Investigation of climate change in Tekirdag conditions on reference evapotranspiration

Küresel iklim değişikliğinin su kaynakları üzerine olan etkisinin belirlenmesi önemlidir. Su kaynaklarının etkin kullanımında tarımsal sulama için gerekli su miktarlarının bu koşullar altında planlaması gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada Tekirdağ ili-Süleymanpaşa ilçesi meteoroloji istasyonundan 2011-2020 yılları arası referans bitki su tüketimi (ET0) hesaplaması için gerekli iklim verileri elde edilmiş ve değişim analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmada değişim analizleri Lineer Regresyon Testi, Mann-Kendall Testi ve Sen T Testi metotlarına göre gerçekleştirilmiştir. Değişim analizleri sonucunda referans bitki su tüketimi değerlerinin Haziran ve Temmuz aylarında azalan bir eğilimde olduğu ve bu azalmanın istatistiksel açıdan önemli olduğu belirlenmiştir. Referans bitki su tüketiminin hesaplanmasında kullanılan iklim parametrelerine yapılan değişim analizleri sonucunda, maksimum sıcaklık, ortalama bağıl nem ve ortalama güneşlenme süresi değerlerinin azalan bir eğilimde olduğu, minimum sıcaklık ve rüzgar hızı değerlerinin ise artan bir eğilimde olduğu saptanmıştır. Araştırmada ölçüm periyotlarındaki aylık yağış miktarlarının değişimi de incelenmiştir. Yapılan değişim analizleri sonucunda, aylık yağış miktarlarının azalan bir eğilimde olduğu ve özellikle Nisan, Eylül, Ekim ve Aralık aylarındaki değişimlerin istatistiksel açıdan önemli olduğu belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçların bölge koşullarında gelecekteki tarımsal üretim planlamalarına katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.It is important to determine the impact of global climate change on water resources. In the effective use of water resources, the amount of water required for agricultural irrigation should be planned under these conditions. In this study, the trend analysis of the climate data required for the calculation of reference evapotranspiration (ET0) between 2011 and 2020 for the meteorology station of Tekirdağ -Süleymanpaşa District was carried out. Analysis of change in the study was carried out according to the methods of Linear Regression Test, Mann-Kendall Test and Sen T Test. As a result of the change analysis, it was determined that the reference evapotranspiration (ET0) values had a decreasing trend in June and July and this decrease was statistically significant. As a result of the analysis of the changes in the climate parameters used in the calculation of reference evapotranspiration (ET0), it was determined that the values of maximum temperature, average relative humidity and average sunshine duration were in a decreasing trend, while minimum temperature and wind speed values were in an increasing trend. In the study, the change in monthly precipitation amounts during the measurement periods was also examined. As a result of the analysis of the changes, it was determined that the monthly precipitation amounts have a decreasing trend and the changes especially in April, September, October and December are statistically significant. It is thought that the results obtained will contribute to the future agricultural production planning in the regional conditions

Clinical course of psoriasis patients that discontinued biologics during the COVID-19 pandemic

BackgroundSince psoriasis is a chronic disease, it is not recommended to discontinue the treatment agents used. However, in real life, the treatment of psoriasis patients may be interrupted for various reasons. During the pandemic period, the treatment of many patients was also interrupted. ObjectivesTo evaluate relapse and clinical worsening in psoriasis patients whose biological therapy was interrupted during the pandemic and reveal associated factors. MethodsThe study included patients aged >= 18 years, who were followed up with moderate and severe chronic psoriasis controlled by the last biological agent [Psoriasis Area Severity Index (PASI) 75 response achieved] but had to discontinue their treatment during the pandemic. The patients' demographic and clinical characteristics, clinical course after the discontinuation of these agents, presence of clinical worsening, and relapse were evaluated. Risk factors were analyzed with the logistic regression analysis. ResultsThe study included 169 patients, with a mean age of 47.3 +/- 14.5 (18-87) years. The mean biologics-free time was 18.2 +/- 12.3 (2-56) weeks. Clinical worsening was detected in 41.4% and relapse in 48.5% of the patients. The significant risk factors for clinical worsening and relapse in both univariate and multivariate analyses were alcohol use during the biologics-free period, total time off biologics, and the presence of an additional triggering factor. The use of secukinumab and ustekinumab was found to be a protective factor against clinical worsening in multivariate analyses. ConclusionAs the biologics-free period is prolonged, the likelihood of clinical worsening and relapse increases, therefore, we do not recommend discontinuing biological agents

