Exposure to Cigarette Smoke in the Home and the Risk of Pneumonia in Toddlers in Indonesia: Systematic Study

Pneumonia is a respiratory disease that affects more than 287,000 children under five in Indonesia, with 444 deaths among those under five. One of the factors causing pneumonia is exposure to tobacco smoke in the home. This study aimed to describe the association between exposure to indoor tobacco smoke and the incidence of pneumonia among under-fives in Indonesia. This study method was a systematic review using articles from national and international journal databases. Databases used included Google Scholar, Garuda Portal, Scopus, Science Direct, ProQuest, and Springer Link. Articles in this study used the case-control method, published between 2013 and 2023, and focused on the association between indoor tobacco smoke exposure and under-five pneumonia incidence. There were 15 articles reviewed in this study. From the review of 15 articles, factors of exposure to secondhand smoke found in the home include the smoking habits of family members, the presence of family members who smoke, the number of family members who smoke, the location of smoking in the house, the presence of secondhand smoke exposure in the house, the number of cigarettes consumed by family members, the togetherness of infants with smokers, and the smoking status of the father. Most articles show a significant association between exposure to tobacco smoke in the home and the incidence of under-five pneumonia, so it can be concluded that exposure to tobacco smoke in the house is associated with pneumonia in under-fives.Pneumonia is a respiratory disease that affects more than 287,000 children under five in Indonesia, with 444 deaths among those under five. One of the factors causing pneumonia is exposure to tobacco smoke in the home. This study aimed to describe the association between exposure to indoor tobacco smoke and the incidence of pneumonia among under-fives in Indonesia. This study method was a systematic review using articles from national and international journal databases. Databases used included Google Scholar, Garuda Portal, Scopus, Science Direct, ProQuest, and Springer Link. Articles in this study used the case-control method, published between 2013 and 2023, and focused on the association between indoor tobacco smoke exposure and under-five pneumonia incidence. There were 15 articles reviewed in this study. From the review of 15 articles, factors of exposure to secondhand smoke found in the home include the smoking habits of family members, the presence of family members who smoke, the number of family members who smoke, the location of smoking in the house, the presence of secondhand smoke exposure in the house, the number of cigarettes consumed by family members, the togetherness of infants with smokers, and the smoking status of the father. Most articles show a significant association between exposure to tobacco smoke in the home and the incidence of under-five pneumonia, so it can be concluded that exposure to tobacco smoke in the house is associated with pneumonia in under-fives

Description Of the Escherichia Coli Content in The Drinking Water of Diarrhea Sufferers in Gebangan Village

Diarrhea is a digestive system disorder characterized by the frequent passage of stools three or more times a day. According to Riskesdas, the prevalence of diarrhea in Indonesia in 2018 was 8%, translating to 1 million cases. Generally, diarrhea is caused by the Escherichia coli bacteria, which can be present due to contamination from open defecation and livestock waste. This study employs a quantitative approach with a descriptive research design. The research was conducted in Gebangan Village, involving ten respondents diagnosed with diarrhea between July and December 2022. Examining the host factors, it was found that most respondents did not treat their drinking water (60%) and consumed less than 2 liters of water per day (70%). Regarding environmental factors, 70% of respondents sourced their drinking water from drilled wells or pumps, and the majority (70%) had a piping system at their drinking water source. Additionally, 50% of respondents had their drinking water source located less than 10 meters from pollutant sources. Regarding the agent factors, the physical parameters of drinking water for all respondents (100%) indicated no taste and no odor. However, 50% of respondents reported that their drinking water was colored. The assessment of Escherichia coli content in the drinking water of the ten respondents revealed that only one respondent (10%) had drinking water contaminated with Escherichia coli bacteria. Future researchers are encouraged to investigate drinking water containers and other factors that can influence the presence of Escherichia coli, such as clean and healthy living behaviors and food sanitation.Diarrhea is a digestive system disorder characterized by the frequent passage of stools three or more times a day. According to Riskesdas, the prevalence of diarrhea in Indonesia in 2018 was 8%, translating to 1 million cases. Generally, diarrhea is caused by the Escherichia coli bacteria, which can be present due to contamination from open defecation and livestock waste. This study employs a quantitative approach with a descriptive research design. The research was conducted in Gebangan Village, involving ten respondents diagnosed with diarrhea between July and December 2022. Examining the host factors, it was found that most respondents did not treat their drinking water (60%) and consumed less than 2 liters of water per day (70%). Regarding environmental factors, 70% of respondents sourced their drinking water from drilled wells or pumps, and the majority (70%) had a piping system at their drinking water source. Additionally, 50% of respondents had their drinking water source located less than 10 meters from pollutant sources. Regarding the agent factors, the physical parameters of drinking water for all respondents (100%) indicated no taste and no odor. However, 50% of respondents reported that their drinking water was colored. The assessment of Escherichia coli content in the drinking water of the ten respondents revealed that only one respondent (10%) had drinking water contaminated with Escherichia coli bacteria. Future researchers are encouraged to investigate drinking water containers and other factors that can influence the presence of Escherichia coli, such as clean and healthy living behaviors and food sanitation

