Dynamical Visualization and Qualitative Analysis of the (4+1)-Dimensional KdV-CBS Equation Using Lie Symmetry Analysis

This study investigates novel optical solitons within the intriguing (4+1)-dimensional Korteweg–de Vries–Calogero–Bogoyavlenskii–Schiff (KdV-CBS) equation, which integrates features from both the Korteweg–de Vries and the Calogero–Bogoyavlenskii–Schiff equations. Firstly, all possible symmetry generators are found by applying Lie symmetry analysis. By using these generators, the given model is converted into an ordinary differential equation. An adaptive approach, the generalized exp(-S(χ)) expansion technique has been utilized to uncover closed-form solitary wave solutions. The findings reveal a range of soliton types, including exponential, rational, hyperbolic, and trigonometric functions, represented as bright, singular, rational, periodic, and new solitary waves. These results are illustrated numerically and accompanied by insightful physical interpretations, enriching the comprehension of the complex dynamics modeled by these equations. Our approach’s novelty lies in applying a new methodology to this problem, yielding a variety of novel optical soliton solutions. Additionally, we employ bifurcation and chaos techniques for a qualitative analysis of the model, extracting a planar system from the original equation and mapping all possible phase portraits. A thorough sensitivity analysis of the governing equation is also presented. These results highlight the effectiveness of our methodology in tackling nonlinear problems in both mathematics and engineering, surpassing previous research efforts

EuPPollNet: A European Database of Plant-Pollinator Networks

Motivation: Pollinators play a crucial role in maintaining Earth's terrestrial biodiversity. However, rapid human-induced environmental changes are compromising the long-term persistence of plant-pollinator interactions. Unfortunately, we lack robust, generalisable data capturing how plant-pollinator communities are structured across space and time. Here, we present the EuPPollNet (European Plant-Pollinator Networks) database, a fully open European-level database containing harmonised taxonomic data on plant-pollinator interactions referenced in both space and time, along with other ecological variables of interest. In addition, we evaluate the taxonomic and sampling coverage of EuPPollNet, and summarise key structural properties in plant-pollinator networks. We believe EuPPollNet will stimulate research to address data gaps in plant-pollinator interactions and guide future efforts in conservation planning. Main Types of Variables Included: EuPPollNet contains 1,162,109 interactions between plants and pollinators from 1864 distinct networks, which belong to 52 different studies distributed across 23 European countries. Information about sampling methodology, habitat type, biogeographic region and additional taxonomic rank information (i.e. order, family, genus and species) is also provided. Spatial Location and Grain: The database contains 1214 different sampling locations from 13 different natural and anthropogenic habitats that fall in 7 different biogeographic regions. All records are geo-referenced and presented in the World Geodetic System 1984 (WGS84). Time Period and Grain: Species interaction data was collected between 2004 and 2021. Major Taxa and Level of Measurement: The database contains interaction data at the species level for 94% of the records, including a total of 1411 plant and 2223 pollinator species. The database includes data on 6% of the European species of flowering plants, 34% of bees, 26% of butterflies and 33% of syrphid species at the European level. Software Format: The database was built with R and is stored in ‘.rds’ and ‘.csv’ formats. Its construction is fully reproducible and can be accessed at: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14747448

3D-Printing of Highly Piezoelectric Barium Titanate Polymer Nanocomposites with Surface-Modified Nanoparticles at Low Loadings

This work describes the development and characterization of tetragonal barium titanate nanoparticles (BTO NPs) and their surface functionalization with dopamine dodecylamine (DDA), a lipophilic organic ligand. The so-obtained lipophilic NPs (BTO-DDA) are then formulated at low loadings (< 5 wt.%) into liquid photocurable resins for vat photopolymerization (VP) and 3D printed into solid objects. The printed composites are mechanically characterized in order to assess the effect of the nanomaterial on the mechanical properties of the 3D printed polymer, revealing no significant variations in the mechanical properties (tensile or flexural) of the nanocomposites compared to the original polymer matrix. In light of these results, the printed nanocomposites are studied in terms of their capacity to generate a separation of charge by the piezoelectric effect, typical of the BTO crystal structure. This study reveals that BTO-loaded nanocomposites display outstanding piezoelectric coefficients as high as 50 pC/N when BTO-DDA is formulated at 3.0 wt.%, only slightly less than one-third of the piezoelectric coefficient previously reported for bulk BTO, while preserving the mechanical properties of the polymer matrix

Conocimiento Didáctico Matemático de profesores de educación primaria en formación para enseñar probabilidad

