Unveiling the root causes and results of illegitimate tasks: A systematic literature review

Aim/purpose – Employees are expected to perform duties consistent with their professional roles. However, they are often required to undertake tasks they perceive as unreasonable or unnecessary. The concept of illegitimate tasks has garnered increasing attention since its introduction. Illegitimate tasks have been found to account for unique variations in well-being and stress. A systematic narrative review of the literature on illegitimate tasks is necessary since the relevant literature is still in its infancy. Design/methodology/approach – A systematic literature review (SLR) was conducted using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews (PRISMA) guidelines on three primary journal databases: Scopus, Web of Science, and EBSCOhost. The citations were screened out based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. Findings – Illegitimate tasks represent the job designs and assignments of tasks within organizations. Various factors contribute to stress caused by illegitimate tasks among employees. This review encapsulates the antecedent factors of illegitimate tasks (leadership roles, psychological factors, workplace factors, individual characteristics, job factors) and results (emotions, cognition, work attitude, health, well-being, behavioral factors). Furthermore, this review provides insight into moderators and mediators associated with illegitimate tasks. Research implications/limitations – One limitation of this SLR is the possibility of publication bias, as it primarily includes published studies, potentially overlooking unpublished and non-English studies. Furthermore, the included studies’ quality and heterogeneity may compromise the review’s generalizability, which could limit its scope. Originality/value/contribution – This review also offers directions for future academic research. It suggests developing new stress measures for illegitimate tasks designed to the specific functions of organizational tasks rather than relying on a general illegitimate tasks scale

Camaldolese Eremi Insulae Vigrensis in 1668-1800

Artykuł ma na celu odtworzenie stanu osobowego eremu kamedulskiego na Wigrach w latach 1668-1800. W publikacji przedstawiono historię Kongregacji Eremitów Kamedułów Góry Koronnej, erygowanie eremu, zasady przyjmowania kandydatów oraz przygotowanie kamedułów do kapłaństwa. Ostatnim akordem istnienia eremu wigierskiego była jego kasata w 1800 r. Nowością publikacji jest sporządzenie listy kamedułów przebywających w eremie wigierskim.The aim of this article is to attempt to reconstruct the personnel of the Camaldolese hermitage at Wigry in the years 1668-1800. The publication presents the history of the Congregation of Camaldolese Hermits of Góra Coronna, the principles of accepting candidates and preparing Camaldolese for the priesthood, as well as the dissolution of the Wigry hermitage in 1800. The novelty of the publication is the preparation of a list of Camaldolese monks residing in the Wigry hermitage during the years of its existence

On the Role of the State and Law in the Civilizations of Europe and the Far East. Comparative Remarks

According to Fernand Braudel’s observation, civilization, most briefly, can be represented by the coexistence of the lasting and motion. This is because it occurs in a specific territory for decades and sometimes even centuries. However, it accepts the influences of neighboring or distant cultures, spreading its own, at the same time. This imitation and borrowing, however, is sometimes also accompanied by resistance. Habituation comprehended as the ability to get used to a new stimulus is here in a collision with habituation to what is found and known. Therefore, it seems essential to clarify whether a phylogenetic similarity of legal and political systems can be found in the distant cultures of Europe and the Far East, or, on the contrary, they are foreign to each other both in the letter of the law and the spirit.Cywilizację według spostrzeżenia Fernanda Braudela można najkrócej przedstawić za pomocą współistnienia trwania i ruchu. Występuje ona bowiem na określonym obszarze i jest na nim obecna przez długie dziesiątki lat, a niekiedy wręcz nawet stulecia. Równocześnie jednak przyjmuje wpływy, które oferują jej sąsiednie bądź odległe kultury, nie zapominając przy tym jednakże, na zasadzie wymienności, o rozpowszechnianiu również swoich. Temu tak określonemu naśladownictwu i zapożyczeniom towarzyszy czasami jednak też opór. Habituacja jako nasza zdolność do przyzwyczajania się do nowego bodźca zderza się tu bowiem z przyzwyczajeniem do tego, co zastane i znane. Potrzebą chwili staje się zatem wyjaśnienie, czy w odległych od siebie kulturach Europy i Dalekiego Wschodu można doszukać się filogenetycznego podobieństwa ustrojowo-prawnego, czy też, wręcz przeciwnie, są one sobie nie tylko z litery prawa, ale i z ducha obce

Administrators Decision-Making Styles and Effectiveness of Polytechnics in Kwara State