Acaricidal effects of some essential oils against mold mite tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) (Acari: Acaridae)

Bu çalışmada; kişniş, lavanta, nane, sarımsak, soğan, tarçın, zencefil ve zerdeçal uçucu yağlarının Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) (Acari: Acaridae)'ye karşı fumigant ve kontakt etkileri araştırılmıştır. Uçucu yağların fumigant etkisini test etmek amacıyla akarların ergin dönemlerine ön denemeler kapsamında 10 µl/ konsantrasyon uygulanmıştır. Kontakt etki için ise, %1, %3, %5, %10 µl/l olmak üzere 4 farklı konsantrasyonu T. putrescentiae'nin ergin dönemlerine uygulanmıştır. Fumigant etki testlerinin sonucuna göre, test edilen uçucu yağlarının 10 µl/l'lik doz uygulamasının 24 saat sonunda, sarımsak, soğan ve tarçın uçucu yağlarının T. putrescentiae'nin fumigant etki oranlarının %100 olduğu tespit edilmiş, diğer uçucu yağların etkinliği ise yüksekten düşüğe doğru sırasıyla kişniş %92, nane %75, zerdeçal %73, lavanta %65, Zencefil %8' dir. Lethal konsantrasyon (LC) değerine göre soğan ve sarımsak en toksik uçucu yağlar olup, LC50 değerleri yüksek etkiden, düşüğe doğru zerdeçal, tarçın, nane, lavanta, kişniş ve zencefil olarak sıralanmıştır. Kontakt etki deneme sonuçlarına göre, Sarımsak uçucu yağı %10'luk konsantrasyonda uyuglamadan 1 saat sonra %100 ölüm oranı ile etki süresi en kısa uçucu yağ olmuştur. Bununla birlikte soğan ve tarçın uçucu yağlarının %10'luk konsantrasyonda, uygulamadan 3 saat sonra %100 ölüm belirlenmiştir. Lethal süre (LT) denemeleri sonucuna göre, en düşük konsantrasyondaki (%1) LT50 değerleri 4.7- 32.5 saat (düşük- yüksek) olarak belirlenmiş olup, etki süresine göre uçucu yağlar sarımsak, tarçın, soğan, zerdeçal, nane, kişniş, lavanta ve zencefil şeklinde sıralanmıştır. Sonuç olarak, bu çalışmadaki uçucu yağların fumigant ve kontakt olarak uygulamasının küf akarı, Tyrophagus putrescentiae erginlerinin kontrolünde başarılı bir şekilde kullanılabilme potansiyeline sahip olabileceği sonucuna varılmıştır. Deneme sonuçlarına göre ele alınan uçucu yağların, T. putrescentiae erginleri üzerinde kontakt ve fumigant olarak farklı oranlarda etkinliğe sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir.In this study; the fumigant and contact effects of coriander, lavender, mint, garlic, onion, cinnamon, ginger, and turmeric essential oils against Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schrank) (Acari: Acaridae) were investigated. In order for essential oils to have a fumigant effect, 10 µl/concentration was applied to the adult stages of the mites on preliminary biological tests. For the contact effect experiments, 4 different concentrations of 1%, 3%, 5%, and 10% µl/l were applied to the adult stages of T. putrescentiae. As a result of the fumigant efficacy of essential oils, garlic, onion and cinnamon were 100% mortality, then other essential oils ordered higher to lower as coriander 92%, mint 75%, turmeric 73%, lavender 65%, and ginger 8% respectively. According to Lethal Concentration (LC) results onion and garlic were determined high toxic essential oils and other essential oils LC50 values were ordered high to low as turmeric, cinnamon, mint, lavender, coriander and ginger. As a result of the contact effect experiments, it was determined that the highest 10% concentration of garlic essential oil represents the highest contact toxicity with 100% mortality after 1 hour. However, it was concluded that onion and cinnamon essential oils were determined 100% mortality after 3 hours, at 10% concentration. According to Lethal time (LT) experiments, LT50 values were determined 4.7- 32.5 h (min-max), and essential oils were ordered garlic, cinnamon, onion, turmeric, mint, coriander, lavender and ginger respectively. In conclusion, laboratory bioassays indicated that fumigant and contact treatments of essential oils which considered in this study, can have potential to be successfully used for controlling molt mite Tyrophagus putrescentiae adults

