A 2-year exploratory study to elaborate a methodological protocol for evaluating volcanic terroir influence in Gamay wines in the French PDO Côtes d′Auvergne

International audienceThe objective of our study is to report a methodology used to determine chemical and sensory attributes of wines that were elaborated from vineyards growing on volcanic-derived soils in the French PDO Côtes d’Auvergne. For that purpose, vineyard soils were sampled in eight different geographical locations and analyzed by their granulometry, hydric stress and multi-elemental composition. Red wines were elaborated during vintages 2020 and 2021 and chemically characterized by classical oenological parameters, anthocyanins and multi-elemental analysis by ICP-MS, and sensorially described by a panel of nineteen experienced tasters. The results show that vineyards could be differentiated into two typologies of soils: four clay-limestone soils (A) and four basaltic soils (B). B soils presented a more heterogeneous granulometry, a higher water retention and a more concentrated mineral content compared to A soils. Volcanic Gamay wines, originating from these B soils, differed by their red yellowish color, lower total acidity, lower anthocyanin contents, higher contents of sodium, lithium and strontium and stronger peppery/smoky flavors compared to non-volcanic wines originating from A soils. The sensory descriptors were discussed as a function of the chemical composition of wines and could reveal the importance of volcanic terroirs in the sensory and chemical composition of wines

The Effect of [Glu][H2PO4] via Foliar Spraying on Cadmium and Arsenic Absorption and Translocation in Rice Plants

International audienceRice is the main source of cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) in Chinese diet. The formulation of targeted agronomic interventions for mitigating Cd and As bioaccumulation in rice grains constitutes a critical pathway toward ensuring food safety and public health security. Foliar spraying technology with ionic liquids, effectively reduces Cd/As content in rice. In this study, an ionic liquid of amino acids ([Glu][H2PO4]) as a foliar conditioner was applied to two varieties of rice (X24 and Z35) to explore the mechanism of reducing the accumulation of Cd/As in rice. The results showed that [Glu][H2PO4] reduced Cd/As levels by up to 58.57% and 44.09%, respectively. [Glu][H2PO4] reduced the transfer factor from the root system to flag leaves, nodes, and other organs, thus reducing the Cd/As content in them. [Glu][H2PO4] promoted amino acid synthesis in seeds, increased Ca 2+ level, increased OsGLR3.1-3.5 expression, and decreased OsLsi1-3 expression in flag leaves, thereby Cd/As was inhibited from being absorbed and transported by rice. The results demonstrated that the foliar application of [Glu][H2PO4] significantly mitigated the accumulation of Cd/As in rice. This study introduces a novel and effective strategy for reducing Cd/As accumulation in rice, hoping to enhance the safety and quality of rice crops

Bases de physiologie végétale et flux de sèves

National audienceLes bases physiologiques pour comprendre la nature des sèves d'un arbre, leur fabrication et leur circulation

Signal shape studies and rate dependence of HFO-based gas mixtures in RPC detectors

International audienceThe RPCs employed at the LHC experiments are currently operated in avalanche mode, with a mixture containing a large fraction of C$_{2}$H$_{2}$F$_{4}$ ($\approx$90% or more) with the addition of i-C$_{4}$H$_{10}$ and SF$_{6}$ in different concentrations. However, C$_{2}$H$_{2}$F$_{4}$ and SF$_{6}$ are fluorinated greenhouse gases (F-gases) with Global Warming Potential (GWP) of $\approx$1400 and $\approx$22800, respectively. EU regulations imposed a progressive phase-down of C$_{2}$H$_{2}$F$_{4}$ production and consumption, aiming at strongly reducing its emission. This is already resulting in an increase of its price and reduction in availability. The most desirable long-term solution to this problem is to find an alternative, F-gases-free gas mixture, able to maintain similar detector performance. To address this challenge, the RPC ECOGasas@GIF++ collaboration (including RPC experts of ALICE, ATLAS, CMS, SHiP/LHCb, and the CERN EP-DT group) was created in 2019. The collaboration is currently studying a gas from the olefine family, the C$_{3}$H$_{2}$F$_{4}$ (or simply HFO, with GWP $\approx$6), to be used, in combination with CO$_{2}$, as a substitute for C$_{2}$H$_{2}$F$_{4}$. This contribution will focus on the signal shape studies that have been carried out by the collaboration during dedicated beam test periods. The methodology used in the data analysis will be presented, together with the results obtained with several HFO-based gas mixtures, and with the currently employed one. Furthermore, results on the counting-rate dependence of the RPC performance, obtained by combining the muon beam with the GIF++ $^{137}$Cs source with different attenuation factors, will also be presented

Quels agriculteurs pour quelles agricultures demain ?