This research was on the correlation that exists between decision-making styles and polytechnic effectiveness in Kwara State, Nigeria. The descriptive design was suitable for this quantitative study. The participants consisted of 939 academic staff in the polytechnics of which 260 were sampled. Two instruments Administrators’ Decision-making Styles (ADMSQ) and Polytechnic Effectiveness Questionnaire (PEQ) were used for data collection. Results revealed that directive style was the most prevalent style of decision by polytechnic administrators in Kwara State. The study recommended that polytechnic administrators could enhance their behavioral decision-making skills and adopt a balanced way to other decision-making styles to improve effectiveness

Crime of Foreigners in Poland in the Years 2004-2024 – Legal and Criminological Aspect

The article aims at presenting the phenomenon of crime of foreigners in Poland over the past twenty years, i.e. for the period from 2004 to 2024. The work characterizes the immigration of the population to Poland in the perspective of the subjective and causal criterion. The impact of the influx of foreigners on the internal security of the state was also discussed. The authors analyzed selected categories of prohibited acts, i.e.: crimes against property, crimes against safety in communication, crimes against life and health and drug crimes. The research was based on statistical data provided by the Police Headquarters. Data for the period from 2004 to 2024 were analyzed. The result of the work of the authors is to present the space requiring actions aimed at a more thorough examination of the problem of crime of foreigners in Poland in order to undertake further projects aimed at increasing the level of security in the discussed area. In the analysis, the authors used the method of criticism of literature and analytical-synthetic. The analysis used variables relating to the total number of preparatory proceedings initiated by the Police and data on the number of registered foreigners suspected of committing a selected criminal act

Application of Ultrasound in Convective Drying of Fermented, Frozen-Thawed, and Osmotically Dehydrated Beetroot Slices

The aim of the study was to assess the benefits of using high-power ultrasound (HPU) during convective drying of raw beetroot slices and beetroot slices subjected to fermentation, pulsed vacuum osmotic dehydration, and freezing-thawing (in selected combinations). Beetroot slices were dried at a temperature of 80°C. The HPU treatment (200 W) was applied in 5-min cycles with 10-min intervals in between. The dried products were assessed for color, microstructure, total phenolic content, antioxidant capacity, and sugar content. Additionally, a Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy analysis was performed. The HPU treatment during convective drying exerted the most beneficial effect on raw beetroot slices by shortening drying time by 23.5% and decreasing energy consumption by 18.4%. The above treatment also shortened the drying time of fermented and osmotically dehydrated beetroot slices by 17.6%, increased the total phenolic content of product by 17.1%, and increased the ferric reducing antioxidant power by 13.7%. In addition, the ferric reducing antioxidant power of fermented beetroot slices dried with HPU assistance increased by 12.2% compared to sample dried without HPU. In the remaining cases, HPU-assisted drying did not lead to significant improvements in the evaluated parameters. All analyzed treatments decreased the intensity of red color in dried beetroot slices

Prywatne pokoje w usługach noclegowych typu peer-to-peer: zastosowanie uczenia maszynowego do określenia determinantów przychodu

