographics, their understanding of menopause and HRT, recognition of symptoms, and awareness of health risks associated with menopause. The data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics, highlighting the diversity of demographics and the range of knowledge levels. Results: The study revealed a foundational understanding of menopause, with participants recognizing hormonal changes and cessation of menstruation. However, variations emerged in symptom recognition, with night sweats acknowledged prominently, while others, like decreased sexual interest, were less acknowledged. Awareness of health risks varied, with depression and anxiety recognized, but awareness of osteoporosis and cardiovascular diseases remained moderate. HRT comprehension displayed nuanced knowledge, with uterine cancer recognized as a potential side effect, while cardiovascular disease awareness was relatively lower. Conclusions: The research underscores the need for tailored education initiatives that address gaps in knowledge and target specific demographic segments. While the study's limitations, including its sample size and geographic scope, are acknowledged, the findings provide a foundation for future research endeavours. Ultimately, this study contributes to the broader goal of enhancing health literacy and well-being among individuals navigating the complexities of menopause

Effect of household air pollution on children’s health in low and middle-income countries: A systematic review.

Background: The study focuses on investigating the profound impact of household air pollution (HAP) on the health of children aged 0 to 5 years in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) through a comprehensive systematic review. Methods: A total of 1560 studies were identified through database searches, with 1120 duplicates removed in the initial screening phase. Subsequent assessment led to the evaluation of 440 studies, of which 56 advanced to the next phase. Ultimately, 20 studies were included in the systematic review, adhering to PRISMA guidelines for study selection. Results: These selected studies collectively illuminate critical insights into the complex relationship between household air pollution and childhood health outcomes. Key findings reveal that prolonged exposure to household pollutants, including solid fuel, biomass, and particulate matter (PM2.5), is closely associated with adverse health effects in children. The risks extend to a spectrum of health issues, from acute respiratory infections and bronchitis to impaired lung function, childhood asthma, and increased mortality rates. Notably, the increased levels of PM2.5 are directly correlated with heightened risks of upper respiratory infections and bronchitis/bronchiolitis in children. Conclusions: The research underscores the urgency of addressing this issue, particularly in LMICs where vulnerable populations are disproportionately affected. The study's conclusions advocate for immediate action through a combination of interventions. These recommendations encompass transitioning to cleaner cooking technologies, improving household ventilation, implementing targeted health education campaigns, strengthening public health policies, and promoting multi-sectoral collaborations. The evidence highlights the potential to mitigate the adverse effects of household air pollution on children's health and underscores the critical need for proactive measures. By leveraging these findings to inform policy, raise awareness, and catalyse innovation, stakeholders can work towards ensuring a healthier future for the youngest members of society in LMICs

Dentists’ attitudes and knowledge regarding smoking cessation advice and vaping in India: A cross-sectional study.

Background: In 2020, the World Health Organisation (WHO) estimated that annual tobacco-related deaths in India would exceed 1.5 million. India stands second in terms of global consumption of tobacco, with consumption figures being twice the consumption of the European Union. Tobacco use is a key public health issue in India because it is responsible for increasing the burden of chronic diseases, cancers, and associated mortality. WHO estimates that 1% of India’s GDP is lost to early deaths and diseases associated with tobacco use. While smoking cessation remains a public health challenge in India, a new dilemma facing dental health professionals in India is the use of vapes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the attitude and knowledge of dentists in India regarding smoking cessation advice and vaping. Methods: This study followed a quantitative design and gathered data through an online survey. The questionnaire included demographic questions and two Likert scale questions. Data was analysed using SPSS and Microsoft Excel. Frequency analysis was conducted for all questions to identify the frequency and corresponding percentage of responses. This was followed by a cross-tabulation of Likert scale questions with the demographic questions, combined with a chi-square analysis to test the association between variables. The charts and tables were developed using Microsoft Excel. Results: The study found that the overall level of knowledge among dentists in India regarding smoking cessation advice and vaping is high. Moreover, dentists maintain a positive attitude towards offering smoking cessation advice to patients, whereas maintain a negative attitude towards prescribing e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation tool. Conclusion: Dentists play an important role in offering smoking cessation advice and improving the cessation rates in India. Therefore, the key recommendation for this study is that dentists should be given training regarding the latest guidelines on smoking cessation. Awareness should also be increased among dentists regarding their role in increasing smoking cessation in India

Enabling and inhibiting factors of exclusive breastfeeding among women in Nigeria: A qualitative systematic review.