An efficient hybrid method based on cubic B-spline and fourth-order compact finite difference for solving nonlinear advection-diffusion-reaction equations

This paper proposes an efficient hybrid numerical method to obtain approximate solutions of nonlinear advection-diffusion-reaction (ADR) equations arising in real-world phenomena. The proposed method is based on finite differences for the approximation of time derivatives while a combination of cubic B-splines and a fourth-order compact finite difference scheme is used for spatial discretization with the help of the Crank-Nicolson method. Since desired accuracy and order of convergence cannot be reached using the traditional cubic B-spline method, to overcome this, the second-order derivatives are approximated using the unknowns and their first derivative approximations with the compact support. Thus, instead of expressing the second-order derivative in second-order accuracy, it is represented by the convergence of order four in the present method. The computed results revealed that this combined approach improves the accuracy of solutions of nonlinear ADR equations in comparison to up-to-date literature even using relatively larger step sizes. Besides, this method is seen to be capable of capturing the behavior of the models with very small viscosity values. The stability of the proposed method has been discussed by considering the matrix stability approach and it has been shown that the method is stable. In addition to the fact that the proposed method obtains sufficiently accurate solutions, another main superiority is its simplicity and applicability, which requires minimum computational effort

Determination of seasonal prevalence and intensity of tick infestation in tortoises, in Turkish Thrace

Kaplumbağa kenesi olarak bilinen Hyalomma aegyptium Türkiye, Balkanlar ve Kuzey Afrika'da görülen bir türdür. Türkiye'nin özellikle batı bölgesinde insanları tutan keneler arasında ilk ikide yer almaktadır. Her ne kadar H. aegyptium, medikal açıdan önemli bir tür olsa da, türün aylık veya mevsimsel dinamiği ile ilgili ne Türkiye'de ne de dünyada ayrıntılı veriler bulunmaktadır. Öte yandan, kendine has, diğer çoğu kene türünden farklı olarak soğukkanlı bir konağı olan ve kendine has bir biyolojisi bulunan bir türün kendine has bir mevsimsel dinamiğinin olması ve bu dinamiğin diğer kene türlerine bakarak ya da genel kene ekolojisi verilerinden yola çıkarak kestirilmesi zordur. Bu çalışma, kaplumbağa ve kaplumbağa populasyonu oldukça yüksek olan Trakya'daki kaplumbağalarda H. aegyptium'un mevsimsel prevalans ve intensite karakteristiğinin ortaya konması amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma 01.01.2021 – 31.01.2022 tarihleri arasında Tekirdağ İli Süleymanpaşa, Yeniçiftlik, Çorlu, Çerkezköy, Çeşmeli ve Seymen lokasyonlarında gerçekleşmiştir. Sonuç olarak, Mart ve Eylül ayları arasında 157 kaplumbağaya rastlanmış, bunlardan 148'inde kene tespit edilmiş, en düşük prevalans %85,7 ile Nisan ayında ve %87,2 ile Mayıs ayında görülmüştür. Diğer aylarda %100 prevalans tespit edilmiştir. Enfeste kaplumbağalarda hesaplanan kene intensitesi 18,4 olmuştur. Saptanan bütün kenelerin H. aegyptium türüne ait olduğu anlaşılmıştır. Çalışmada 939 larva, 435 nimf, 974 erkek ve 377 dişi kene belirlenmiştir.Hyalomma aegyptium, tortoise tick, is seen in Turkey, Balkans, and North Africa. It is among the first two tick species that attach human, particularly in the western regions of Turkey. Although H. aegyptium is a medically important species, there is no detailed data on the monthly or seasonal dynamics of the species, neither in Turkey nor in the world. On the other hand, unlike most other tick species, a species with a cold-blooded host and a unique biology has a unique seasonal dynamic, and it is difficult to predict this dynamic by looking at other tick species or based on general tick ecology data. This study was conducted on tortoises in Thrace, where the population of tortoises is known to be quite high. The study carried out between 01.01.2021 – 31.01.2022 in the localities in Suleymanpasa, Yeniciftlik, Corlu, Cerkezkoy, Cesmeli and Seymen in Tekirdag province was carried out to determine the seasonal prevalence and intensity characteristics of H. aegyptium. As a result, 157 turtles were found between March and September and ticks were detected in 148 of them. The lowest prevalences were recorded in April with 85.7% and in May with 87.2%; the value was 100% in other months. The intensity in the infested animals was calculated as 18.4. All the tick specimens, which is distributed as 939 larvae, 435 nymph, 974 male and 377 female, encountered on the tortoises belonged to H. aegyptium species