Implementation of WASH (Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene) with Stunting Incidents in Pujer District, Bondowoso Regency

The Government of Indonesia is working with the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) to support a development program for the Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) sector. Globally, access to WASH is still inadequate, and diseases resulting from poor WASH contribute to 13% of under-five deaths. Poor sanitation can cause various diseases, including nutritional problems such as stunting. In 2021, Bondowoso will become one of the 10 regencies or cities with the most considerable prevalence of stunting under five in East Java. Therefore, it is essential to research and examine the link between the success of WASH implementation and the stunting rate in Pujer District, Bondowoso Regency. This quantitative descriptive study was conducted in the Pujer District with 67 respondents using a simple random sampling technique. The study used several variables, including the hygiene behaviour of mothers under five, the ownership of access to family sanitation, the physical quality of family drinking water, the incidence of infectious diseases (diarrhoea) in children, and the nutritional status of children based on height and age (TB/U). The analyses were univariate, crosstab, and scoring. There were 16 families (24.4%) with an unsuccessful WASH assessment but no stunting below five, and 33 families (49.25%) with a successful WASH assessment but no stunting below five. It was concluded that the better the WASH was applied, the better the nutritional status of the toddlers; conversely, the worse the WASH was implemented, the worse the nutritional status of the toddlers.The Government of Indonesia is working with the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) to support a development program for the Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) sector. Globally, access to WASH is still inadequate, and diseases resulting from poor WASH contribute to 13% of under-five deaths. Poor sanitation can cause various diseases, including nutritional problems such as stunting. In 2021, Bondowoso will become one of the 10 regencies or cities with the most considerable prevalence of stunting under five in East Java. Therefore, it is essential to research and examine the link between the success of WASH implementation and the stunting rate in Pujer District, Bondowoso Regency. This quantitative descriptive study was conducted in the Pujer District with 67 respondents using a simple random sampling technique. The study used several variables, including the hygiene behaviour of mothers under five, the ownership of access to family sanitation, the physical quality of family drinking water, the incidence of infectious diseases (diarrhoea) in children, and the nutritional status of children based on height and age (TB/U). The analyses were univariate, crosstab, and scoring. There were 16 families (24.4%) with an unsuccessful WASH assessment but no stunting below five, and 33 families (49.25%) with a successful WASH assessment but no stunting below five. It was concluded that the better the WASH was applied, the better the nutritional status of the toddlers; conversely, the worse the WASH was implemented, the worse the nutritional status of the toddlers