Background: Exclusive Breastfeeding (EBF) has several benefits for both mothers and babies. Notwithstanding, a wide range of empirical evidence reveals a low prevalence of EBF worldwide. The low majority is even worse in developing continents, including Africa, especially Sub-Saharan Africa. Many studies have demonstrated the Influence of factors such as social support, adequate knowledge of EBF, and favourable working conditions as enabling factors for the practice of EBF among women in Nigeria. Similarly, socio-cultural beliefs, unfavourable working conditions, physiological factors, and financial constraints have all been linked to sub-optimal rates of EBF practice in the country. A systematic review, therefore, sought to synthesise available evidence to inform interventions for increasing EBF uptake in Nigeria. Methods: Four electronic databases, PubMed, MEDLINE, CENTRAL (The Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Trials), and CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature)) were searched for references up to July 2023 to investigate the barriers and enablers to exclusive breastfeeding among nursing mothers in Nigeria. Only qualitative studies conducted between 2013 and 2023 were included in the review. Nigerian Women of reproductive age formed the target population. Results: Seven studies were eligible for inclusion in the review. Several factors were identified as inhibitors of exclusive breastfeeding, including perceived insufficiency of breast milk, socio-cultural beliefs and practices, lack of social support, unfavourable working conditions, and lack of finance for proper maternal nutrition. On the other hand, maternal knowledge and positive attitudes towards breastfeeding, social support, and the experiences of other women were identified as enabling factors of exclusive breastfeeding among women in Nigeria. Conclusion: While this review has provided valuable insights into the factors influencing EBF among women in Nigeria, it also highlights the need for more nuanced, culturally sensitive, and extensive research into the challenges and opportunities for exclusive breastfeeding in Nigeria via qualitative studies. Accordingly, the review has shown that EBF in Nigeria is multi-factorial and, therefore, requires a multi-pronged approach to improving its uptake in the country

A scoping review into the prevalence and determinants of occupational health hazards among female healthcare workers in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Background: This scoping review explores the occupational health hazards faced by female healthcare workers in Sub-Saharan Africa, aiming to provide a comprehensive assessment of the challenges and potential interventions. The review encompasses physical, biological, ergonomic, and psychosocial hazards and considers the broader socio-economic and cultural context within which these hazards manifest. Methods: A systematic search was conducted across electronic databases, yielding a total of 20 relevant studies. These studies were critically appraised and synthesized to identify prevalent hazards and potential impact factors, along with interventions and policy recommendations. The analysis also examines the gender-specific nature of these hazards and their implications for gender equity within the healthcare workforce. Results: The review highlights the pervasive nature of occupational health hazards among female healthcare workers in Sub-Saharan Africa, including needlestick injuries, ergonomic strains, infectious disease exposure, and psychosocial stressors. These hazards are influenced by various factors such as resource constraints, inadequate training, and organizational culture. While the studies underscore the pressing need for comprehensive occupational health measures, existing research gaps and the role of policy changes in promoting safety are also elucidated. Conclusions: The findings underscore the urgent need for evidence-based interventions and policy reforms to address occupational health hazards among female healthcare workers. The implications of these hazards extend beyond individual well-being, impacting patient care quality and the overall resilience of healthcare systems. Recommendations encompass the establishment of robust infection prevention and control measures, ergonomic interventions, psychosocial support systems, and gender- sensitive policies