Music Borrowing and Copyright Law: A Genre-by-Genre Analysis

Edited by Enrico Bonadio and Chen Wei Zhu, Music Borrowing and Copyright Law: A Genre-by-Genre Analysis confronts the valuable task of addressing the following points of significance: First, the relationship between copyright law and music borrowing is dynamic. Second, copyright and music borrowing have most often been considered and centred around a Western perspective. Third, there is a concern that copyright may stifle creativity in the music space. And fourth, the relationship between copyright law and music requires a fulsome review to better understand the borrowing norms and practices of musicians. [...] Music Borrowing and Copyright Law: A Genre-by-Genre Analysis is an essential addition to any IP or music collection in an academic library. The novelty and value of this curated collection is that it extends the discussion of music borrowing to new, often overlooked regions and genres of music. It also addresses copyright through the intertwining historical cultural practices and norms that have been overlooked. The chapters in this collection would make excellent reading for courses on IP, copyright, music history, and specific genres of music. Finally, anyone interested in music or IP at a general level will find this collection fascinating

The Final Twelve

When the COVID-19 pandemic moved law classes online, the University of Saskatchewan College of Law admitted an additional twelve students. These students had the lowest index scores in their class. This paper reviews their first year academic performance, compares it to other students admitted in the same year, and concludes that at least at the margin, applicants’ index score is not an accurate predictor of academic success. The author recommends that admissions committees use additional criteria, at least for applicants at the margin. Lorsque la pandémie de COVID-19 a entraîné la mise en ligne des cours de droit, la faculté de droit de l’université de Saskatchewan a admis douze étudiants supplémentaires. Ces étudiants avaient les notes d’index les plus basses de leur classe. Dans cet article, nous examinons leurs performances académiques en première année, les comparons à celles d’autres étudiants admis la même année et concluons qu’au moins à la marge, le score d’index des candidats n’est pas un prédicteur précis de la réussite académique. L’auteur recommande aux comités d’admission d’utiliser des critères supplémentaires, au moins pour les candidats marginaux

Mainstreaming Porn: Sexual Integrity and the Law Online

The ubiquity of streaming sites such as Pornhub has transformed the social role of sexually explicit content today. Online porn is no longer a shady corner of the internet; it is mainstream. Its production, commodification, and consumption on data-driven online platforms has changed - and is changing - our personal relationships, social and legal systems, and sexual norms.Online porn platforms are shaping sexual desires and practices in the same way that Google and Facebook have affected social relationships and the circulation of information: porn is now consumed on data-driven platforms with algorithms designed to engage the attention of users, encourage the production of user-generated videos, and filter content. Through frank examination of mainstream content with themes of incest, intoxication, and so-called consensual rough sex, issues that play out in life and in court, Elaine Craig shows how the platformization of mainstream pornography is shaping our sexual culture in real time. Mainstreaming Porn maps a complicated web of legal culture and legal actors, from corporate lawyers and platform content regulation to the criminal, civil, and administrative contexts in which porn companies operate and the legal interpretation of sexual assault defences. All have profound implications for the promotion and protection of everyone’s sexual integrity, and especially that of women and girls.Mainstreaming Porn is an unflinching, carefully balanced perspective on a divisive topic. Without demonizing pornography or its consumption, Craig makes a powerful argument for applying legal mechanisms to corporate-owned online platforms while offering a sober evaluation of the limits of the law in governing pervasive cultural norms and social understandings of sexuality. Table of Contents Acknowledgments ix Introducing Porn on the Platform 3 Porn Has Changed 28 Porn Platforms as Social Meaning Makers 51 Are We Living in the House That Porn Built? 76 The Problems with Incest-Themed Porn 106 Do Judges Watch Porn? Porn, Sadomasochism, and the So-Called Rough Sex Defence 149 What to Do about Unlawful Porn on the Platform? 191 What to Do about Lawful Porn on the Platform? 224 Notes 263 Index 377https://digitalcommons.schulichlaw.dal.ca/faculty_books/1119/thumbnail.jp

Finding the Intangible: Contested Cityscapes, Inclusive Cultural Heritage Determinations, Balancing Stakeholder Interests… Is Urban Property Law Up to the Challenge?