Purpose: The goal of this study was to identify the performance determinants of private rooms offered via peer-to-peer accommodation (P2PA) platforms. Design/methodology/approach: Based on property level data of Airbnb, the applications of machine learning clustering and artificial neural networks methods were proposed to identify the performance determinants of private room performance defined as yearly revenue. Findings: The results indicate that the most important revenue determinants were maximum number of guests, number of photos, number of bathrooms, location, and cancellation policy, as well as high availability of the property throughout the year. The highest revenues were achieved by 2–3 person rooms with at least two bathrooms, 4-person rooms, or rooms located around the Central Railway Station. However, properties with at least 2 bathrooms tend to deliver high revenue, regardless of location. Furthermore, a sufficient number of photos and a flexible cancellation policy could offset location disadvantages and deliver higher revenues in distant vs. central locations. Research limitations/implications: The limitations of this study are that it covered only one destination during a 12-month period, which encompasses yearly seasonality, but might include some exceptional events. Replication for other destinations (urban or non-urban) or timeframes would be valuable future research recommendations. Originality/value: This study adds threefold to the P2PA performance determinants stream. First, it offers an application of machine learning methods to identify property and host features and behaviours that contribute to high performance. Second, as opposite to the majority of available research, it defines performance as revenue rather than price. Third, building on the hedonic price theory, it sheds light on how to manage a complex offer for private rooms in P2PA, in contrast to entire homes/apartments that researchers have focused on to date.Cel: celem tego projektu było zidentyfikowanie determinantów wyników dla prywatnych pokoi oferowanych w ramach usług noclegowych typu peer-to-peer. Projekt/metodologia/podejście: bazując na danych Airbnb na poziomie pojedynczych lokali, projekt proponuje zastosowanie uczenia maszynowego i sztucznych sieci neuronowych do określenia determinantów wyników, zdefiniowanych jako roczne przychody, dla prywatnych pokoi oferowanych na platformie usług noclegowych typu peer-to-peer. Wyniki: wyniki wskazują, że najważniejszymi determinantami przychodów były: maksymalna liczba gości, zdjęć, łazienek, lokalizacja nieruchomości i polityka odwołania rezerwacji, a także wysoka dostępność lokalu do wynajmu w ciągu roku. Najwyższe przychody zostały osiągnięte przez 2–3 osobowe pokoje wyposażone w co najmniej dwie łazienki, pokoje 4-osobowe, lub pokoje zlokalizowane najbliżej stacji kolejowej Warszawa Centralna. Jednakże nieruchomości wyposażone w co najmniej dwie łazienki wykazały tendencję do osiągania wyższych przychodów niezależnie od lokalizacji. Co więcej, wystarczająca liczba zdjęć i elastyczna polityka odwołania rezerwacji mogą zrównoważyć niedogodności lokalizacyjne i dostarczyć wyższych przychodów w porównaniu z centralnymi lokalizacjami. Ograniczenia/implikacje badawcze: ograniczeniem tego projektu jest to, że badanie obejmowało tylko jedno miasto na przestrzeni 12 miesięcy, co wprawdzie umożliwia odzwierciedlenie rocznej sezonowości, jednak może zawierać zdarzenia wyjątkowe. Powtórzenie analizy na danych z innych lokalizacji (miejskich lub nie) lub innych okresów stanowi rekomendację dla przyszłych badań. Oryginalność/wartość: projekt wzbogaca nurt literatury opisującej determinanty przychodów na trzy sposoby. Po pierwsze, oferuje zastosowanie metod uczenia maszynowego do określenia cech lokalu oraz cech i zachowań gospodarzy, które sprzyjają osiąganiu wysokich wyników. Po drugie, w odróżnieniu od większości istniejących badań, ten projekt definiuje wyniki jako przychody, a nie jako cenę. Po trzecie, budując na hedonicznej teorii cen, projekt ten rzuca światło na sposoby zarządzania kompleksową ofertą prywatnych pokoi oferowanych w usługach noclegowych typu peer-to-peer, w odróżnieniu od całych domów/mieszkań, na których badacze koncentrowali się do tej pory

Zielgruppen über Kulturen hinweg begeistern: Linguistische und Werbestrategien von Volkswagen und Fiat

