Generalised spatial autocorrelation coefficients

The article focuses on properties generalised to the multidimensional case of known coefficients of spatial correlation. The main result of the work is the decomposition of the introduced generalised autocorrelation coefficients into the sum of ordinary autocorrelation coefficients, but calculated on the basis of the principal components of the originally observed multidimensional variable. The development is illustrated with an empirical example. The coefficients provide a more detailed description of the spatial relationships of a set of variables defined in a population

Design and optimization of an improved hybrid permanent magnets Vernier machine with less-rare-earth and high torque density

This paper proposes a novel improved hybrid permanent magnet Vernier machine (IHPMVM), which is characterized by less-rare-earth (LRE) and high torque-density. The proposed machine features a hybrid magnet arrangement, which adopts both rare earth (RE) and LRE magnets in one magnetic pole simultaneously. The proposed improved design can reduce the consumptions of RE materials by employing low-cost LRE magnets in place of RE magnets. Besides, the hybrid magnet arrangement design has a good magnetic flux-concentrated effect, resulting in high torque density. Particularly, dummy slots are introduced to achieve a flux modulation effect. This unique design effectively reduces the inevitable leakage flux, thereby further improving the utilization of PMs and torque density. Firstly, the machine configuration and its improved design are introduced and investigated. Then, a multi-objective optimization is carried out to obtain the optimal design of the proposed machine considering comprehensive performance. Furthermore, the preliminary electromagnetic characteristics of the proposed machine are compared and analyzed using finite element (FE) methods, which verifies the effectiveness of the optimization. Finally, the demagnetization risk of the LRE magnets is evaluated. This paper is expected to provide a technical reference for designing LRE machines

Between the Rebellious Street and the Theatre, between Yesterday and Today

Artykuł jest omówieniem wybranych wątków książki Anny Kuligowskiej-Korzeniewskiej Czwarty akt „Wesela”: Teatr polski wobec rewolucji 1905 roku. Autor kładzie szczególny nacisk na historyczne analogie i powtórzenia, odwołując się do wydarzeń polskiej historii XX wieku. Podkreśla rolę teatru w kultywowaniu pamięci społecznej, towarzyszeniu antyrządowym buntom i kreowaniu rewolucyjnego języka.This article discusses selected themes from Anna Kuligowska-Korzeniewska’s book Czwarty akt „Wesela”: Teatr polski wobec rewolucji 1905 roku (The Fourth Act of The Wedding: Polish Theatre and the 1905 Revolution). The reviewer places particular emphasis on historical analogies and repetitions, referring to the events of 20th century Polish history. He highlights the role of theatre in preserving social memory, accompanying anti-government rebellions, and creating the language of the revolution

Effectiveness of joint health and safety units in occupational safety and health services: a field study and a scale

Background To protect employees against the hazards they may be exposed to during work, employers must provide preventive occupational safety and health (OSH) in international and national legislation. Employers can provide these services by their firm or by third parties. Structures created outside the workplace, within the scope of the private sector, are called joint health and safety units (JHSUs). The number of studies examining the effectiveness and adequacy of JHSUs is limited. Material and Methods This study experimentally and hypothetically reveals the effectiveness level of JHSUs in providing OSH by conducting an extensive field study with a survey of 381 health and safety professionals and developing an Occupational Safety and Health Services Effectiveness Scale. Moreover, it compares those who receive the service from JHSUs and those who receive the service from the workplace, and the effectiveness level of JHSUs is evaluated. Results The fit index as a result of confirmatory factor analysis with the scale is at an acceptable level with χ²/df = 3.18, RMSEA = 0.076, TLI = 0.89, and CFI = 0.91. Cronbach’s α values of the factors are at a high level of reliability with PMCE = 0.949, OSHA = 0.927, OSHCM = 0.875, OSHEC = 0.869, OSHSQ = 0.877, OSHSE = 0.852. Conclusions The effectiveness of JHSUs in OSH services differs from the effectiveness achieved by internally assigning an occupational safety expert. The Student’s t-test accepts all hypotheses H1–H6 regarding the developed scale and that there is a significant difference between the external and internal groups in all factors

The hybrid dimension of contemporary terrorism and critical infrastructure. Analysis of Europol’s TE-SAT reports from 2021–2024

On the basis of Europol TE-SAT reports from 2021-2024, the author analyses contemporary manifestations of terrorism in the European Union, paying particular attention to its hybrid nature and its impact on the security of critical infrastructure (CI). The starting point of the considerations is the characterisation of the new – according to David Rapoport’s typology – fifth wave of terrorism. It is characterised by, among other things, combining traditional and modern methods of operation, links between terrorists and organised crime and the special services of hostile states, as well as activity in the digital space. Analysis of TE-SAT reports reveals the changing dynamics of attacks and arrests in the EU, the different ideological motivations of the perpetrators (jihadist, separatist, right-wing, left-anarchist) and the rise of so-called “lone wolves”. The author points to the growing role of countries such as Russia, Belarus and Iran in the use of proxy and cyber terrorist instrumentation and emphasises the need to redefine the EU’s counter-terrorism policy, extend Europol’s mandate (including state terrorism), intensify cooperation with NATO and develop the EU’s multidimensional defence capabilities, including enhanced protection of European CI