Efficient synthesis of chromeno[2,3-b]pyridine derivatives using Zn(OTf)2 as a catalyst: DFT computations, molecular docking and ADME studies

An efficient method was developed for the synthesis of chromeno[2,3-b]pyridine derivatives by using Zn(OTf)2 (Zinc trifluoromethanesulfonate) via one-pot [3 + 3] cascade annulation methods using 2-amino-4H-chromen-4-one with a different substituted group (1–6) and trans-chalcone. This strategy offers the pharmacological importance of 2-amino-4H-chromen-4-one derivatives in reaction time and good yields. This approach also brings a different perspective to the literature as an intramolecular cyclization pathway. All computational works were performed at the B3LYP/6–311++G** level of theory. After confirming the optimized structures and comparing the calculated spectroscopic data with corresponding experimental data, the intramolecular interactions were evaluated on the basis of NBO “Natural Bond Orbital” theory. The quantum chemical reactivity features and FMO “Frontier Molecular Orbital” analyses were conducted at the same level of theory. The solvent effect on the reactivity behaviors was also investigated by using the results that were determined by obtaining the different solvent environments. Molecular docking was employed to explore the binding affinities of the compounds against AChE (Acetylcholinesterase), BuChE (Butyrylcholinesterase), and HSA (Human serum albümin). Also, the bioavailability and drug-likeness properties of compounds 1–6 were determined to explore the possible usage in further drug design works. © 2023 Elsevier B.V.Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu, TÜBİTAK: 112 T503; Tekirdağ Namık Kemal Üniversitesi, TNKUFinancial support for this research from the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK Project No. 112 T503). The authors thank Namık Kemal University for the analysis of our article structure. All calculations have been carried out at TUBITAK ULAKBIM, High Performance and Grid Computing Center (TR-Grid e-Infrastructure).Financial support for this research from the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TUBITAK Project No. 112 T503). The authors thank Namık Kemal University for the analysis of our article structure. All calculations have been carried out at TUBITAK ULAKBIM, High Performance and Grid Computing Center (TR-Grid e-Infrastructure)

Determination of Quality Parameters of Aronia Melanocarpa During Cold Storage

Aronia as a berry species has high antioxidant capacity and anthocyanin content. It yields in the second year after plantation, and its fruits, which can be processed and consumed freshly, are sold at quite good prices. Aronia has been cultivated in Turkey, where the aronia industry is considered to grow with the increase of its production in Turkey. When the literature is investigated, there is lack of research studies on cold storage of the chokeberries. Therefore, this research was carried out to determine changes in the quality criteria of aronia. The Aronia melanocarpa ‘Nero’ variety was cold stored for 34 days in plastic and carton cases in a cold store with an evaporative cooling system. The effect of storage case materials on quality properties was investigated. Ambient temperature and relative humidity in the cold store were measured. Chokeberry fruit samples were taken at harvest and after cold storage to determine quality criteria of the cold stored fruits. Total soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, total amount of phenolic substance, total tannin, total anthocyanin and antioxidant activity for A. melanocarpa ‘Nero’ variety fruits were determined in the laboratory. Ambient temperature of the cold store varied between 3.9 oC and 5.18 oC. Relative humidity ranged between 70.19 and 85.08%, while air velocity ranged between 0 and 0.23?m/s. Most of the quality criteria were decreased during the cold storage of the A. melanocarpa ‘Nero’ variety chokeberries. According to the research results, quality properties of the chokeberries in carton boxes were better than those in plastic cases. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Der/die Autor(en), exklusiv lizenziert an Springer-Verlag GmbH Deutschland, ein Teil von Springer Nature.This research was supported by Kirklareli Commodity Exchange, Turkey, and Salkim Fidancılık, İstanbul. The authors would like to thank Kirklareli Commodity Exchange, Turkey, and Salkim Fidancılık, İstanbul for their support

