COVID-19 Pandemic and Mode Choice of Alabamian Truck Drivers’ Mobility to Grocery Shopping

Background:  In late December 2019, COVID-19, commonly referred to as the Coronavirus was identified in China because of the main explanation for recent human respiratory health cases. The virus was first detected in Wuhan City, and during a space of months, it had covered the whole globe. The virus has engendered huge drastic changes to world healthcare, economic, transportation, and education systems around the world. Purpose: The general purpose of this study was to investigate the intersection of demographic characteristics and how truck drivers view change in their grocery shopping (CGS) under the COVID-19 circumstances of selected counties in Alabama. Specifically, the objectives of the study are to (1) examine if there is any relationship between marital status (MS) and CGS and (2) know and assess the choice of transport mode used for grocery shopping during the covid-19 pandemic Methods: The research paper's goal necessitated the truck drivers’ views regarding commuting to the workplace. Following a summary of the literature review research phase, the researcher conducted a variety of semi-structured interviews with truck drivers in Alabama through Survey Monkey by a postgraduate student in June-July 2020. Overall, 50 truck drivers have completed the survey. The info was stored on Survey Monkey servers within the Center for Urban and Rural Research (CURR), Department of Community and Regional Planning, Alabama A&M University. Results: The data analysis reveals their main workplace before the COVID-19 pandemic 94% of the truck drivers residing in Alabama especially from Jefferson county provided information about commuting to workplaces, while 4% to the places of educations (lecture room0 and a couple of production sites. Furthermore, 92% of the truck drivers reported NO change within the means of transport in commuting trips during the COVID-19 pandemic, while 8% indicated changes within the means of transport. Implications: This research paper contributes important new empirical analysis of the truck drivers’ views regarding commuting to the workplace under the COVID-19 pandemic to some extent where there's an abundance of conceptual papers and opinion pieces but still scant evidence on the particular road safety of the pandemic for researchers to think about on potential person and situation factors related to COVID-19 that would affect road safety during and after the pandemic. Collaborative efforts by researchers and public and personal sectors are going to be needed to collect data and develop truck drivers' road safety strategies in reference to the new reality of COVID-19. Keywords: COVID‐19, health disparities, roadway safety, syndemics, truck drive

Circadian Rhythm & Its Effect on Health

Circadian Rhythm (CR), which is the interchange between day and night, has a vital role in the health of all living creatures including plants. It is a biological process that echoes an internal clock in the body oscillating during the whole 24 hours of the day. Within that time, it fluctuates to control the sleep period that alternates with wakefulness at regular intervals. There is a complex interaction between sleep and all parts of the human body. A good night's sleep influences CR and is essential for the body organs and cells' efficient physiological function. Industrial development, modernization, and many other illnesses are all causes for the disturbance of the CR. Such disruption may lead to several dangerous health problems like; cerebral problems, cardiovascular diseases, pulmonary embolism, metabolic syndromes, infections, gastrointestinal issues, menstrual irregularities, mental disorders, and psychiatric illnesses. Besides, CR disruption has a carcinogenic effect on various organs. In this review, we highlight the functional importance of CR and the health consequences of its disruption

Atherosclerosis: Causes and Cures

Atherosclerosis is a systemic disease that occurs due to the formation of Fibro-fatty lesions in arteries that block blood flow. The process of Atherosclerosis is initiated through mechanical, chemical, and immunological activation of the endothelium. Even there are microorganisms involved in the different stages of atherosclerosis. There are a number of molecular factors, RNA’s, macrophages and enzymes that play a vital role in the progression and development of Atherosclerosis that alter the metabolism of Fibro-fatty. Receptors of micro RNA proliferate and regulate endothelial activation and smooth cell Macrophages, monocytes, t-cell and natural killer cells involved in the boosting of the immune system to prevent the atherosclerotic lesion formation. In this review, we can know how RNA’s involved in the pathophysiology side of atherosclerosis and explore the mechanism to regulate Atherosclerosis, and how macrophages evoke an immune response. Therefore, the use of synthetic and natural drugs and following the right diet timely prevent and reduce the risk of development of Atherosclerosis