The Ecological Time Bombs as Troublesome Legacy of the Industries in the Polish People’s Republic

W latach 1945–1989 doszło w wielu rejonach Polski do dewastacji i silnego skażenia środowiska naturalnego przez przemysł państwowy. Okazało się, że skutki zanieczyszczenia środowiska naturalnego przez zakłady przemysłowe odczuwalne są do dnia dzisiejszego. Celem artykułu jest przedstawienie skali zagrożenia związanego z toksycznymi odpadami pozostawionymi przez zlikwidowane przedsiębiorstwa państwowe oraz opisanie na wybranych przykładach podjętych po 1989 r. działań w kierunku rozwiązania opisywanego problemu.Between 1945 and 1989 many regions of Poland were devastated and heavily contaminated as a consequence of the state industrial activity. As it turned out, the effects of environmental pollution are felt until the present day. The article presents the activity of industrial plants that resulted in toxic contamination of soil and groundwater. The assessment of risks and damages caused by the factories has to be based on estimates due to the difficulties in identifying all sources of contamination

Uchylanie się od płacenia podatków na postimperialnym Śląsku: dyrekcja ks. Pszczyńskiego kontra rząd Polski

In 1931, the von Hochberg family, one of the wealthiest aristocratic families in Europe, filed a discrimination complaint against the Polish government at the League of Nations. At the heart of their petition was the accusation that tax authorities unfairly calculated monies owed in a bid to take over and ‘Polonise’ the von Hochberg-owned businesses, collectively called ‘the Pless administration’. However, these ventures operated both in Poland and in Germany. The Pless administration became a multinational enterprise under postwar border settlements and new convoluted domestic and international legal environments. This article shows that the Polish government, far from trying to force a takeover, was trying hard to keep the von Hochberg businesses functioning and productive during the depths of the Great Depression. Polish government officials understood the economic value of supporting the Pless administration and ensuring that von Hochberg would continue to pay his thousands of employees. This tax evasion scandal reveals a new understanding of interwar Poland’s complex relationship to foreign capital investment and – in a broader contribution to business history – adds a revealing corrective to the history of international tax governance. Moreover, I argue that multinational enterprises – because of their fractured nature – possess advantages over the states that attempt to benefit from their commercial activities.W 1931 r. rodzina Hochbergów, jedna z najbogatszych rodzin arystokratycznych w Europie, złożyła do Ligi Narodów skargę na rząd polski, zarzucając, że polskie urzędy skarbowe nieuczciwie naliczają należne pieniądze w celu przejęcia i „polonizacji” należących do Hochbergów przedsiębiorstw, znanych pod wspólną nazwą „administracji Pless”. Przedsiębiorstwa te działały zarówno w Polsce, jak i w Niemczech. W wyniku powojennych zmian granic administracja Pless stała się przedsięwzięciem wielonarodowym, stojącym w obliczu nowych, skomplikowanych praw krajowych i międzynarodowych. W niniejszym artykule pokazuję, że celem rządu polskiego nie było bynajmniej wymuszone przejęcie przedsiębiorstw Hochbergów, a zabiegi o utrzymanie ich funkcjonowania i produktywności w czasach wielkiego kryzysu. Polscy urzędnicy rządowi dostrzegali ekonomiczne korzyści płynące ze wspierania administracji Pless i zapewnienia w ten sposób płynnych wypłat tysiącom pracowników. Skandal związany z uchylaniem się od płacenia podatków daje nowe spojrzenie na złożone relacje międzywojennej Polski z zagranicznymi inwestycjami kapitałowymi i wnosi cenny wkład w historię biznesu, wprowadzając interesującą korektę do historii międzynarodowego zarządzania podatkami. Twierdzę, że wielonarodowe przedsiębiorstwa – ze względu na swój rozdrobniony charakter – mają przewagę nad państwami, które próbują czerpać korzyści z ich działalności handlowej

Remarks on the 2026 amendment of the traditional spelling rules in legal acts

W artykule przedstawiono, dlaczego Zasadom ortografii i interpunkcji polskiej podanym przez Radę Języka Polskiego w komunikacie z 10 maja 2024 r. i z 10 października 2024 r. nie można nadać mocy obowiązującej. Przeprowadzono analizę reguł dotyczących pisowni tytułów aktów prawnych, zwyczajowej pisowni wybranych nazw dużą literą oraz pisowni cząstki nie w aktach prawnych. Wskazano, jakie konsekwencje wynikałyby z wprowadzenia Zasad ortografii i interpunkcji polskiej w niektórych aktach prawnych.This article explains why The rules of Polish spelling and punctuation, set by the Council for the Polish Language in their communications dated May 10th, 2024, and October 10th, 2024, cannot be implemented. An analysis of the rules concerning the spelling of titles of legal acts, the usual capitalization of selected names, and the spelling of the particle nie in legal acts is presented. Finally, the consequences of implementing The rules of Polish spelling and punctuation to certain legal acts are also discussed