SPITSYM, A FORTRAN IV Computer Program for Spit Simulation

The development and operation of a program to simulate the formation of a shingle spit is described. This includes a detailed account of action of the subroutines that simulate the four major processes that are thought to act on the spit. The simulation relies on stochastic techniques and the program is concerned with building a spit in a 50-row by 60-column matrix so that the results of the process are graphically displayed. The example illustrating use of the program is the Hurst Castle spit on the Hampshire coast of England

An Overview of ADAR Inhibitors: Mechanisms, Applications, and Future Directions

Adenosine deaminases acting on RNA (ADARs) are enzymes responsible for converting adenosine to inosine in double-stranded RNA through a process known as A-to-I editing. This modification is essential for regulating RNA function, impacting key processes such as immune response, gene expression, and RNA stability. ADARs, especially ADAR1, have been linked to several diseases, including cancer, viral infections, and autoimmune disorders, making them promising targets for therapeutic development. Currently, no FDA-approved drugs are specifically marketed as ADAR inhibitors. This review offers a brief analysis of known ADAR inhibitors, with a focus on their mechanisms of action, structural properties, and potential applications. We explore a range of inhibitors, including small molecules, peptide-based inhibitors, natural compounds, and RNA-based inhibitors, and discuss their ability to selectively modulate ADAR activity. The review also addresses the therapeutic implications of these inhibitors in cancer, viral infections, and inflammatory diseases. In addition, we examine future directions for developing more selective and potent ADAR inhibitors, emphasizing both the challenges and opportunities in the field. By consolidating current findings and identifying existing gaps, this review aims to enhance the understanding and therapeutic potential of ADAR inhibition

First report of gynandromorphy in Hoplitis: A bilateral specimen of Hoplitis (Alcidamea) producta (Hymenoptera: Megachilidae)

A bilateral gynandromorph of Hoplitis (Alcidamea) producta (Cresson) is described and illustrated for the first time. The specimen is notable for its nearly complete bilateral asymmetry and represents the first recorded case of gynandromorphism in Hoplitis. A summary of literature records on gynandromorphic bees is provided.

Sounds and Silences on the Neva Shores: US Diplomats about the Soundscape of Imperial St. Petersburg

This article argues that multisensory approach to studying cultural communications and urban history yields productive results. Using memoirs, diaries, and letters penned by US diplomats, the author explores how records of their aural experiences help reconstruct a fuller picture of life in Imperial St. Petersburg and what new light they shed on the cultural communications between Americans and the population of the Tsar’s capital

Cost Burden of Cancer Screening in Kansas by Region and Rural/Urban Designation

Introduction. In 2022, the U.S. healthcare expenditure totaled $4.5 trillion, representing 17.3Methods. Authors of this cross-sectional study analyzed hospital pricing transparency data for breast, lung, and colon cancer screening costs across 124 Kansas hospitals. Data on self-pay costs were collected and compared between urban and rural regions, as well as geographic price variations. Statistical analyses included measures of central tendency, Kruskal-Wallis tests, and Mann-Whitney U tests to evaluate differences.  Results. Pricing disparities were evident across Kansas. Urban hospitals charged higher prices for chest computed tomography (CT) scans, while rural hospitals had elevated costs for colonoscopies and mammograms. Notable price variation included Northeast Kansas colonoscopy prices, which ranged from$595 to $11,684. Rural residents faced a greater financial burden, spending 7$2,247 for colonoscopies, $1,109 for chest CT scans, and$228 for mammograms.   Conclusions. These disparities call for targeted policy interventions, such as Medicaid expansion, standardized pricing regulations, and increased support for low-cost clinics. Enhanced hospital pricing transparency is critical for empowering patients and reducing financial burdens. This study highlights the urgent need for equitable access to cancer screenings in Kansas.