While cultural heritage consists of far more than the tangible built merits of a heritage space, urban heritage determinations in cities and the legal protections that result tend to be heavily oriented towards the tangible. Even where intangible cultural heritage is recognized, these cases tend to favour relationally dominant iterations of what heritage can constitute in a city and whose heritage is deemed to matter. However, to effectively localize international guiding frameworks for sustainable urban (re)development and heritage management that center the equitable treatment of the cultural heritage(s) of a city and account for the notion of heritage “from below”—such as the UN International Guidelines on Urban and Territorial Planning, the UN “Recommendation on the Historic Urban Landscape”, or UN-Habitat’s New Urban Agenda—an inclusive domestic legislative and policy response is required that balances pluralistic public and private interests in heritage spaces. Turning to Canada’s urban legal and heritage settings as a case study, this chapter explores tools offered by urban property law, such as heritage preservation easements and cultural land trusts, that may be useful in the practical localization of the goals expressed by these international frameworks while accounting for the complex landscape within which urban heritage claims, processes, and protections operate

Fighting for Abortion Access in Canada: A Constitutional Analysis

Access to abortion is a controversial matter that creates a labyrinth of polarizing issues. Perspectives on abortion range from anathema to overzealous support, with stakeholders occasionally resorting to legal avenues to control access one way or another. This paper will explore the possibility of protecting and expanding access to abortion through constitutional mechanisms in the Canadian legal landscape. By analyzing Canada\u27s current degree of access, this paper will explain that abortion services for those in need are inadequate. In order to advocate for greater access, this paper examines a multitude of legal tools and doctrines to constitutionally protect access to abortion care in Canada. These tools include recognizing positive rights under sections 7 and 15(1) of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, protection under the national concern doctrine, and other conventional Charter challenges. However, this paper will ultimately suggest that legal protection is not the most effective strategy. Overall, political and social avenues, rather than legal ones, are more productive paths that can create lasting change in advocating for greater access to abortion

When (and Where) is a Crime a Crime? “Double Criminality” as a Principle of Fundamental Justice

The idea that crime crosses borders is fast becoming ordinary, even old hat, particularly in an age of online crime such as ransomware attacks, cyber-extortion and the like. As we have become more geographically mobile, however, it is increasingly common for people to have engaged in criminal conduct in one state1 but then seek to exercise legal rights, or face legal entanglements, in others. Legal questions can then arise about what effect should be given by one state—in this article, Canada—to an individual’s conduct that was, or is alleged to have been, a crime in a foreign state. The inquiry boils down to this: what should the law do in situations where one’s status as a criminal offender crosses borders, or some party or state agency seeks to have it do so? Put another way, in situations where it matters legally that a person has committed a crime, does it matter that the crime was committed in a foreign state? And if so, how do we determine whether that foreign crime should be given legal effect here in Canada

An Old Bottle for the New Wine: Understanding the Duty of Honest Performance under the Objective Theory

