Nuevas dimensiones jurídicas vinculadas a la transición ecológica justa: el derecho medioambiental del trabajo

Global warming has made environmental preservation a political priority. Since transversality is the problem, the measures to make it effective have been projected in all vital areas. The law has instrumentalized these measures, creating rich environmental regulations, although for years there have been relevant references, not always adequately valued and/or that have been revalued in response to the climate emergency. The socio-labor field, as one of the essential aspects of action to achieve the just ecological transition, has developed a good number of provisions that share the two dimensions, configuring a branch that can be called “socio-labor environmental law.” This work examines the basic regulatory pillars of the just ecological transition, in its multilevel configuration, as well as some references of the growing “environmental right of work.”El calentamiento global ha determinado que la preservación del medioambiente constituya una prioridad política. Dada la transversalidad del problema, las medidas para hacerla efectiva se han proyectado en todos los ámbitos vitales. El derecho ha instrumentalizado estas medidas, apareciendo así una rica normativa medioambiental, si bien desde hace años se cuenta con referentes de relieve, no siempre debidamente valorados y/o que se han revalorizado en atención a la emergencia climática. El ámbito socio-laboral, como una de las vertientes de acción imprescindibles para lograr la transición ecológica justa, ha desarrollado un buen número de previsiones que comparten sendas dimensiones, configurando una rama que puede denominarse “derecho medioambiental socio-laboral”. Este trabajo examina los pilares normativos básicos de la transición ecológica justa, en su configuración multinivel, así como algunos referentes de esta creciente subrama del Derecho del Trabajo

Razonabilidad o reticencia española ante la ratificación de la Carta Social Europea revisada de 1996

Tras la proclamación de España como Estado Social y democrático, en la Constitución de 1978, el Estado español adquiere un compromiso obligado en cuanto a la guarda de los derechos sociales que se refuerza con la ratificación de la Carta Social Europea de 1980. El grado de cumplimiento de las obligaciones sociales en España es incompatible con la falta de ratificación de la Carta Social Revidada en 1996, obedeciendo más a lafalta de voluntad política que a una imposibilidad técnico-jurídica. ---------------------------------------------------------------------After the proclamation of Spain as Social and Democratic State on the Constitution of 1978, the Spanish State acquires a commitment to the care of social rights is reinforced by the ratification of the European Social Charter of 1980. The degree of fulfillment of social obligations in Spain is incompatible with the lack of ratification of the Social Charter Revised in 1996, due more to lack of political will to technical and legal impossibility.

Moscoso Sánchez, D., & Sánchez García, R. (Eds.) (2023). Sociología del Deporte. Dykinson.

Review of the book Sociology of Sport, by Dykinson Publishing, published in 2023.Recensión del libro Sociología del Deporte, de la Editorial Dykinson, editado en 2023

Histidine kinases: a world to discover in the stress response of Sphingopyxis granuli TFA.

Motivation: In nature, there is a correlation between the diversity of habitats and the organisms that live in them. In such a way that different and changing environments can sometimes be observed, which causes stressful conditions for the organisms that inhabit them [1].Alphaproteobacteria (α-proteobacteria) are a specific case of microorganisms that present a great diversity of metabolisms and distinct ecological environments. As a survival response to these different habitats, they have developed a stress response system called the General Stress Response (GSR), which allows them to survive in changing environments with stressful conditions [2].The core of the alphaproteobacterial GSR system encompasses three main proteins: an extracytoplasmic function (ECF) sigma factor (σ factor) EcfG; an anti-sigma factor (anti-σ factor), NepR; and an anti-anti-sigma factor (anti-anti-σ), PhyR [3]. PhyR, consists of a unique multidomain protein that links signal transduction, acting as a phosphorylation-dependent protein-associated "switch" that also regulates the bacterial GSR system. In the case of Sphingopyxis granuli TFA, these regulatory proteins are duplicated in two different clusters, and whose functions within the GSR system have been accurately characterized.In the case of TFA, there are four histidine kinases of the HWE and HisKA2 subfamily that could be involved in the regulation of PhyR (SGRAN_1165, SGRAN_1773, SGRAN_2544 and SGRAN_3483). In this work we have constructed single, double and triple mutants to study the involvement of these histidine kinases in the regulation of GSR in TFA and its role in protection against environmental stresses. Methods: The experimental approach consists in constructing in frame deletion mutants of the genes encoding the histidine kinases.The aim is to observe the response to different environmental stresses (desiccation, osmotic, heavy metal and oxidative stress) and thus examine their involvement in the regulatory cascade.Results: As a result, the successful construction of one single mutant in ΔSGRAN_3483, two double mutants in ΔSGRAN_1773_ΔSGRAN_3483 and ΔSGRAN_2544_ΔSGRAN_3483, and one triple mutant in ΔSGRAN_1773_ΔSGRAN_2544_ΔSGRAN_3483 was achieved. Additionally, the phenotypic characterization of their stress response was carried out, obtaining some clear evidence of its involvement in the GSR in TFA