Perception of Nursing Students of a Good Clinical Preceptor: A study on Faculty of Medical Technical Sciences at Alzaiem Alazhari University, Khartoum, Sudan

Nursing training is a blend of both theoretical and practical learning.  Students learn practically in the clinical environment. Despite the progression in nursing education, in some clinical settings, the effective teaching behavior of clinical instructors is absent that affects student learning. The aim of this study is to assess nursing students' perception of a good clinical preceptor. A descriptive cross-sectional study design was used for the study. Data were collected from all 4th year nursing students (n=130) in the Department of Nursing at the Faculty of Medical Technical Sciences, Alzaiem Alazhari University (AAU). The result shows that 68 out of 130 (52.3%) nursing students considered teaching ability as very important followed by competencies 57 (43.8%).  

Review of Cryptosporidiosis in Calves, Children and Hiv/Aids Patients

Cryptosporidiosis is among the most important protozoan parasitic diseases of animals and humans importance that commonly causes diarrheal disease in a wide range of vertebrate hosts, particularly, neonatal calves, Children, and HIV/Aids Patients. The host immune capacity is the most important factor affecting both the probability of infection and the severity of the subsequent disease. Commonly, humans and animals get an infection when they contact animal manure and consume food and drink containing Oocysts that contain four Sporozoites within this protozoan. Although the disease has occasionally been reported in adult animals and humans, the severity of the disease is common in neonatal calves, young children particularly in those < 5 years and HIV/AIDS patients. The prevalence of bovine Cryptosporidiosis ranges from 6.25 to 39.65% in different parts of the world and 2.3 to 27.8% in Ethiopia as well. Diagnosis of Cryptosporidiosis is mostly based on the detection of Oocysts from fecal samples. Animals and human sewage discharges are generally considered as the major sources of contamination. At present, there is no effective treatment and vaccines to prevent Cryptosporidiosis in either livestock farms or humans. Thus, the practice of good personal and dairy farm hygiene, prevention of environmental contamination of Oocystsare the best prevention methods in humans and animals. The objective of this paper is to review the current status of Cryptosporidiosis, the zoonotic implication of Cryptosporidiosis in both humans and animals

Assessment of Factors Influencing Access to Primary Health Care Service Delivery in Kubwa, Abuja, Nigeria

This research contributes to the current literature by exploring the elements influencing the right of access to public health care (PHC) services. Investigating accessibility in the city of Kubwa in Abuja can fill the gap in the existing knowledge, and offer guidance to policymakers and PHC managers for enhancing the right of entry to PHC offerings. Data were collected from both men and women. It utilized descriptive statistics to analyze the questionnaires distributed to the respondents within the study area. The result of the analysis revealed that besides general weaknesses in the delivery of care administered, different kinds of obstacles also existed in getting entry to PHC services that include poor quality service delivery, delay in Out-Patient department, and shortage of medical staff to adequate patient ratio. Other challenges include insufficient medical equipment, Communication barrier between staff and patients, lapses on the part of health care management, low motivation of the staff, shortage of modern equipment, and frequent referrals among others. In conclusion, the study reveals that these factors are peculiar to both the medical staff who deliver the services and to the patients who comes to receive medical attention at the health facility. The study concluded that Public Health organizations should utilize employee's potential to be able to enhance the provision of quality services

A Mathematical Study of Glaucoma Using Machine Learning Algorithms for Retina

Glaucoma is a category of visual disorders represented by optic nerve neuropathy, a means of gradually declining optic nerve neuropathy. In-ground vision, resulting in sight loss. In this article, a novel retinal therapeutic support vector machine for glaucoma using machine Algorithms for learning is conservative. The algorithm has sufficient pragmatism; the correlation clustering mode is subsequently retained the estimated preparation deterrent on a data set has a 91 percent achievement rate on a data set. Consolidation of 500 realistic resolute and glaucoma retina images; hence, depending on the cluster, the computational advantage of In glaucoma therapy, the overlapping device pedestal on the machine learning algorithm has maximum output