Room Air Quality at Husada Prima Hospital, East Java Province

The microbiological quality of the air in the NICU and surgical rooms exceeds standards. The physical quality of the NICU and operating room exceeds the standard. This study aimed to determine the microbiological and physical quality of hospital room air (NICU room and surgical rooms) at Husada Prima Hospital, East Java Province. This research design was descriptive. Observation, field measurements, and laboratory tests collected data. The measurement results will be compared with RI Minister of Health Regulation No. 2 for 2023. The results of air microbiology sampling in the NICU, surgical room 1, and surgical room 2 still need to meet the requirements. The results of physical air quality measurements, namely temperature in the three rooms, humidity in the NICU room, lighting, and ventilation rate in the three rooms, must meet the requirements. The variables that meet the requirements are humidity in both operating rooms and lighting in the surgical room (Table 2). The condition of hospital facilities and buildings in the three rooms has met the requirements. The conclusion is that the room's air quality at Husada Prima Hospital, East Java Province, did not meet the criteria. The condition of the facilities and buildings was good. The hospital is advised to clean and repair air conditioners regularly, use humidifiers to maintain humidity in the room and increase or decrease lighting according to each room's needs.The microbiological quality of the air in the NICU and surgical rooms exceeds standards. The physical quality of the NICU and operating room exceeds the standard. This study aimed to determine the microbiological and physical quality of hospital room air (NICU room and surgical rooms) at Husada Prima Hospital, East Java Province. This research design was descriptive. Observation, field measurements, and laboratory tests collected data. The measurement results will be compared with RI Minister of Health Regulation No. 2 for 2023. The results of air microbiology sampling in the NICU, surgical room 1, and surgical room 2 still need to meet the requirements. The results of physical air quality measurements, namely temperature in the three rooms, humidity in the NICU room, lighting, and ventilation rate in the three rooms, must meet the requirements. The variables that meet the requirements are humidity in both operating rooms and lighting in the surgical room (Table 2). The condition of hospital facilities and buildings in the three rooms has met the requirements. The conclusion is that the room's air quality at Husada Prima Hospital, East Java Province, did not meet the criteria. The condition of the facilities and buildings was good. The hospital is advised to clean and repair air conditioners regularly, use humidifiers to maintain humidity in the room and increase or decrease lighting according to each room's needs

Study of Microplastic Abundance in Animal Fish (Stolephorus Sp) With Microplastic Content in Stunting Clown's Breast Milk: Study in Kragan District, Rembang Regency

This study, conducted in Kragan District, investigated the prevalence of microplastics in Stolephorus sp. and their occurrence in the breast milk of stunted infants. Microplastics, emerging as a global oceanic pollutant, pose significant challenges due to their small size and potential impacts on marine and human health. The study focused on their possible transfer to infants via breast milk, raising concerns about associated health risks, including toxicity and infection. Stunting, a critical health issue affecting 14% of Rembang Regency's population, provided the backdrop for this research. The study included all Stolephorus Sp. Sold in Kragan Subdistrict and collected breast milk samples from 11 stunted infants. Employing a descriptive quantitative approach with a case study design, the researchers utilized total sampling based on predefined criteria. Analysis revealed microplastics in both Stolephorus Sp. and breast milk, predominantly as fibers and filaments in black and blue colors. Particle sizes varied widely, with Stolephorus sp. containing 1.00–2.13 particles per specimen and breast milk containing 0.20–3.00 per milliliter. The study identified a correlation between microplastic abundance in Stolephorus sp. and its presence in breast milk among stunted infants. However, no correlation was found between Stolephorus sp. Consumption frequency and microplastic levels in breast milk. These findings underscore the potential pathways of microplastic exposure to infants and highlight the need for further investigation into their health impacts, particularly among vulnerable populations. Future research should continue exploring these dynamics to understand better and mitigate the risks associated with microplastic contamination in food chains and human health.This study, conducted in Kragan District, investigated the prevalence of microplastics in Stolephorus sp. and their occurrence in the breast milk of stunted infants. Microplastics, emerging as a global oceanic pollutant, pose significant challenges due to their small size and potential impacts on marine and human health. The study focused on their possible transfer to infants via breast milk, raising concerns about associated health risks, including toxicity and infection. Stunting, a critical health issue affecting 14% of Rembang Regency's population, provided the backdrop for this research. The study included all Stolephorus Sp. Sold in Kragan Subdistrict and collected breast milk samples from 11 stunted infants. Employing a descriptive quantitative approach with a case study design, the researchers utilized total sampling based on predefined criteria. Analysis revealed microplastics in both Stolephorus Sp. and breast milk, predominantly as fibers and filaments in black and blue colors. Particle sizes varied widely, with Stolephorus sp. containing 1.00–2.13 particles per specimen and breast milk containing 0.20–3.00 per milliliter. The study identified a correlation between microplastic abundance in Stolephorus sp. and its presence in breast milk among stunted infants. However, no correlation was found between Stolephorus sp. Consumption frequency and microplastic levels in breast milk. These findings underscore the potential pathways of microplastic exposure to infants and highlight the need for further investigation into their health impacts, particularly among vulnerable populations. Future research should continue exploring these dynamics to understand better and mitigate the risks associated with microplastic contamination in food chains and human health