Evaluation of Trichoderma harzianum to control downy mildew disease in sunflower under field conditions based on changes in the metabolite profiles of roots

Two years of field testing were conducted in naturally Plasmopara halstedii-infested soils to assess the effectiveness of Trichoderma harzianum isolate (TRIC8) against downy mildew (P. halstedii) on sunflower (Helianthus annuus). Seed treatment with this antagonist offered protection of 73.64% in the first year. The effects of this treatment on oil content of the seeds and metabolite profiles of roots, along with disease severity, were evaluated in the second year by comparing to the fungicide treatment (Metalaxyl M). Oil content in seeds and metabolite profile in roots were studied using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS), respectively. TRIC8 and fungicide treatments were found to cause significantly lower disease severity when compared to that of the control, although weather conditions were more favorable for the disease in the second year than in the first year. The oil content in seeds with TRIC8 treatment was superior to that in seeds with fungicide treatment or control. The metabolites in roots from treated plants and disease severity were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA). TRIC8 treatment increased the accumulation of some alcohols [2-ethyl-2-methyltridecan-1-ol, 2-(propylamino)ethanol], aldehydes [2,5-bis(trimethylsilyloxy)benzaldehyde, dodecanal], alkanes (dotriacontane, eicosane, heneicosane, nonacosane, nonylcyclopropane, tetracontane, tetracosane), ketones [(1-hydroxycyclohexyl)-phenylmethanone, (4-methylphenyl)-phenylmethanone], an ester (6-ethyloctan-3-yl 6-bromohexanoate) and a terpene (falcarinol), which were among the metabolites that contributed over 0.70 in PC1 and were negatively correlated with disease severity. We suggest these metabolites might be involved in defense response of sunflower against P. halstedii in the field

Examination of thyroid function tests of patients admitted for reasons other than thyroid disease