Bhasin v Hrynew has many dimensions and potentially affects almost every aspect of Anglo-Canadian contract law. This article is limited to one aspect only: the duty of honest performance (“DHP”). My article attempts to show that the objective theory can provide a solid foundation and a different thinking framework for understanding and developing the DHP. If I am right, the DHP may be placed on a sound footing, independently of the organizing principle of good faith. Section I of this article traces the duty’s development from Bhasin to Callow. Section II argues that under the objective theory, reasonable expectations of the parties are symmetrical, because reasonableness, as a transactional term, merely represents the world shared between the parties. Section III discusses the DHP under the framework of symmetry. Specifically, I discuss the possible developments of the knowledge requirement, the inclusive and exclusive bases under the DHP, the interpretations of equivocation and silence, why the DHP necessarily exists, and why breach of the DHP should be reliance-based. L’affaire Bhasin c. Hrynew comporte de nombreuses dimensions et a de potentielles répercussions sur presque tous les aspects du droit des contrats anglo-canadien. Le présent article se limite à un seul aspect : le devoir d’exécution honnête (« DEH »). Mon article tente de montrer que la théorie objective peut fournir une base solide et un cadre de pensée différent pour comprendre et développer le DEH. Si j’ai raison, le DEH peut être placé sur une base solide, indépendamment du principe organisateur de la bonne foi. La section I du présent article retrace l’évolution de l’obligation énoncée dans l’arrêt Bhasin à l’arrêt Callow. La section II soutient qu’en vertu de la théorie objective, les attentes raisonnables des parties sont symétriques, parce que le caractère raisonnable, en tant que terme transactionnel, représente simplement le monde partagé entre les parties. La section III examine le DEH dans le cadre de la symétrie. Plus précisément, je discute des développements possibles de l’exigence de connaissance, des bases inclusives et exclusives du DEH, des interprétations de l’équivoque et du silence, des raisons pour lesquelles le DEH existe nécessairement, et des raisons pour lesquelles la violation du DEH devrait être fondée sur la confiance

Jurisdiction Devolution: An Interim Transitional Arrangement on the Road to Indigenous Self-Government

Indigenous self-government is a key component of reconciliation between Canada and Indigenous Nations. The negotiation of self-government agreements and exercise of self-government should occur on Indigenous Peoples’ own terms. Negotiations, however, can be lengthy. There are more immediate power-sharing alternatives. These include recognition legislation, where federal and provincial governments recognize Indigenous Peoples’ inherent right to self-government over certain affairs, thus creating space for Indigenous Nations to exercise their inherent self-government rights. They also include jurisdictional devolution, a fuller form of delegation, which might include law-making and enforcement powers. This latter option is “somewhat unpalatable” because the source of the governance powers comes from the delegating federal or provincial government and not an inherent right, but it beneficially allows Indigenous communities to exercise self-government immediately. I argue that jurisdictional devolution must not be thought of as the destination on the road to Indigenous self-government, but rather as a transitional point, which might broaden and deepen the exercise of Indigenous self-government. First, I define the recognition and delegation models and situate jurisdictional devolution in relation to them. Second, I argue that the existence of jurisdictional devolution, recognition, and treaties demonstrates a spectrum of jurisdiction sharing between federal and provincial governments and Indigenous Nations. All three reveal the importance of the relationship between the state and Indigenous Nations as they exercise self-government. Third, I argue that jurisdictional devolution can give rise to practical constraints which may be difficult for federal and provincial governments to displace and evolve into a constitutional convention, therefore placing effective limits on federal and provincial governments’ ability to displace it. Jurisdictional devolution has the capacity to entrench Indigenous jurisdiction and can create momentum to negotiate treaties or implement recognition legislation. L’autonomie gouvernementale des autochtones est un élément clé de la réconciliation entre le Canada et les nations autochtones. La négociation des accords d’autonomie et l’exercice de l’autonomie doivent se faire selon les propres conditions des peuples autochtones. Les négociations peuvent toutefois être longues. Il existe des solutions plus immédiates pour le partage du pouvoir. Il s’agit notamment de la législation de reconnaissance, dans laquelle les gouvernements fédéral et provinciaux reconnaissent le droit inhérent des peuples autochtones à l’autonomie dans certains domaines, créant ainsi un espace permettant aux nations autochtones d’exercer leurs droits inhérents à l’autonomie. Il y a aussi le transfert de compétences, une forme plus complète de délégation, qui pourrait inclure des pouvoirs législatifs et d’exécution. Cette dernière option est « quelque peu désagréable » parce que les pouvoirs de gouvernance proviennent du gouvernement fédéral ou provincial délégant et non d’un droit inhérent, mais elle permet aux communautés autochtones d’exercer immédiatement leur autonomie gouvernementale. Je soutiens que le transfert de compétences ne doit pas être considéré comme la destination sur la voie de l’autonomie gouvernementale autochtone, mais plutôt comme un point de transition susceptible d’élargir et d’approfondir l’exercice de l’autonomie gouvernementale autochtone. Tout d’abord, je définis les modèles de reconnaissance et de délégation et je situe le transfert de compétences par rapport à eux. Ensuite, je soutiens que l’existence du transfert de compétences, de la reconnaissance et des traités démontre un éventail de partage des compétences entre les gouvernements fédéral et provinciaux. Ces trois éléments révèlent l’importance de la relation entre l’État et les nations autochtones dans l’exercice de l’autonomie gouvernementale. Troisièmement, je soutiens que le transfert de compétences peut donner lieu à des contraintes pratiques qu’il peut être difficile pour les gouvernements fédéral et provinciaux de déplacer et de transformer en convention constitutionnelle, limitant ainsi efficacement la capacité des gouvernements fédéral et provinciaux à le déplacer. Le transfert de compétences a la capacité d’ancrer la compétence autochtone et peut créer une dynamique pour négocier des traités ou mettre en œuvre une législation de reconnaissance