Variations of Gadung Tuber Extract (Discorea hispida) and Boric Acid in Gel Form as Cockroach Bait (Blatella germanica)

Cockroaches are disease vectors that pose health and aesthetic problems. Traditional control methods use insecticides, which are becoming ineffective and environmentally harmful due to residue. An alternative method involves gel bait with plant-based insecticides, such as grading tubers, which are toxic to insects. This research aims to determine the optimal combination of grading tuber extract and boric acid in gel bait by calculating LC50 and LT50. Conducted at the Yogyakarta Health Polytechnic Vector and Animal Control Laboratory in February-March 2023, the study used a proper experimental design with a post-test-only control group. Five treatments were tested with five repetitions each, using 125 female cockroaches (Blatella germanica) selected via purposive sampling. Mortality data were analyzed using One Way Anova, LSD tests (p-value < 0.05), and probit regression. Results showed significant differences in mortality rates among treatments (p-value = 0.000). Variation C had the highest mortality rate, while variation B was the most effective, with an LC50 of 7.227 g. LT50 values were 99.237 hours for 5 g, 93.797 hours for 10 g, and 73.463 hours for 15 g. This study concludes that gel bait with grading tuber extract and boric acid is a promising alternative for cockroach control.Cockroaches are disease vectors that pose health and aesthetic problems. Traditional control methods use insecticides, which are becoming ineffective and environmentally harmful due to residue. An alternative method involves gel bait with plant-based insecticides, such as grading tubers, which are toxic to insects. This research aims to determine the optimal combination of grading tuber extract and boric acid in gel bait by calculating LC50 and LT50. Conducted at the Yogyakarta Health Polytechnic Vector and Animal Control Laboratory in February-March 2023, the study used a proper experimental design with a post-test-only control group. Five treatments were tested with five repetitions each, using 125 female cockroaches (Blatella germanica) selected via purposive sampling. Mortality data were analyzed using One Way Anova, LSD tests (p-value < 0.05), and probit regression. Results showed significant differences in mortality rates among treatments (p-value = 0.000). Variation C had the highest mortality rate, while variation B was the most effective, with an LC50 of 7.227 g. LT50 values were 99.237 hours for 5 g, 93.797 hours for 10 g, and 73.463 hours for 15 g. This study concludes that gel bait with grading tuber extract and boric acid is a promising alternative for cockroach control

Effectiveness of Decoction of Cinnamon Bark (Cinnamomum Burmanii) as A Fly Repellant In The Drying Process of Salted Fish