Tiroid hastalıkları polikliniğimizde çok sık karşılaşılan hastalıklardandır ve bunlardan sıklıkla tiroid nodülleri ile karşılaşılır. Bir hastanın tiroid durumu hakkında karar verebilmek için şikayetlerini, fizik muayene bulgularını ve tiroid fonksiyon testlerini hep birlikte değerlendirmek gerekir. Klinik pratikte TSH ölçümü ile sT4 düzeyine bakılması önerilmektedir. İlk değerlendirme sonrasında tiroid fonksiyon durumuna göre anti tiroid peroksidaz, anti tiroglobulin ve TSH reseptör antikor düzeyi bakılarak otoimmün tiroid hastalıklarının varlığı araştırılmalıdır. Gerekli hastalarda tiroid ultrasonografisi tiroid sintigrafisi, I-131 uptake testleri tanı aşamasında yol gösterici olabilmektedir. Genel itibariyle poliklinik çalışma şartları yüzünden hasta tiroidinin muayene edilememesi veya muayene edilse bile nodülün ele gelmeme ihtimalinden ötürü, tiroid bezi hastalığına sahip kişilerde tiroid ultrasonografi sonucu önemlidir. Ultrasonografide saptanan nodülün bulgularına göre gerektiğinde tiroid İİAB ile değerlendirilmelidir. Bu çalışmada amacımız polikliniğimize Temmuz 2013-Temmuz 2022 yılları arasında tiroid dışı sebeple başvuran ve bilinen hiçbir tiroid hastalığı bulunmayan hastalarda tiroid fonksiyon testlerinin ve tiroid ultrasonografi patolojilerinin incelenmesidir. Özellikle nodüler tiroid hastalıklarının görülme sıklığını tespit etmek, nodülün sayı ve lokalizasyon özelliklerinin otoantikor, yaş, cinsiyet, İİAB sonucu ile karşılaştırmaktı. Bu amaçla önceden tiroid hastalığı olmayan, tiroid dışı sebeple polikliniğimize başvuran, kortizol benzeri ilaç kullanmayan, 18 yaşını geçmiş ve tiroid USG de patolojik bulgusu olan ardışık 124 hasta retrospektif analiz edilmiştir. Hastaların %76,61'i (n:95) kadın, %81,45'i (n:101) 30-70 yaş aralığındadır.Tiroid ultrasonografide multinodüler guatr %44,35 (n:55), tek nodül içeren tiroid %23,38(n:30), hashimato tiroiditi %21,77 (n:27),Tiroid nodülü ve hashimato tiroiditi birlikteliği %8,06 (n:10), Graves hastalığı %2,42 (n:3) olarak bulundu. Nodüler tiroid patolojisine sahip hastaların %76'sı kadındı. Tek nodüllü tiroid patolojilerinin %53.3'ü solda, multinodüler guatrın %54.5'inde en büyük nodül sağda bulunuyordu. Nodüler tiroid patolojilerinin %66.6'sı ötiroidi, %13'ü hipotiroidi, %10.7 subklinik hipotiroidi, %9.5 subklinik hipertiroidiydi; ayrıca nodüler tiroid hastalarında tanı anında hipertiroidiye rastlanmadı. En büyük nodülü solda olan multinodüler guatr hastalarında ötiroidi ve hipotiroidi oranı diğer nodüler patolojilere göre daha fazla bulundu. Hashimato tiroiditi için ortalama tanı yaşı kadınlarda daha düşük saptandı. Hashimato tiroiditi hastalarının %27 sine nodül eşlik ediyordu. Hashimato tiroiditi olan hasta sayısı 27 olup bunların içinden sadece ANTİ TG yüksek olan %11.5(n:3) ; sadece ANTİ TPO yüksek olan %22.9(n:6), her ikisinin yüksek olduğu %65.6(n:18) hasta gözlendi.Hashimato tiroiditi için ANTİ TPO pozitifliği daha anlamlı bulundu.Tek tiroid nodülü olup sol dominant olan hastalarda ANTİ TPO pozitifliği, sağda olma durumuna göre daha yüksek oranda görüldü.Tiroid nodüllerinin otoantikorlarla ilişkisi için daha fazla çalışmaya ihtiyaç var.TSH ile ANTİ TPO ve ANTİ TG arası ilişki incelendi. ANTİ TG negatif olan hastalarda, TSH düzeyi yüksek olduğu zaman ANTİ TPO pozitiflik oranı anlamlı yüksek, TSH normal olduğu zaman ANTİ TPO negatiflik oranı anlamlı yüksek bulundu. Tersi durumda ANTİ TG ile TSH arası ilişki saptanmadı. Tiroid otoantikorları genelde otoimmün tiroidit durumlarında yüksek saptanır, çalışmamızda nodüler tiroid hastalıklarının bir kısmında da yüksek saptanmış olup bunların bir kısmında da tarama testi olarak kullandığımız TSH düzeyide normal bulunmuştur. Çalışmamızda TSH düzeyini düşük, normal ve yüksek olarak ayırdıktan sonra her bir grup için ayrı ayrı ultrasonografigrupları ile yaş grupları(18-29, 30-70, 70+) arasında ilişkiye bakıldı ve anlamlı bir ilişki saptanmadı; aynı TSH grupları cinsiyet ile tiroid ultrasonografi bulguları ile de kıyaslandı ve aralarında anlamlı fark saptanmadı.Thyroid diseases are among the diseases frequently encountered in our outpatient clinics and thyroid nodules are frequently encountered among them. To make a decision about a patient's thyroid status, it's necessary to evaluate the complaints, physical examination findings and thyroid function tests together. In clinical practice, it's recommended to measure the fT4 level with TSH measurement. After the first evaluation, the presence of autoimmune