The Public in Action: The Potential for Public Inquiries to Realize Deliberative Democracy A Case Study of the Mass Casualty Commission

Public inquiries have the potential to promote deliberative democracy. However, the current structure and procedures employed in public inquiries do not promote this goal. Rather, the procedures are based in adversarial methods that do not align with the diverse functions of public inquiries. This paper addresses these procedural shortcomings and seeks to encourage more fulsome public participation. Using the Mass Casualty Commission in Nova Scotia as a case study, this paper proposes procedural changes that could enhance the role of the public in future inquiries to lead to transformative and beneficial policy change

Whither the Regulator: Food and Drug Law, the Natural Health Product Regulations and the Erosion of Safety, Efficacy and Quality

The following thesis considers whether the regime established by the Natural Health Product Regulations (NHPR) is a suboptimal framework. It explores the effects that the creation and implementation of the NHPR have had on the safety, efficacy, and quality (SEQ) standard used in Canadian food and drug law. The original regulations, largely brought in to support the licensing of traditional medicines, herbs, vitamins, and other naturally occurring substances, have with time come to be dominated by non-traditional products making poorly demonstrated health claims. Over time, the Natural Health Products Directorate (NHPD) came to focus on access and speed of approval over demonstration of products’ merit or ensuring their quality and safety. The result is a set of regulations which do little to advance their original public health goals. The thesis uses a model of realistic empirical analysis (REA) in governance law to assess how the regulations have manifest in operation, with intended and unintended consequences. To achieve this goal, first, the nature, history, and regulatory issues associated with the SEQ standard and the emergence of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM) are explored, in Chapters 2 and 3. Chapter 4 outlines the emergence and content of the NHPR. Chapter 5 explores the emerging policy goals of Health Canada, gaps in the NHPR and how the administration of the regulations has evolved from 2004 through 2023. Chapter 6 provides three case studies – energy drinks, homeopathics, and self-care products – which illustrate problems with the regulations. Chapter 7 looks at external sources that have assessed the regulations, such as court cases, audits, and evaluations. In Chapter 8 the deregulatory agenda in Canada as well as the concept of risk regulation are explored, which suggest that the NHPR’s weakness aligns with this agenda. In conclusion, it is observed that the NHPR are a poor set of health regulations and that their normalization of a lower SEQ standard is likely having a global effect of eroding health and safety across other areas of Canadian food and drug law. It is suggested that the NHPR should be strengthened to concentrate on quality and on reducing unfounded health claims. All regulation in Canada would greatly be improved by a more accurate assessment of its manifestation in line with concepts of really responsive regulation