Flies are vectors that can transmit disease to humans. Therefore, it needs to be controlled. To control flies, use natural insecticides (natural repellents). This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the decoction of cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum burmanii) as a fly repellent in the drying process of salted seat fish. This type of study is quasi-experimental, with a posttest-only control group design. The samples in this study were flies found in the wild. It consisted of 5 treatments, one control, and four repetitions (replications). The ANOVA test showed that varying doses of boiled cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum burmanii) as a fly repellent affected drying salted fish. The sig value is 0.00 < 0.05. The difference in the repellent power of the 12% dose was 14.47%, the 15% dose was 37.35%, the 18% dose was 55.2%, the 21% dose was 67.71%, and the 24% dose was 83.63%. It is hoped that the public can use a decoction of cinnamon bark as a natural repellent for fly vectors.Flies are vectors that can transmit disease to humans. Therefore, it needs to be controlled. To control flies, use natural insecticides (natural repellents). This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of the decoction of cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum burmanii) as a fly repellent in the drying process of salted seat fish. This type of study is quasi-experimental, with a posttest-only control group design. The samples in this study were flies found in the wild. It consisted of 5 treatments, one control, and four repetitions (replications). The ANOVA test showed that varying doses of boiled cinnamon bark (Cinnamomum burmanii) as a fly repellent affected drying salted fish. The sig value is 0.00 < 0.05. The difference in the repellent power of the 12% dose was 14.47%, the 15% dose was 37.35%, the 18% dose was 55.2%, the 21% dose was 67.71%, and the 24% dose was 83.63%. It is hoped that the public can use a decoction of cinnamon bark as a natural repellent for fly vectors

Mercury Content in Well Water and Public Health Complaints: Study Around Small-Scale Gold Mining in Jember Regency

Small-Scale Gold Mining is a community activity that is generally without permits. This activity contributes to negative impacts on the environment and society due to the use of mercury in gold processing. Waste containing mercury is not processed and is immediately disposed of in the environment. This research aims to determine the mercury content in community well water around Small-Scale Gold Mining and public health complaints. This research is a descriptive study with the research variables being the mercury content of healthy water, the distance of the well to the source of pollution, the condition of the sound construction, the use of the well, and public health complaints. This research involved 13 wells and 46 communities as respondents. Based on the measurements, interviews, and observations that have been carried out, it was obtained that the mercury content in 13 community wells water showed where these results are below environmental quality standards according to Minister of Health Regulation No. 32 of 2017. Three community wells do not meet the requirements for good sanitation and healthy spacing, and several community wells need to meet the requirements, such as walls and floors that are not watertight. Health complaints people feel include itching, redness of the skin, and itching and burning in the eyes. A few respondents around Small-Scale Gold Mining only felt these health complaints. Research shows that Small Scale Gold Mining activities have not polluted community water sources, namely well water, and have not caused significant public health complaints.Small-Scale Gold Mining is a community activity that is generally without permits. This activity contributes to negative impacts on the environment and society due to the use of mercury in gold processing. Waste containing mercury is not processed and is immediately disposed of in the environment. This research aims to determine the mercury content in community well water around Small-Scale Gold Mining and public health complaints. This research is a descriptive study with the research variables being the mercury content of healthy water, the distance of the well to the source of pollution, the condition of the sound construction, the use of the well, and public health complaints. This research involved 13 wells and 46 communities as respondents. Based on the measurements, interviews, and observations that have been carried out, it was obtained that the mercury content in 13 community wells water showed where these results are below environmental quality standards according to Minister of Health Regulation No. 32 of 2017. Three community wells do not meet the requirements for good sanitation and healthy spacing, and several community wells need to meet the requirements, such as walls and floors that are not watertight. Health complaints people feel include itching, redness of the skin, and itching and burning in the eyes. A few respondents around Small-Scale Gold Mining only felt these health complaints. Research shows that Small Scale Gold Mining activities have not polluted community water sources, namely well water, and have not caused significant public health complaints

Sanitary Hygiene Practices and Escherichia coli Contamination in Snack Food at Elementary School Canteens in Nganjuk District

