Phylogenetic Signal in Primate Tooth Enamel Proteins and its Relevance for Paleoproteomics

Ancient tooth enamel, and to some extent dentin and bone, contain characteristic peptides that persist for long periods of time. In particular, peptides from the enamel proteome (enamelome) have been used to reconstruct the phylogenetic relationships of fossil taxa. However, the enamelome is based on only about 10 genes, whose protein products undergo fragmentation in vivo and post mortem. This raises the question as to whether the enamelome alone provides enough information for reliable phylogenetic inference. We address these considerations on a selection of enamel-associated proteins that has been computationally predicted from genomic data from 232 primate species. We created multiple sequence alignments for each protein and estimated the evolutionary rate for each site. We examined which sites overlap with the parts of the protein sequences that are typically isolated from fossils. Based on this, we simulated ancient data with different degrees of sequence fragmentation, followed by phylogenetic analysis. We compared these trees to a reference species tree. Up to a degree of fragmentation that is similar to that of fossil samples from 1-2 million years ago, the phylogenetic placements of most nodes at family level are consistent with the reference species tree. We tested phylogenetic analysis on combinations of different enamel proteins and found that the composition of the proteome can influence deep splits in the phylogeny. With our methods, we provide guidance for researchers on how to evaluate the potential of paleoproteomics for phylogenetic studies before sampling valuable ancient specimens

Integration of Focused Ultrasound and Dynamic Imaging Control System for Targeted Neuro-modulation

BackgroundTranscranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) and Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (tMS) have received widespread clinical use as techniques within a Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation (NIBS) domain, whose primary focus is modulation of neural activity to treat neurological and psychiatric disorders. Despite these advancements, precision targeting of deep brain structures remains a challenge faced with great need of another innovation that will improve precision and reduce the risks. A novel methodology integrating transcranial Focused Ultrasound (tFUS) with real-time functional imaging modalities, including functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) and Near-Infra-Red Spectroscopy (NIRS), is proposed in this study as the Integrated Focused Ultrasound and Real-Time Imaging Control System (IFURTICS).Principle resultsClosed loop algorithms employed by IFURTICS allow it to dynamically vary stimulation parameters in response to real-time feedback on neural activity, allowing for accurate targeting of sensitive networks while minimizing deleterious collateral effects.ConclusionsClinical trials using standard datasets of fMRI and NIRS have proved that the approach improved targeting accuracy by ∼18 %, reduced off-target effects by ∼55 % and enhanced therapeutic outcomes by 50 % over current methods, suggesting its potential as a transformative approach to precision neuro-modulation

Developing and testing a competency framework to enhance hydration care for older people in care homes

Purpose Evidence based hydration care for older people is essential to health and wellbeing. However, practices vary, leading to negative outcomes for older people, particularly in relation to increased incidence of morbidity and mortality. As a discrete work package situated within a larger study to enhance hydration care for older people in care homes, a hydration competency framework was developed to support an evidence-based approach to practice. Approach An overview of the literature informing hydration care was undertaken to establish best practice, resulting in the generation of a series of competency statements. Using a co-production approach, these statements were reviewed and assimilated into a hydration competency framework that was piloted across two care home sites. Revision and refinement of the framework was undertaken in response to feedback from the co-production group, until consensus was reached to agree the final iteration. Findings The hydration competency framework has three core domains relating to: understanding the individual daily hydration requirements of older people; assessing the individual daily hydration requirements of older people; implementing person centred care to maintain and monitor the daily hydration requirement needs of older people. Each domain is comprised of competency statements that reflect the current evidence base informing best practice for hydration care for older people. Originality The hydration competency framework provides an innovative tool that can be used to support care home staff to deliver evidence-based hydration practices and positively enhance care outcomes for older people

The wellbeing impacts of participation in civic environmental activities in an urban context: a mixed methods realist evaluation