La formación de los profesores de educación primaria en probabilidad es fundamental para desarrollar en sus estudiantes una comprensión temprana de los conceptos probabilísticos. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar el conocimiento didáctico-matemático para enseñar probabilidad de profesores españoles de educación primaria en formación. Para ello, se propone a 156 futuros profesores un cuestionario con tres tareas, cada una con cuatro apartados. El primero consiste en la resolución y justificación de la tarea y evalúa el conocimiento común de la probabilidad; en el segundo se pide identificar los objetos matemáticos requeridos en la solución y evalúa la faceta epistémica del conocimiento didáctico; el tercero requiere discriminar las respuestas correctas e incorrectas de estudiantes ficticios a la tarea, analizando así la faceta cognitiva; y el cuarto consiste en sugerir acciones para superar los errores de los estudiantes, evaluando así las facetas mediacional e interaccional. Los participantes muestran buen conocimiento común del contenido e identifican correctamente las respuestas correctas e incorrectas de los estudiantes ficticios. Es menor el desempeño en la identificación de objetos matemáticos, la explicación de los errores de los estudiantes y la sugerencia de acciones didácticas. Estos resultados sugieren puntos que se requieren reforzar en la formación de los profesores de educación primaria para enseñar probabilidad

Prototype Instrumentation for the Spatial and Temporal Characterisation of Voltage Supply Based on Two-Dimensional Higher-Order Statistics

This paper presents a proof-of-concept of a versatile Power Quality (PQ) analyser for tracking the voltage supply in industrial and residential sectors. It implements 2D Higher-Order Statistics (HOS) to assess voltage quality, based more on the sinusoidal waveform than on power fluctuations. Beyond the second-order parameters and permissible deviations regulated by the norm, EN 50160, the two-dimensional traces and probability density functions, along with a previously studied differential index, manage to identify different states of the electrical grid. Waveforms were measured in the wall plugs of a public building. In regard to analysing reliability and voltage waveform, the results corroborate that incorporating skewness and kurtosis indicators improves the characterisation, as well as extracting the customers’ supply behaviour under normal and anomalous operations. The instrument showed good behaviour in site characterisation, and the implemented method was considered as a probabilistic approach for the risk assessment of an installation. The prototype was tested in the facilities of a public building of the university, being able to detect deviations in 10 s traces of 3.9% in variance and 0.6% in kurtosis

Microtubule inhibition as a proposed mechanism for the anthelmintic effect of phytochemicals isolated from Cicerbita alpina

The alpine plant Cicerbita alpina (L.) Wallr., when grown as a sprout, is known as a bitter-tasting culinary delicacy. Recently it has also been reported to have anthelmintic activity, prompting further investigation into its mechanism of action. Liquid–liquid fractions were prepared from a methanolic extract of the aerial parts and were submitted in parallel to embryo development (ED), worm motility (WMT), and cytotoxicity assays for anthelmintic and toxicity evaluations. The anthelminthic assays revealed the more polar fractions to be most active against Ascaridia galli embryos (BuOH | 68% ED | c = 500 µg/ml and EtOAc | 65% ED | c = 500 µg/ml) and Caenorhabditis elegans adult worms (BuOH | 49% WMT | c = 150 µg/ml and EtOAc | 74% WMT | c = 150 µg/ml) suggesting the fraction’s constituents possess dual anthelmintic activity against multiple life-cycle stages (i.e., eggs, worms) of helminths. Additionally, the BuOH fraction was non-cytotoxic to human cell-lines. Subsequent FCC and SEC derived subfractions were submitted to the anthelmintic assay workflow and the enriched subfractions B1 and E3.8, phytochemically assigned as 11-β,13-dihydrolactucin and luteolin, demonstrated bioactivity against the embryo phenotype (B1 | 58% ED | c = 1.8 µM and E3.8 | 46% ED | c = 1.7 µM) within range of the flubendazole control. Furthermore, luteolin was found to inhibit C. elegans egg hatching (luteolin | 65% EH | c = 10 µM | t = 10 h) within the range of the control albendazole. Both identified anthelmintic phytochemicals were found to affect tubulin polymerisation at a concentration of c = 50 µM. Together with in silico virtual screening studies, these results suggest microtubule stabilisation as a possible anthelmintic target and mechanism of action. This work effectively advocates the consideration of C. alpina extracts and fractions for the development of herbal therapeutics against parasitic helminths

The natural extension to PDEs of Lie's reduction of order algorithm for ODEs

n this paper, we further consider the symmetry-based method for seeking nonlocally related systems for partial differential equations. In particular, we show that the symmetry-based method for partial differential equations is the natural extension of Lie's reduction of order algorithm for ordinary differential equations by looking at this algorithm from a different point of view. Many examples exhibit various situations that can arise

