La défaite électorale. Productions, appropriations, bifurcations

La défaite électorale est un phénomène structurant de la vie politique démocratique et cet ouvrage propose une plongée du côté des battus des élections. En réunissant des contributions empiriquement fondées sur des expériences variées de défaites électorales, dans différents contextes historiques, géographiques et politiques, il se donne pour objectif de mieux saisir les enjeux symboliques et matériels de la défaite aux niveaux individuel et collectif

Augmenter le temps d’enseignement de l’éducation physique et sportive à l’école primaire : sur quels facteurs peut-on agir ?

Réalisée auprès de 555 professeurs des écoles, cette étude avait pour objectif d’identifier des facteurs reliés au temps d’enseignement hebdomadaire de l’EPS, et de quantifier le poids respectif de onze facteurs liés au contexte d’enseignement, à la formation, et aux caractéristiques sociodémographiques et motivationnelles de l’enseignant. Les résultats montrent que plus de 55 % de l’échantillon rapportent un temps d’enseignement de l’EPS inférieur à 180 minutes. Ils soulignent la plus grande vulnérabilité des professeurs des écoles qui enseignent en cycle 2 et 3, de ceux qui ont le moins d’expérience, et des femmes. Ils font enfin ressortir que l’attitude envers l’activité physique et le sentiment d’auto-efficacité relatif à l’enseignement de l’EPS constituent des variables à cibler en priorité dans l’optique d’augmenter le temps d’enseignement hebdomadaire de cette discipline. Carried out with 555 primary school teachers, this study aimed to identify factors relating to the weekly teaching time for physical education and to quantify the respective weight of eleven factors relating to the teaching context, training, and the socio-demographic and motivational characteristics of the teachers. The results show that more than 55% of the teachers report less than 180 minutes of teaching time per week. The results also highlight the greater vulnerability of teachers who teach 1st to 5th grades, those with the least experience, and women. Finally, results highlight that attitudes towards physical activity and self-efficacy for teaching physical education are priority variables to target in order to increase teaching time per week in this subject

White matter tracts and executive functions: a review of causal and correlation evidence

Executive functions are high-level cognitive processes involving abilities such as working memory/updating, set-shifting and inhibition. These complex cognitive functions are enabled by interactions among widely distributed cognitive networks, supported by white matter tracts. Executive impairment is frequent in neurological conditions affecting white matter; however, whether specific tracts are crucial for normal executive functions is unclear. We review causal and correlation evidence from studies that used direct electrical stimulation during awake surgery for gliomas, voxel-based and tract-based lesion-symptom mapping, and diffusion tensor imaging to explore associations between the integrity of white matter tracts and executive functions in healthy and impaired adults. The corpus callosum was consistently associated with all executive processes, notably its anterior segments. Both causal and correlation evidence showed prominent support of the superior longitudinal fasciculus to executive functions, notably to working memory. More specifically, strong evidence suggested that the second branch of the superior longitudinal fasciculus is crucial for all executive functions, especially for flexibility. Global results showed left lateralization for verbal tasks and right lateralization for executive tasks with visual demands. The frontal aslant tract potentially supports executive functions; however, additional evidence is needed to clarify whether its involvement in executive tasks goes beyond the control of language. Converging evidence indicates that a right-lateralized network of tracts connecting cortical and subcortical grey matter regions supports the performance of tasks assessing response inhibition, some suggesting a role for the right anterior thalamic radiation. Finally, correlation evidence suggests a role for the cingulum bundle in executive functions, especially in inhibition tasks. We discuss these findings in light of current knowledge about the functional role of these tracts, descriptions of the brain networks supporting executive functions and clinical implications for individuals with brain tumors

Récepteur du virus de l’hépatite B. Structure et implications thérapeutiques [Hepatitis B virus receptor: Structure and clinical implications].

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