Environmental organisations are operating in the context of climate emergency and a biodiversity crisis, alongside a growing green health movement that seeks to understand better the links between the natural environment and human health. This study gained a closer understanding of how and why and in what context wellbeing impacts may be derived from participation in civic environmental activities to assess whether this might be an innovative solution to tackling health issues upstream whilst improving local greenspace provision. Civic environmental activity is facilitated by urban greening initiatives delivered by organisations that enable participants to improve or develop publicly accessible green infrastructure within the urban environment at a neighbourhood level. The research takes a realist approach to evaluating the context and mechanisms that may lead to wellbeing outcomes through participation in civic environmental activity and the implications for the implementation of delivery models. The study gathered perspectives from both participants engaged in civic environmental activities and practitioners facilitating activities, to better understand the Context – Mechanism- Outcome configuration conceptualised using a programme theory approach. Data were collected from individuals attending greening initiatives delivered by Greater Manchester based organisations. The Five Ways to Wellbeing (Aked et al., 2008) framework provided the starting point to guide a deeper understanding into causal mechanisms within the phenomenon that may lead to the intended outcome of increased wellbeing (or conversely unintended outcomes). Data were gathered from a bespoke Green Ways to Wellbeing (GWTWB) questionnaire (QUANT-QUAL) conducted pre and post activities. Semi-structured interviews and focus groups (QUAL) with participant and practitioners were subjected to a retroductive Reflexive Thematic Analysis approach. A triangulation strategy determined convergence, differences or a combination of the two between datasets. The findings suggest that participation in civic environmental activities leads to improved mood leading to short-term hedonistic wellbeing experiences, and in the longer term eudaimonic wellbeing. In the context of nature, the phenomenon facilitates physical activity, social connections, learning opportunities, a sense of citizenship, a connection to nature, and nurtures a sense of purpose and self-worth. Findings from the research present a deeper understanding and insight into the journey and contextual factors, e.g. participant reasoning and resources needed, to achieve the desired wellbeing outcomes. The study provides an engagement framework and tool (GWTWB questionnaire) for evaluating wellbeing impacts into the future. The discussion seeks to address conflicting paradigms regarding evaluation with an aim to help bridge an existing gap between the health sector and environmental third sector stakeholders. The findings aim to support policy and practitioners to deliver nature-based activities for health and wellbeing and support the emerging green social prescribing movement, by understanding better what works for whom and why and the implications for practice in the context of climate change and nature recovery agendas. The research provides a unique contribution to the evidence base in understanding wellbeing impacts of the phenomenon, and the implications for practice, using a realist evaluation approach

Sustainable Asphalt Mixtures Comprising Steel Slag Filler and SBS-Modified Binder: An Experimental Investigation

Utilizing steel slag powder as a mineral filler in asphalt concrete mixtures has garnered increasing attention due to its attractive benefits in both sustainability and material properties. The paper aims to critically evaluate the replacement of mineral filler with steel slag to produce a sustainable mixture. The replacement was made at 3 varied contents, i.e., 0%, 50%, and 100%, and meanwhile working together with a modified asphalt binder using 4% styrene-butadiene-styrene polymer. All designed mixtures were tested for volumetric properties and Marshall stability; an indirect tensile test was performed to determine the moisture susceptibility of all the mixtures of optimized binder content. At last, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDX) analyses were performed to examine the crystal structure, microscopic attributes, and chemical composition of the steel slag particles and the limestone dust and compare their differences. The study showed that steel slag used for mineral filler can significantly enhance Marshall properties and moisture susceptibility of asphalt mixtures. Working together with the SBS-modified binder, the positive effect was further pronounced. SEM analysis revealed that steel slag has a rough, angular surface texture with a high porosity and specific surface area. EDX analysis confirmed the pozzolanic composition of steel slag

Exploring the Presence and Impact of Advanced Nursing Roles in Care Homes and Charitable Organisations: An International Systematic Scoping Review