The Big Five Personality as A Predictor of Involvement in Violence among Students in Secondary Schools in Nyando Sub-County, Kenya

Involvement in violence among students is a common menace not only in Nyando Sub-county, Kenya but also in the whole world. Predicting involvement in violence based on the big five personalities could be useful in developing various personality-based interventions to involvement in violence. This prompted the present study to investigate both qualitative and quantitative Predictiveness of the big five personalities to involvement in violence. The convergent parallel mixed-method research design was used. Multistage random sampling was used to generate a sampling size of 418 students. Apart from the students, 26 teacher counselors and 26 deputy headteachers were also interviewed in order to triangulate the sources of information. Both self-report questionnaires and interview schedules were used to collect data. The results indicated that the big five personalities were significantly predictive of involvement in violence at 23.4% (F (5, 391) = 26.886 p < 0.05 and R2 = 0.23). Hence other factors (apart from the big five personalities) predictive of involvement in violence which was qualitatively explored included: environmental factors, social factors, economic factors, familial factors, political factors, cultural factors, the psychosocial stages of development, exposure levels of a person, temperamental issues, modernism, and post-modernism. These other factors were assumed to predict involvement in violence at 76.6%. Therefore to minimize involvement in violence, more personality-based interventional measures should be applied

Review of Bovine Brucellosis and Its Public Health Significance

Brucellosis is an infectious zoonotic bacterial disease caused by a member of the genus Brucella. The disease affects both animals and human beings resulting in a serious economic loss in the animal production sector and deterioration of public health. Bovine brucellosis is highly prevalent and has significant economic and zoonotic implications for the rural communities in consequence of their traditional lifestyles, feeding habits, and disease patterns. The possible sources of infections include all infected tissues, aborted fetuses, vaginal discharges, and potentially contaminated materials. The nature of the pathogenesis of the diseases lies in the presence of the bacteria in the cells and employing various methods to survive in the phagocytic cells. The disease can be transmitted from an infected host to susceptible animals in direct and indirect contact. Various methods are employed for the diagnosis of brucellosis including microscopic examination, culture methods, serological and molecular biology. The public health importance of brucellosis is much related to the infected animal species from which human transmission occurs. The economic importance of brucellosis depends upon the species of animal affected. It can cause considerable losses in cattle as a result of abortion and a reduction in milk yield. The most rational approach for control of Brucella abortus infection is by vaccinating young female animals. To deal with diseases like brucellosis, the public in general and high-risk groups, in particular, should be made aware of the zoonotic and economic importance of brucellosis through veterinary extension education

Antibacterial Effect of Silver Nanoparticles on Klebsiella spp

Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) can be incorporated into medical devices, such as tissues, to circumvent bacterial resistance such as Klebsiella spp, which can lead to skin and mucosal infections. Thus, the aim of the present study was to synthesize silver nanoparticles for later incorporation into cotton fabrics and in vitro tests against Klebsiella spp. The AgNP colloidal solution was synthesized (AgNO3 - 0.1 mM, 100 mM trisodium citrate, polyvinylpyrrolidone - 0.24 g, H2OH2) and then impregnated into the cotton fabric pretreated with poly diallyl dimethylammonium chloride (PDDA) of 100/500 tissue, shaken for 30 minutes). The material produced was analyzed by the FTIR; DLS and reflectance spectroscopy. The tests of the antimicrobial activities were by the microdilution technique against Klebsiella spp, in tubes containing Brain Heart Infusion (BHI), with the solution of silver (1); Tissue containing AgNP - 4 mm (2); Negative control (3) and positive control - ceftriaxone (4). Regarding MIC, the inhibitory activity occurred of the dilutions between 1/2 and 1/16. The AgNP particles had an average size of 24.75 nm. As synthesized AgNPs demonstrate the excellent antimicrobial activity against Klebsiella spp, with special emphasis on applications in nanotechnology and nanomedicine, targeting multiresistant antibiotic bacteria