Synthesis, crystal structure and spectroscopic studies of a mixed ligand copper (II) complex: trans-bis(succinimidato)-bis(benzylamino)Cu(II)

The molecules of the title compound, [Cu(C11H13N 2O2)2], lie across centres of inversion in space group P21/c and are linked by intermolecular N-H?O and C-H?O hydrogen bonds. The central Cu atom has a slightly distorted square-planar coordination comprised of four N atoms. Cu-N bond distances are 1.975(2) and 2.020(2) Å. The interplanar angle between the phenyl and succinimidato ring is 87.34(10)°. © 2006 Verlag der Zeitschrift für Naturforschung

Carriage of mobilizable plasmid-mediated ?-lactamase gene in ampicillin-resistant Escherichia coli strains with origin of normal fecal flora

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the carriage of ?-lactamase genes in ampicillin-resistant (Ampr) Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolates from human normal fecal flora. Methods: Ten Amp r E. coli strains isolated from the stool samples of 21 healthy persons with no antibiotic use during at least three months were screened for TEM-, SHV-, or OXA-type ?-lactamase genes by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The susceptibility of the strains to antibiotics was determined by disk diffusion method, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ampicillin to the strains was determined by agar dilution method. Plasmid transfer assays were performed by broth mating technique. Plasmid DNA was isolated by alkaline lysis method. Digoxigenin-labeled TEM-1 probe was used in hybridization assays. Results: Two of 10 strains were found to be carrier for only TEM-type ?-lactamase gene (blaTEM) by PCR, and their resistances to ampicillin were conjugatively transferred to a recombinant E. coli K-12 strain C600. MIC of ampicillin to two representative strains and their transconjugants was detected as >512 ?g/ml. Moreover, ?-lactamase inhibitor resistance was also observed in these two strains and their transconjugants. Digoxigenin-labeled TEM-1 DNA probe was hybridized to some non-conjugative but mobilizable plasmid DNAs purified from two of the TEM-gene-carrying organisms. Conclusions: These results indicate that commensal E. coli strains carrying ?-lactamase gene in the bowel environment could retain resistance determinants on small-sized resistance plasmids (R plasmids) and become a potential reservoir for resistance genes in the community, even in the absence of recent antibiotic consumption. © TÜBİTAK

Synthesis of 4-Amino-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazole-5-ones and their Isatin-3-imine Derivatives

Iminoester hidroklorürler 1 sentezlenmiştir. Bu bileşikler daha sonra ester etoksikarbonil hidrazonlar 2'ye dönüştürüldü ve bunlardan sırasıyla yeni bir ikame edilmiş 4-amino-4,5-dihidro-lH-1,2,4-triazol-5-onlar, 3 serisi hazırlandı. Son olarak, bileşik 3'ün izatin ile reaksiyonundan bir dizi izatin imin türevi 4 elde edildi. Sentezlenen tüm yeni bileşiklerin yapıları element analizleri, IR, H-1-NMR ve C-13-NMR spektrumları ile teyit edildi.Abstract: Iminoester hydrochlorides 1 have been synthesized. These compounds were then converted into ester ethoxycarbonyl hydrazones 2, from which in turn a new series of substituted 4-amino-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazole-5-ones, 3, was then prepared. Finally a set of isatin imine derivatives 4 was obtained from the reaction of compounds 3 with isatin. The structures of all the new synthesized compounds were confirmed by elemental analyses, IR, 1 H-NMR and 13C-NMR spectra

Reforms of Tanzimat era in Ottoman Empire: New institutions after Tanzimat Edict

Osmanlı Devleti için modernleşme adımlarının temelini oluşturan Tanzimat dönemi önemli değişim ve dönüşümlere sahne olmuştur. Bu dönem içerisinde ortaya koyulan, devletin çöküşünün engellenebilmesi adına gerçekleştirilen reformlarla birlikte Avrupa’nın düşünce yapısından yararlanma fikrinin bir sonucu olarak yeni kurumlara da ihtiyaç duyulmuştur. Yeniden yapılanma adı altında gerçekleşen bu düzenlemelerle birlikte toplumsal düzenin de değişimine yön verilmiş olup bu dönem hukuki, idari, sosyal ve iktisadi bağlamda birçok değişikliğin izlerini taşıyan bir süreç haline gelmiştir. Tanzimat’la birlikte her alanda yaşanan değişimin etkileri eğitim kurumları ve yargı düzenindeki değişikliklere de yansımış, paralel doğrultuda kanunlaştırma faaliyetleri de düzenlenen yeni kurumların faaliyete geçmesini sağlamıştır. Bu çalışmada Tanzimat dönemi gelişmeleri bağlamında düzenlemeler incelenerek dönem içerisinde faaliyet gösteren bazı yeni kurumlar ele alınmıştır.The Tanzimat period, which formed the basis of the modernization stages for the Ottoman Empire, witnessed important changes and transformations. New institutions were also needed as a result of the idea of benefiting from Europe's mentality with the reforms that were put forward in this period and implemented in order to prevent the collapse of the state. With these regulations under the name of restructuring, the change of the social order has also been directed, and this period has become a process bearing the traces of many changes in legal, administrative, social and economic terms. With the Tanzimat, the effects of the changes experienced in every field have also been reflected in the changes in educational institutions and the judicial order, in parallel with this, legalization studies have enabled new organized institutions to be put into practice. In this study, the regulations in the context of the developments of the Tanzimat period were examined and the some new institutions that have gone into action in this period are discussed

Chondrostoma smyrnae, a new nase from the Tahtali reservoir drainage in the Aegean Sea basin (Teleostei, Leuciscidae)

Chondrostoma smyrnae, a new species, from the Tahtali reservoir drainage is distinguished by having a slightly arched lower jaw with a well-developed keratinised edge, a deep and cylindric body, a complete lateral line with 47-52+1 total scales, 8-9 scale rows between the lateral line and the dorsal-fin origin, 4 scale rows between the lateral line and the pelvic fin-origin, and 19-23 gill rakers on the first gill arch. Moreover, molecular analyses using full cyt b (1141 bp) and partial coI (652 bp) sequences of the mitochondrial genome from specimens of the new species, C. smyrnae and specimens belonging to other Chondrostoma species from central and western Anatolia demonstrated that the C. smyrnae is easily differentiated by their high pairwise genetic distances of cyt b and coI data set (>2.20 and 1.03%, respectively) and by their position in the phylogenetic trees obtained through Maximum Likelihood (ML) methodology