Introduction: Investing in advanced nursing roles (AN) in social care is a strategic priority to address workforce challenges, create new career pathways, improve outcomes and future‐proof the sector. However, there is limited understanding of these roles globally. This systematic scoping review maps the international presence and impact of post‐qualification advanced practice roles for registered nurses (RNs) working in care homes and charitable organisations. Design: This review was conducted following the methodology established by the JBI and adhered to the PRISMA extension for scoping reviews checklist. Methods: Studies were included if (1) they included RNs working in care homes, charities or not‐for‐profit health centres, (2) the RN was in a specialist, enhanced or advanced practice role and (3) if role details were provided. Studies were limited to those published in the English language between 2014 and 2024. Evidence was gathered from a comprehensive search of electronic databases (CINAHL, MEDLINE, Scopus, PubMed and Web of Science), grey literature, relevant webpages, and reference lists. Expert consultations were also conducted. Eligible full texts were reviewed in Covidence software by two independent researchers. Results: The search yielded 575 records, and 89 were taken forward for full‐text screening. A total of 20 met the inclusion criteria: 19 were concerned with AN roles in care homes, and one focused on a charitable organisation. The majority of these studies (n = 12) were conducted in North America. Conclusion: The literature on AN roles in care homes and charitable organisations is notably sparse. Despite this, the available evidence highlights substantial benefits, including improved care quality, enhanced resident outcomes and positive impacts on team dynamics. This review identifies four key themes: scope of practice, positive impacts, influencing factors and barriers, which provide a framework for policymakers, healthcare leaders and educators to optimise the contributions of this group within the evolving global social care sector. Public or Patient Contribution: Not undertaken because of the nature of scoping reviews. Clinical Relevance: This review highlights the crucial role of advanced nurses in enhancing care quality, resident outcomes, and workforce sustainability in care homes and charitable organisations. The findings provide direction for policymakers and health and social care leaders to further develop the role of nursing in social care settings globally

An Assessment Of Food Safety Culture At Five Ethnic Group Restaurants In Dubai.

Recent studies suggest that a deeper understanding of food safety culture within organizations is necessary for ensuring food safety. During the food inspection program, the Dubai Municipality Food Safety Department identified two categories of restaurants, with one responding to inspectors' food safety concerns while the other did not. The analysis of the data on food safety noncompliance from the Dubai Municipality's smart system revealed that the knowledge and attitude of food handlers play a significant role in food safety infractions. Moreover, the majority of these infractions are associated with specific food establishments and ethnic groups, including Pakistan, India, the Philippines, Arabs, and international. The purpose of this research was to determine how food safety culture influences food safety compliance in various ethnic groups (Indian, Pakistani, Philippine, Arab, and international). Five factors, including financial inadequacy, management’s commitment, food safety risk perception, management and co-worker support, and knowledge and trust in the food safety management system in different cuisines, were perceived differently by food handlers. Thirty food handlers from various ethnic groups of restaurants were randomly selected. This research employs a qualitative research strategy, and the primary instrument was semi-structured interviews with ten food handlers from Indian cuisine, eight from Pakistani cuisine, and four from the Philippines, Arabic, and international cuisines, respectively. An analysis of the food safety cultures of Indian, Pakistani, Philippine, Arabic, and international cuisines revealed that international and Arabic cuisines have financial adequacy to manage food safety, while Indian, Pakistani, and Philippine cuisines were found to have inadequate financial resources to implement Food Safety Management Systems to support food safety. Positive management commitment was noted in Pakistani, Arabic, and international cuisines, despite negative management commitment in Indian and Philippine cuisines. Indian, Arabic, and international cuisines exhibit a positive impact in perceiving the risk, whereas both Pakistani and Philippine cuisines showed a negative impact in perceiving the food safety risk. It was determined that the management and coworker support were positive in the Indian, Pakistani, and Philippine cuisines, whereas they were negative in the Arabic and international cuisines. The research also revealed that all five cuisines lacked knowledge and trust in the Food Safety Management System, relying primarily on basic food safety practices to ensure food safety and hygiene. The findings revealed a strong relationship between food safety culture and food safety compliance among Indian, Pakistani, Philippine, Arabic, and international ethnic groups. This research provides distinct contributions to the current body of literature. It offers factual evidence that the food safety culture has a direct influence on food safety. Given the lack of previous exploration on this subject, this research proposes a novel approach to enhancing safety in food establishments. The research examined and emphasized the variables that influence the level of food safety compliance in Dubai's restaurants

Adversarial attacks on artificial Intelligence of Things-based operational technologies in theme parks