National audienceComment assurer notre souveraineté alimentaire dans un contexte de changement climatique et favoriser une alimentation durable qui contribue à la santé des populations ? Alors que l’agriculture est une clé essentielle pour répondre à ces problématiques, pas moins de 166 000 agriculteurs et agricultrices partiront à la retraite d’ici 2030. Quels sont les leviers pour assurer le renouvellement des générations en agriculture ? Comment appréhender ce défi, au cœur des priorités d’INRAE

Les mésalignements du taux de change réel : théories, mesures et implications pour les pays en développement

Cette note a pour objectif de présenter un aperçu de la littérature économique actuelle sur les questions liées aux mésalignements du taux de change réel, en mettant l’accent sur les pays en développement et émergents

Eruptive dynamics of open-vent andesitic volcanoes retrieved from petrological and componentry analysis of recent explosive phases (2021-2022) of Sangay (Ecuador)

co-auteur étrangerInternational audienceSince its reawakening in 2019, Sangay volcano (Ecuador) experienced a continuous, low magnitude eruptive activity that was disrupted by some mild-explosive pulses. Andean communities in central Ecuador and the Guayaquil International Airport have been affected by the ash fallouts. Through componentry, geochemical and petrological analysis, we studied ash and lapilli samples, emitted during the mild-explosive eruptions of 2020–2021 and during the minor eruptions of 2022, to document the changes in eruptive dynamics, constrain the pre-eruptive physical conditions, and identify the potential triggering mechanisms. Major elements whole-rock compositions show a progressive decrease in silica content, from andesitic to basaltic andesitic compositions, and a concomitant increase in magnesium content over time. Componentry, textures and chemical variations in groundmass glass support the idea that Sangay's shallow plumbing system hosts magmas that have evolved in composition, having variable physical properties that control the eruptive dynamics. The change in eruptive style towards more explosive dynamics in 2020–2021 was probably associated with the feeding of a more mafic and gas-rich magma from deep. The consequence, reflected in the groundmass glass chemistry and componentry data, is the “excavation” of the partially crystallized magma stalling in the conduits, which led to the observation of the more diverse compositions in the juvenile material. This work contributes to a better understanding of the eruptive behavior of long-lived, open-vent andesitic volcanoes, and to explore the link between eruptive dynamics and the petrological evolution of magmas

Real-bogus scores for active anomaly detection

International audienceIn the task of anomaly detection in modern time-domain photometric surveys, the primary goal is to identify astrophysically interesting, rare, and unusual objects among a large volume of data. Unfortunately, artifacts -- such as plane or satellite tracks, bad columns on CCDs, and ghosts -- often constitute significant contaminants in results from anomaly detection analysis. In such contexts, the Active Anomaly Discovery (AAD) algorithm allows tailoring the output of anomaly detection pipelines according to what the expert judges to be scientifically interesting. We demonstrate how the introduction real-bogus scores, obtained from a machine learning classifier, improves the results from AAD. Using labeled data from the SNAD ZTF knowledge database, we train four real-bogus classifiers: XGBoost, CatBoost, Random Forest, and Extremely Randomized Trees. All the models perform real-bogus classification with similar effectiveness, achieving ROC-AUC scores ranging from 0.93 to 0.95. Consequently, we select the Random Forest model as the main model due to its simplicity and interpretability. The Random Forest classifier is applied to 67 million light curves from ZTF DR17. The output real-bogus score is used as an additional feature for two anomaly detection algorithms: static Isolation Forest and AAD. While results from Isolation Forest remained unchanged, the number of artifacts detected by the active approach decreases significantly with the inclusion of the real-bogus score, from 27 to 3 out of 100. We conclude that incorporating the real-bogus classifier result as an additional feature in the active anomaly detection pipeline significantly reduces the number of artifacts in the outputs, thereby increasing the incidence of astrophysically interesting objects presented to human experts

Évolution des méthodes de calcul en théorie des jeux

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Stratégies d'éducation thérapeutique pour les patients atteints de cancer bronchique non à petite cellule : rôle et innovations de l'industrie pharmaceutique

Le cancer bronchique non à petite cellule (CBNPC) représente la forme la plus courante de cancer du poumon et constitue un enjeu majeur de santé publique en raison de sa forte mortalité et de la complexité de sa prise en charge. Dans ce contexte, l’éducation thérapeutique du patient (ETP) s’impose comme un levier essentiel pour améliorer la compréhension de la maladie, favoriser l’adhésion aux traitements et renforcer l’autonomie des patients dans leurs parcours de soins. Cette thèse analyse les stratégies d’ETP pour les patients atteints de CBNPC en mettant en lumière le rôle et les innovations de l’industrie pharmaceutique. Après une exploration approfondie des aspects épidémiologiques, physiopathologiques et thérapeutiques du CBNPC, l’étude met en évidence les besoins éducatifs spécifiques des patients notamment en matière de gestion des effets indésirables, de soutien psychologique et d’accompagnement des aidants. Malgré un cadre réglementaire strict, les industries pharmaceutiques jouent un rôle clé dans le développement de supports pédagogiques innovants en collaboration avec les professionnels de santé et les associations de patients. L’intégration de nouvelles technologies telles que les outils numériques et les plateformes interactives représentent un levier prometteur pour améliorer l’accès à l’information et l’engagement des patients. Enfin, cette thèse s’intéresse au projet CAP Poumons, une initiative menée par MSD France visant à éduquer sur le CBNPC à travers des actions en milieu hospitalier