thyroid diseases should be investigated by looking at ANTİ TPO, ANTİ TG and TSH receptor antibody levels according to thyroid function status. Thyroid ultrasonography, thyroid scintigraphy, I-131 uptake tests can be helpful in diagnosis in necessary patients. Thyroid ultrasonography result is important in people with thyroid gland disease, because the thyroid glands of the patients cannot be examined due to the working conditions of the polyclinic and the nodule cannot be palpated even though it is examined. According to the findings of the nodule detected on ultrasonography, it should be evaluated with FNAB when necessary. In this study, our aim is to examine the thyroid function tests and thyroid ultrasonography pathologies in people without known thyroid disease and who applied to our polyclinic between July 2013 and July 2022 with non-thyroid causes. In particular, it was aimed to determine the incidence of nodular thyroid diseases and to compare the number and localization characteristics of the nodule with autoantibody, age, gender, and FNAB result. For this purpose, 124 patients who did not have thyroid disease before, applied to our outpatient clinic for non-thyroid reasons, did not use cortisol-like drugs, were older than 18 years and had pathological findings on thyroid ultrasonography were analyzed retrospectively. 76.61% (n:95) of the patients were female, 81.45% (n:101) were between the ages of 30-70. In thyroid ultrasonography, Multinodular goiter 44.35% (n:55), thyroid with single nodule 23.38% (n:30), hashimato thyroiditis 21.77% (n:27thyroid nodule combined with Hashimoto's thyroiditis 8.06% (n:10) ), the Graves disease was found as 2.42% (n:3). The ratio of female patients with of nodular thyroid pathologies was %76. 53.3% of thyroid pathologies with single nodules were on the left, and 54.5% of Multinodular goiter had the largest nodule on the right. Of the nodular thyroid pathologies, 66.6% were euthyroid, 13% were hypothyroid, 10.7% subclinical hypothyroidism, 9.5% subclinical hyperthyroidism; Also, no hyperthyroidism was found at the time of diagnosis in patients with nodular thyroid. The rate of euthyroidism and hypothyroidism was found to be higher in Multinodular goiter patients with the largest nodule on the left compared to other nodular pathologies. The mean age at diagnosis for hashimato thyroiditiswas lower in women. The number of patients with hashimato thyroiditiswas 26, of which only 11.6% (n:3) had high ANTI TG; only 23.1%(n:6) patients with high ANTI TPO and 65.3% (n: 17) patients with both high levels were observed. ANTI TPO positivity was found to be more significant for hashimato thyroiditis. ANTI-TPO positivity was seen at a higher rate in patients with a single thyroid nodule who were left dominant than in patients with a left-dominant thyroid nodule. The relationship between TSH and ANTI TPO and ANTI TG was examined. In patients with ANTI TG negative, ANTI TPO positivity rate was found to be significantly higher when TSH level was high, and ANTI TPO negative rate was found to be significantly higher when TSH was normal. Conversely, no relationship was found between ANTI TG and TSH. In our study, TSH levels were separated as low, normal and high, and the relationship between ultrasonography groups and age groups (18-29, 30-70, 70+) was examined separately for each group, and no significant relationship was found. No thyroid pathology was found, which had a significant difference between gender and thyroid ultrasonography findings compared to other thyroid pathologies

Inflation and Cold Progression: An Analysis of Turkish Income Tax between 2006-2021

Inflation causes high taxation-although real income does not increase-because the income tax base targets nominal income. This situation results in taxation as if the ability to pay has increased, although it has not. Compensation for this deflecting effect of inflation in the income tax tariff requires growing the income segments included in the tariff at the rate of inflation regularly experienced yearly. However, the current need for public revenue can cause governments to make regulations in favour of the administration and against taxpayers-almost by creating an undervaluation-while providing this requirement. It is called cold progression in the literature. In this study, which draws attention to the distortions caused by inflation in the tax system, the evidence obtained shows the existence of cold progression