Theme parks represent a popular, yet vulnerable aspect of life, where large unsuspecting crowds gather and interact with technology. Artificial intelligence (AI), computer vision, and the Internet of Things (IoT) are transforming theme parks by revolutionizing various aspects. This research study is the first to identify critical components of theme parks that can be optimized, and comprehensively maps them onto emerging AI/IoT applications, often powered by machine learning or deep learning models. Additionally, the study sheds light on adversarial attacks targeting vulnerable smart surveillance systems, which generate a very large volume of video stream data. These systems serve as a prominent example of AIoT-based operational technologies (AIoT-OT) responsible for critical alerts and actions. Rigorous experimentation, involving a novel hybrid multi-pixel deception attack technique, demonstrates that advanced adversarial attack methods can significantly degrade the performance of detection systems. The performance metrics and attack success rate were measured by accuracy, precision, recall, F1-score, and AUC score. Before attack, the accuracy rates of 87. 45%, 83. 17% and 81. 40% were achieved for the EfficientNet, ResNet and MobileNet models, respectively. However, after applying the proposed MPD attack, the performance of each model declined significantly. The accuracy dropped to 61.23% for EfficientNet (with an attack success rate of 29.10%), 59.12% for ResNet (with success rate of 30.20%), and 55.17% for MobileNet (with success rate of 32.50%). This study signifies the need for a strategic plan of action and the development of robust methods for the proactive security of AIoT in theme parks

Investigating the Relationship between Small Extracellular Vesicular MicroRNA Cargoes and Autophagic Alterations of Alzheimer's Disease and Frontotemporal Dementia

Dementia is caused by various diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD), leading to cognitive deficiencies, behavioural impacts, and symptoms impairing daily functioning. Pathologically, AD and FTD involve neurotoxic protein accumulation (amyloid-β, tau, TDP-43) alongside impaired autophagic mechanisms, leading to proteostatic imbalance and neuronal cell death. Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) are implicated in the transsynaptic spread of pathological proteins in multiple neurodegenerative diseases and may also carry potential biomarkers of AD and FTD. Having previously shown to carry AD-linked proteins, other cargoes such as FTD and autophagy-associated proteins and microRNA (miRNA) are less studied. These regulatory species can cross the blood brain barrier and may shed light on disease processes and differentiate between different dementia sub-groups. Currently, no early method of AD or FTD diagnosis exists, and with rising cases of dementia, there is an urgent need for diagnostic solutions. This study aims to identify specific miRNA sEV cargo signatures to differentiate dementia subtypes whilst identifying potential pathways of therapeutic interest. Here, sEVs isolated from AD and FTD mutations (GRN, MAPT and C9orf72) post-mortem brain tissue was characterized using fluorescent nanoparticle tracking analysis, western blotting, and transmission electron microscopy. Next, isolated miRNA samples were analysed using real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) and small RNA-sequencing, with sEV protein cargoes examined using western blotting. Lastly, SH-SY5Y cell lines were treated with FTD-C9orf72 brain-derived sEVs to observe pathogenic causes such as TDP-43 mislocalisation. Using RT-qPCR, autophagic and cluster-associated miRNA displayed variation between dementia subtypes. Additionally, small RNA-sequencing revealed 12 AD, 7 GRN, 42 MAPT and 24 C9orf72 differentially expressed miRNAs. Analysis of pathogenic and autophagic protein cargoes showed toxic TDP-43 in GRN and C9orf72 sEVs, yet tau (Ser-202/Thr-205) was only found in AD sEVs; with Beclin-1 increased in AD, MAPT, and C9orf72 sEVs, whilst LC3B-II decreased in all FTD mutation sEVs. Fluorescent microscopy confirmed the uptake of no disease and diseased sEVs uptake, causing TDP-43 mislocalisation. Potential miRNA cargo variations has been identified which require further research to validate them as biofluid biomarkers

Revitalizing Pastoral Care: Leveraging Stupa Learning Management System in Diocese of Maumere

The Catholic Church of the Diocese of Maumere is developing a learning management system (LMS) for its pastoral training program called the Weekend Pastoral Study, which is also abbreviated in Indonesian as Stupa. The aim of this LMS development is to enhance access and flexibility in pastoral education. Utilizing Design science research methodology (DSRM), the LMS was designed and developed using the Moodle platform along with various technologies such as PHP, MariaDB with MySQLi extension, HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. The performance of the Stupa LMS was evaluated through Black Box Testing based on ISO 25010 standards, focusing on pastoral ministers as the end users. The research findings indicate that this LMS has the potential to enrich spiritual experiences and enhance the effectiveness of learning for pastoral ministers at Diocese of Maumere, helping the Catholic Church address challenges in the digital era