A Real-Time Combined Dynamic Control Framework for Multi-Energy Microgrids Coupling Hydrogen, Electricity, Heating and Cooling Systems

While the energy management and control techniques have been extensively studied in electrical microgrids, optimizing electrical networks alongside other energy vectors, such as hydrogen, heating and cooling systems, remains a significant challenge. Effective real-time control management within multi-energy microgrids (MEMGs) is particularly challenging due to the intermittent and unpredictable nature of renewable energy sources and varying multi-energy demand. Existing research on MEMGs often lacks a holistic, real-time approach that simultaneously incorporates multiple intelligent techniques. Furthermore, the integration of co-generation systems, particularly those involving hydrogen and gas technologies, presents additional challenges in optimizing MEMG operations. This paper proposes a novel dynamic control strategy that directly addresses these challenges by integrating fuzzy logic (FL), model predictive control (MPC), and nonlinear optimization in real time. The strategy is designed to enhance MEMG performance by seamlessly coordinating multiple energy vectors, with a particular focus on the effective management of hydrogen storage and electrical batteries within a hybrid energy storage system (HESS). The objective is to minimize operational costs, gas consumption, and grid dependence, while maximizing system flexibility. The strategy is applied to an 8-unit residential building in Cardiff, UK, equipped with a photovoltaic plant, fuel cell, electrolyzer, hydrogen storage, battery, gas and electric boilers, chiller, and a combined heat-and-power unit. When compared to two alternative strategies—one that does not consider optimal cost allocation and another using a states-based EMS—the proposed framework yields a substantial reduction in costs by 33.86% and 18.38%. Gas consumption is reduced by 7.41% and 3.15%, respectively, while the HESS state of energy increases significantly by 100.06% and 20.02%, respectively. Furthermore, real-time experimental validation corroborates the practicality and efficacy of the proposed frameworkThis work was partially supported by Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación, Agencia Estatal de Investigación, and Unión Europea “NextGenerationEU/PRTR” (Grant TED2021-129631B-C32 supported by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and NextGenerationEU/PRTR

Who Will Govern Cybersecurity in Spain by 2035? Results From a Delphi Study

This study explores the future of cybersecurity governance in Spain by 2035, focusing on the roles of public and private actors. Using a two-round Delphi method, we collected insights from experts to evaluate the probability, desirability, and impact of 20 projections for Spain's cybersecurity landscape. The findings suggest a consolidation of multi-stakeholder forms of governance, with public agencies like INCIBE and CCN guiding policy and oversight while private entities deliver essential services. Experts foresee continued collaboration between national and EU institutions, with the EU playing a key role in regulatory coordination. Three governance scenarios emerged: public-centric cybersecurity governance, state-driven cybersecurity assurance, and private monopolistic provision. These scenarios underscore a complex multistakeholder model shaped by collaboration and tension between public and private actors, particularly in light of fragmented ownership over cyberspace resources. This study highlights the need for adaptable governance frameworks that balance regulatory oversight with private sector efficiency, providing insights for stakeholders as they prepare for evolving cyber threats

Marcas en restos de fauna doméstica del taller romano de Púrpura de Lobos 1 (Isla de lobos, Fuerteventura, Islas Canarias)

Las excavaciones realizadas en el taller de púrpura romano de la isla de Lobos han proporcionado un abundante registro de restos de fauna, tanto marina como terrestre. Esta contribución se centra en el conjunto de fauna terrestre doméstica, con gran abundancia de Caprinae, Capra hircus y Ovis aries, y, con menor representación de Sus domesticus y Felis catus. Valoramos la composición de este registro, realizando su cuantificación y representatividad de acuerdo con la metodología propia de la Arqueozoología. Y nos centramos en el estudio de las marcas observadas en los huesos, clasificándolas según su origen, biológico y antrópico, así como por su morfología. Identificamos los variables tipos en las distintas partes esqueléticas de cada uno de los grupos taxonómicos. Procedemos a la discusión sobre las pautas de carnicería que pueden inferirse sobre el registro. En definitiva, se realiza un estudio exhaustivo y contextual del significado que este registro posee para comprender las estrategias de aprovisionamiento de los Murileguli, que comprendería el abastecimiento de suministro en la localidad de origen de la empresa (Gades) y las relaciones con los aborígenes canarios, un soporte alimenticio (carne, leche, tuétano y grasas) y materias primas para variedad de manufacturas (pieles, huesos y cornamenta)