Identification and characterization of resistance genes to hospital antibiotics and new antimicrobial compounds in environmental samples.

Motivation: The emergence and spread of drug-resistant pathogens, endowed with novel resistance mechanisms, continue to compromise our ability to deal with common infections. Of particular concern is the rapid global spread of multidrug-resistant and pan-resistant bacteria, commonly referred to as "superbacteria" which pose a serious threat to public health (1). Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop new antimicrobials and antifungal compounds and to understand the mechanisms of resistance against antibiotics restricted to hospitals. Given that most antimicrobials are produced by microorganisms and that resistance genes originate from environmental bacteria, functional metagenomic analysis is a promising approach to address this problem.Methods: In our laboratory, we have developed a metagenomic library (2) with DNA from soils of Los Alcornocales Natural Park, a pristine site with a high biological diversity. It is being screened to identify clones that produce novel antimicrobials or carry resistance genes for last-resort or hospital-restricted antibiotics. Recently, fosmids with genes that produce resistance to Beta-lactams (3) have been obtained in our laboratory but, although they have been sequenced, the genes responsible for the resistance are not yet known.In the context of this approach, the following work has been carried out:1. Screening of the metagenomic library to select clones that produce antifungal compounds against Candida albicans.2. Assays of Beta-lactamase activity in droplets of clones with fosmids previously selected in the laboratory that bear unknown resistance mechanism to identify those that produce these enzymes.3. Experimental evolution of fosmids to select clones with a higher level of resistance to Beta-lactam antibiotics.Results and conclusions:1. Despite having screened 403.280 clones, no antifungal-producing fosmids have been found yet, so we consider that, under our screening conditions, these compounds are not present in the metagenomic library or cannot be detected.2. Among the 9 sequenced fosmids with unknown resistance genes, 3 allow the growth of satellite colonies around them, so they probably encode mechanisms similar to Beta-lactams.3. From these fosmids with unknown Beta-lactam resistance genes, derivatives with increased antibiotic resistance have been obtained and will soon be sequenced to identify the mutations that lead to this increased resistance

La reforma de la Ley de tratados como respuesta legislativa a la petición del Tribunal Supremo de regular internamente los dictámenes de los órganos de tratados de derechos humanos

The aim of this article is to analyze the main rulings of the Spanish Supreme Court which examine the reception of individual communications issued by the Human Rights Committees against Spain. The lack of a specific legal path for responding to his decisions, in which a human rights violation is declared, is confirmed in all the reviewed rulings. Thus, this article wants to contribute to this important debate by proposing a modification of the rules.El articulo tiene por objeto analizar las principales sentencias del Tribunal Supremo en las que se examina la recepción en el ordenamiento jurídico español de las resoluciones de los Comités de derechos humanos cuando resuelven comunicaciones individuales. En todas las sentencias se constata la inexistencia de un cauce jurídico específico para responder ante aquellas decisiones en las que se declaran violaciones de derechos humanos. Este trabajo se propone contribuir a este interesante debate a través de una propuesta de modificación normativa

Estructura y dinámica de la balanza de pagos de América Latina desde 1990.