Snacks served at schools that are contaminated with Escherichia coli germs run the risk of harming students' health. The World Health Organization states that around 70% of diarrheal disease cases are caused by food contaminated with Escherichia coli. Escherichia coli contamination in school snacks can be influenced by a lack of hygiene and sanitation aspects. This investigation aimed to establish a connection between good cleanliness habits and an E. coli infection in the cafeteria food at Nganjuk District's primary schools. This kind of study has an observational design and a cross-sectional study plan. The research sample consisted of 12 canteens selected through purposive sampling. Data collection methods included observation, interviews, and laboratory tests, followed by univariate analysis with descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis with Fisher's exact test. Laboratory test results explained that of the 12 samples, there were 5 (41.7%) foods contaminated with Escherichia coli. The outcomes demonstrated a link between the handler's hygiene (p = 0.015), sanitation of equipment (p = 0.028), serving process (p = 0.010), peddler facilities (p = 0.045), and Escherichia coli contamination. While the quality of food ingredients (p = 0.222) and TPM sanitation (p = 1.000) do not correlate with Escherichia coli contamination, It can be concluded that personal hygiene of the handler, sanitation of tools, serving process, and poor peddling facilities can increase the contamination of hawker food by Escherichia coli bacteria.Snacks served at schools that are contaminated with Escherichia coli germs run the risk of harming students' health. The World Health Organization states that around 70% of diarrheal disease cases are caused by food contaminated with Escherichia coli. Escherichia coli contamination in school snacks can be influenced by a lack of hygiene and sanitation aspects. This investigation aimed to establish a connection between good cleanliness habits and an E. coli infection in the cafeteria food at Nganjuk District's primary schools. This kind of study has an observational design and a cross-sectional study plan. The research sample consisted of 12 canteens selected through purposive sampling. Data collection methods included observation, interviews, and laboratory tests, followed by univariate analysis with descriptive statistics and bivariate analysis with Fisher's exact test. Laboratory test results explained that of the 12 samples, there were 5 (41.7%) foods contaminated with Escherichia coli. The outcomes demonstrated a link between the handler's hygiene (p = 0.015), sanitation of equipment (p = 0.028), serving process (p = 0.010), peddler facilities (p = 0.045), and Escherichia coli contamination. While the quality of food ingredients (p = 0.222) and TPM sanitation (p = 1.000) do not correlate with Escherichia coli contamination, It can be concluded that personal hygiene of the handler, sanitation of tools, serving process, and poor peddling facilities can increase the contamination of hawker food by Escherichia coli bacteria

Level of Knowledge and Hygiene Practices of Food Handlers and Escherichia Coli Contamination of Food in “B” Catering

A food handler is a person who performs food processing activities, ranging from raw materials to food served. Knowledge of food hygiene and the attitude of food stewards will certainly influence sanitary hygiene practices, especially when processing food, resulting in foods not contaminated by physical, chemical, or biological substances. The study aimed to determine the level of knowledge and hygiene practices among food stewards and the presence of Escherichia coli in the food at “B” Catering in Samarinda City. The research method was quantitative with a descriptive approach, a total sampling technique for food handler samples, and then, for food samples, the menu of interest was selected. Results The knowledge level of food stewards was 83.3%, comparable to 13.3%, while less than 3.3% possessed this level of knowledge. Food inspectors who practiced good hygiene accounted for 66.7%, those who practiced sufficient hygiene accounted for 30.0%, and those who practiced less hygiene accounted for 3.3%. Additionally, laboratory tests revealed that food samples in the excellent quality category, with a 0 CFU/gr value, were not contaminated with Escherichia coli. The conclusion of the knowledge level overview, the hygiene practices of food handlers, and the contamination of food by Escherichia coli all yielded positive results.A food handler is a person who performs food processing activities, ranging from raw materials to food served. Knowledge of food hygiene and the attitude of food stewards will certainly influence sanitary hygiene practices, especially when processing food, resulting in foods not contaminated by physical, chemical, or biological substances. The study aimed to determine the level of knowledge and hygiene practices among food stewards and the presence of Escherichia coli in the food at “B” Catering in Samarinda City. The research method was quantitative with a descriptive approach, a total sampling technique for food handler samples, and then, for food samples, the menu of interest was selected. Results The knowledge level of food stewards was 83.3%, comparable to 13.3%, while less than 3.3% possessed this level of knowledge. Food inspectors who practiced good hygiene accounted for 66.7%, those who practiced sufficient hygiene accounted for 30.0%, and those who practiced less hygiene accounted for 3.3%. Additionally, laboratory tests revealed that food samples in the excellent quality category, with a 0 CFU/gr value, were not contaminated with Escherichia coli. The conclusion of the knowledge level overview, the hygiene practices of food handlers, and the contamination of food by Escherichia coli all yielded positive results