Nowadays, many international companies advertise their products and services on social media to reach diverse target audiences. To achieve successful communication with potential customers, companies need to adapt their advertising messages to the target audience’s cultural values and communication styles. This research explores the linguistic solutions in advertisements of two car companies: Germany-based Volkswagen and Italy-based Fiat, targeting German and Italian customers. The study examines how these companies align their advertising strategies with the cultural values of their respective markets and how this influences online engagement from potential car buyers. In order to explore this relationship, the collected advertisements are analyzed from the semiotic perspective. Discourse and semiotic analysis demonstrate which cultural values (based on Hofstede’s cultural dimensions theory) and brand-related qualities the companies render in their advertising through engagement language and various advertising strategies (such as celebrity endorsement and green advertising). The analysis of online customers’ engagement (number of likes and comments) allowed for exploring the pragmatic effect of the linguistic and advertising solutions of Volkswagen and Fiat. The results revealed similarities and differences in the language and focus of the two companies’ advertising. Both companies refer to specific cultural values (for example, long-term orientation). However, each company renders these values through different linguistic and advertising instruments. As for the pragmatics of the advertising language, specific linguistic and advertising solutions (such as engagement language and user-generated content) increased user activity. The research proves the importance of cultural sensitivity in international advertising, demonstrating that tailoring language and content to the preferences of the target audience is crucial for successful intercultural communication.Heutzutage bewerben viele internationale Unternehmen ihre Produkte und Dienstleistungen auf sozialen Medien für diverse Zielgruppen. Um eine erfolgreiche Kommunikation mit potenziellen Kunden zu erreichen, müssen die Unternehmen ihre Werbebotschaften an die kulturellen Werte und den Kommunikationsstil der Zielgruppe anpassen. Ziel dieser Forschung ist es, die sprachlichen und werblichen Lösungen von zwei Automobilunternehmen - dem deutschen Volkswagen und dem italienischen Fiat - zu untersuchen, die sich an deutsche und italienische Kunden richten. Dabei wird analysiert, wie diese Unternehmen ihre Werbestrategien an die kulturellen Werte ihrer jeweiligen Zielmärkte anpassen und welchen Einfluss dies auf das Online-Engagement potenzieller Autokäufer hat. Um diese Beziehung zu untersuchen, werden die gesammelten Anzeigen aus semantischer und pragmatischer Perspektive untersucht. Diskurs- und Semantik-Analysen zeigen auf, welche kulturellen Werte (basierend auf Hofstedes Theorie der kulturellen Dimensionen) und markenbezogenen Eigenschaften die Unternehmen in ihrer Werbung durch die Verwendung von Engagement-Sprache und verschiedenen Werbestrategien (wie z. B. Prominentenwerbung und Öko-Werbung) vermitteln. Die Analyse des Online-Engagements der Kunden (Anzahl der Likes und Kommentare) ermöglichte die Untersuchung des pragmatischen Effekts der sprachlichen und werblichen Lösungen von Volkswagen und Fiat. Die Ergebnisse zeigten sowohl Ähnlichkeiten als auch Unterschiede in der Sprache und dem Fokus der Werbung der beiden Unternehmen. Beide Unternehmen beziehen sich auf spezifische kulturelle Werte (z. B. langfristige Orientierung). Jedes Unternehmen vermittelt diese Werte jedoch durch verschiedene sprachliche und werbliche Instrumente. Was die Pragmatik der Werbesprache betrifft, so führten spezifische sprachliche und werbliche Lösungen (wie z. B. Engagement-Sprache und nutzergenerierte Inhalte) tatsächlich zu einer erhöhten Aktivität der Nutzer. Die Untersuchung belegt die Bedeutung kultureller Sensibilität in der internationalen Werbung und zeigt, dass die Anpassung von Sprache und Inhalt an die Präferenzen der Zielgruppe für eine erfolgreiche interkulturelle Kommunikation entscheidend ist

Sample From the Population

Recenzja spektaklu: Stary Teatr w Krakowie SEKS, HAJS i GŁÓD, kronika rodzinna według Emila Zoli na podstawie scenariusza Karma – Zola autorstwa Luka Percevala w tłumaczeniu Sławy Lisieckiej reżyseria, scenariusz: Luk Perceval, scenografia: Annette Kurz, kostiumy: Annelies Vanlaere, reżyseria światła: Mark Van Denesse, choreografia: Ted Stoffer, muzyka i wykonanie na żywo: Justyna Skoczek premiera: 18 stycznia 202

Maria Theresia and her daughters: A life for catholicism?

This essay describes the religious life of Maria Theresa and her daughters and aims to bring the female side of the House of Habsburg into the well-deserved public spotlight. It examines religious life at court as well as life as adult women who were sent to a distant country on account of their marriage or, if they did not marry, were placed in a Catholic convent. The essay begins by describing the influence of religion on the archduchesses‘ childhoods, and asks the following questions based on Maria Theresa‘s own Catholic upbringing: How did Maria Theresa and Franz Stephan raise their daughters to be Catholic representatives of the House of Habsburg, what did their daily religious routine look like, and which religious festivities and pilgrimages did they take part in? In order to visualize the public character of Maria Theresian Catholicism, examples of religious ceremonies of homage are also presented. This is followed by a description of Maria Theresa‘s religious instructions to her daughters Marie Christine and Maria Karolina, who stayed at the courts of Pressburg (Bratislava) and Naples after their respective marriages. Did the mother‘s influence in terms of religion continue to be as stringent in adulthood as in childhood? Finally, Maria Anna‘s life as a convent lady in Klagenfurt and Maria Elisabeth‘s life as a convent lady in Innsbruck are described. Was this religious accommodation of the daughters based on their Catholic roots, or was it more about monetary provision against a religious background? This section describes the realities of the lives of these two archduchesses, their religious and charitable activities in the places they resided in, the political dimension as representatives of their mother and brothers, Joseph II and Leopold II, and their self-fulfilment in the form of courtly festivities far removed from the strict Viennese court. Looking ahead, it is pointed out that the author will focus on the religious and social realities of Maria Theresa‘s and her daughters‘ lives beyond the scope of this essay in the coming years