The paper presents an overview of the balance of payments of a group of Latin American countries during the period 1990/2021. Balance of payment accounts and items are grouped and rearranged according to their role as a source or expense of foreign currency. On this basis, the first goal is to show the structure of foreign currency income and expenditure, in the long term, that is, for the three decades covered in the study. The data allows to discriminate the role of capital inflows and outflows, and income payments to foreign capital. The second goal is to investigate the evolution of foreign currency availability over time. Particular attention is paid to balance of payment crisis episodes. The methodology used allows an empirically based discussion of some of the main theoretical hypotheses about the balance of payments behavior in Latin America. Two main results are obtained. The first is that the inflow and outflow of foreign currency involved in capital movements has a greater incidence than trade imbalances as an origin of balance of payment crises. The second is that these capital movements do not represent a positive net contribution of foreign currency for the recipient economies in the long term.El trabajo presenta un panorama de la balanza de pagos de un grupo de países de América Latina durante el período 1990/2021. Se agrupan y reordenan las partidas contables en función de su papel como fuente o gasto de divisas. Sobre esta base se persiguen dos objetivos. Mostrar en primer lugar la estructura del ingreso y egreso de divisas, en el largo plazo, es decir para las tres décadas abarcadas en el estudio. Los datos permiten discriminar el papel de la entrada de capitales, la salida de capitales y los pagos por rentas del capital extranjero. E investigar, en segundo lugar, la evolución temporal de la disponibilidad de divisas. Se presta particular atención a las coyunturas de crisis cambiaria. La metodología empleada permite evaluar algunas de las principales hipótesis teóricas sobre la balanza de pagos en América Latina. Se obtienen dos resultados principales. El primero es que el ingreso y egreso de divisas involucrados en el movimiento de capitales tienen mayor peso que los desequilibrios comerciales como origen de las crisis externas. El segundo es que estos movimientos de capitales no representan un aporte neto positivo de divisas para las economías receptoras en el largo plaz

Efectos y desafíos de la automatización y la digitalización. Parte I, actualización

This contribution refers to the challenges that automation and digitization are posing, on employment and on other aspects. It relies on the results of an already published work that is intended to update, since new research and grey literature do not stop appearing. In our opinion, after analysing the information available, the two main changes that have taken place since the last third of the last century, which are profoundly affecting employment and working conditions, are the growing inequality in the distribution of income and wealth, as well as the impact of the change in the techno-economic paradigm linked to automation and digitization. The intention is to continue the debate on these changes.En esta contribución se hace referencia a los retos que, la automatización y la digitalización están teniendo sobre el empleo y sobre otros aspectos. Para ello, se basa en los resultados de trabajos ya publicados que se intentan actualizar, puesto que no dejan de aparecer nuevas investigaciones, y bibliografía “gris”. En nuestra opinión, tras el análisis de la información disponible, los dos cambios principales que han tenido lugar desde el último tercio del siglo pasado, que están afectando profundamente al empleo y a las condiciones de trabajo, son la creciente desigualdad en la distribución de la renta y la riqueza, así como el impacto del cambio en el paradigma tecno-económico ligado a la automatización y la digitalización. La intención es continuar el debate sobre estos cambios

Hacia una nueva arquitectura para una imposición al capital progresiva

The application and operation of the Global Anti-Base Erosion (GloBE) Rules agreed at the OECD and released in December 2021 have both strengths and weaknesses for developing countries. Now is the time to address directly the multilateral institutional "architecture" in relation to international tax negotiations. Despite the current geopolitical tensions, the nature of climate change and increased possibility of future health pandemics have made the need for global public goods provision – and thus global tax coordination – even more necessary. Moreover, the GloBe rules reflect the underrepresentation of non-OECD members in the process of the "Inclusive Framework," as evidenced by their absence in key committee leadership, paucity of specialised delegates and lack of explicit voting rights. Therefore, it is correct to welcome the recent UN resolution to work towards a worldwide Tax Convention.La aplicación y funcionamiento de las Reglas Globales contra la Erosión de Bases (GloBE) acordadas en la OCDE y publicadas en diciembre de 2021 tienen fortalezas y debilidades para los países en desarrollo. Ahora es el momento de abordar directamente la "arquitectura" institucional multilateral en relación con las negociaciones fiscales internacionales. A pesar de las tensiones geopolíticas actuales, la naturaleza del cambio climático y la mayor posibilidad de futuras pandemias sanitarias han hecho que la necesidad de provisión de bienes públicos globales –y, por tanto, de coordinación fiscal global– sea aún más necesaria. Además, las reglas de GloBe reflejan la subrepresentación de los países no miembros de la OCDE en el proceso del "Marco Inclusivo", como lo demuestra su ausencia en el liderazgo de comités clave, la escasez de delegados especializados y la falta de derechos de voto explícitos. Por lo tanto, es correcto acoger con agrado la reciente resolución de la ONU de trabajar hacia un Convenión Impositivo mundial