One year of gluten-free diet impacts gut function and microbiome in celiac disease

Background & Aims: Currently, the main treatment for celiac disease (CD) is the gluten-free diet (GFD). This observational cohort study investigated the impact of CD and 1 year of GFD on gut function and microbiome. Methods: A total of 36 newly diagnosed patients and 36 healthy volunteers (HVs) were studied at baseline and at 12-month follow-up. Small bowel water content (SBWC), whole gut transit time (WGTT), and colon volumes were measured by magnetic resonance imaging. Stool sample DNA was subjected to shotgun metagenomic sequencing. Species-level abundances and gene functions, including CAZymes (carbohydrate active enzymes) were determined. Results: SBWC was significantly higher in people with CD (157 ± 15 mL) vs (HVs 100 ± 12 mL) (P = .003). WGTT was delayed in people with CD (68 ± 8 hours) vs HVs (41 ± 5 hours) (P = .002). The differences reduced after 12 months of GFD but not significantly. Well-being in the CD group significantly improved after GFD but did not recover to control values. CD fecal microbiota showed a high abundance of proteolytic gene functions, associated with Escherichia coli, Enterobacter, and Peptostreptococcus. GFD significantly reduced Bifidobacteria and increased Blautia wexlerae. Microbiome composition correlated positively with WGTT, colonic volume, and Akkermansia municphilia but negatively with B wexerelae. Following GFD, the reduction in WGTT and colonic volume was significantly associated with increased abundance of B wexlerae. There were also significant alterations in CAZyme profiles, specifically starch- and arabinoxylan-degrading families. Conclusions: CD impacted gut function and microbiota. GFD ameliorated but did not reverse these effects, significantly reducing Bifidobacteria associated with reduced intake of resistant starch and arabinoxylan from wheat. ClinicalTrials.gov, number: NCT02551289

Ventilation of the Bay of Bengal oxygen minimum zone by the Southwest Monsoon Current

Oxygen minimum zones occupy large areas of the tropical subsurface oceans and substantially alter regional biogeochemical cycles. In particular, the removal rate of bio-available nitrogen (de-nitrification) from the water column in oxygen minimum zones is disproportionate to their size. The Bay of Bengal is one of the strongest OMZs in the global oceans; however, variable sources of oxygen prevent the onset of large-scale de-nitrification. The various oxygen- supply mechanisms that maintain oxygen concentrations in the OMZ above the denitrification threshold are currently unknown. Here, using a combination of multi-platform observations and model simulations, we identify an annual supply of oxygen to the Bay of Bengal in the high-salinity core of the Southwest Monsoon Current, a seasonal circulation feature that flows northwards into the Bay during the SouthAsian southwest monsoon (i.e. June to September). Oxygen concentrations within the Southwest Monsoon Current (80 to 100 μmol kg−1) are higher than those of waters native to the Bay (i.e. < 20 μmol kg−1). These high-oxygen waters spread throughout the central and western Bay of Bengal, leading to substantial spatio-temporal variability in observed oxygen concentrations. Moreover, the northward oxygen transport of the Southwest Monsoon Current is a spatially and temporally distinct event that stands out from background oxygen transport. Model results indicate that, interannually, oxygen supply to the Bay varies with the strength of the Southwest Monsoon Current more closely than with its oxygen concentration. Consequently, we suggest that predictability of the annual oxygen flux is likely aided by understanding and predicting the physical forcing of the Southwest Monsoon Current. Our results demonstrate that the current, and in particular its high-salinity, high-oxygen core, is a feature relevant to the processes and communities that drive denitrification within the Bay of Bengal that has heretofore not been considere

Taking the Colonial Bull by the Horns:The Everyday Aspirations and Resistance of Disabled and Black Students in Nigerian and South African Universities

In this chapter, we examine students' aspirations for a decolonised higher education through the quotidian demands of racial and disabled identities within higher education (HE) institutions in South Africa and Nigeria. We frame aspiration as a phenomenon that embodies the dreams and goals of students, and in their absence, focus on achievement and progress diminishe

Devegetation is a widespread driver of fire in the Brazilian Cerrado

The Cerrado is the largest tropical savanna in the world, featuring a wide range of vegetation types with different sensitivity to fire. The structure, functioning and rich biodiversity of the non-forest formations is intimately associated with the presence of fire, which historically has acted both as a natural disturbance and as a tool used by Indigenous communities. Currently, the Brazilian Cerrado is threatened by substantial devegetation (i.e., conversion of native vegetation to human land uses) and alterations in the fire regime (e.g., frequency, seasonality), negatively impacting biodiversity, local communities, and global climate regulation. Although it is known that land conversion can lead to fires in the Cerrado, the extent and proportion of burned area attributable to this process remain unclear. This study, covering the period 2003–2020, quantifies both the surface of native vegetation lost through land conversion (devegetation) and the area burned by fires ignited in converted areas, focusing on the portion of the Cerrado included in the state of Mato Grosso and the MATOPIBA region. Using geospatial data on devegetation (PRODES Cerrado), fires (Global Fire Atlas), and land use (MapBiomas), we classified individual fires into Devegetation Related Fires (DRF) or devegetation Independent Fires (IF). DRF were those ignited within or in close proximity to devegetated patches up to two years following the conversion, while IF included all other fires. We further examined differences in seasonality and size distribution between DRF and IF, and analysed DRF prevalence across different land tenures, including Indigenous Territories, Protected Areas, and private lands. Over the 18-year study period, DRF burned, with distinctive seasonality and reduced average fire size, approximately 20 million hectares within the study area, which represents about a quarter of the total native vegetation area. This accounts for approximately 12 % of the total burned area in the study region and is comparable to the size of the devegetated area during the same period (around 15 million hectares). Although governance systems like strictly Protected Areas and Indigenous Territories limited devegetation, they could not prevent impacts from DRF, which burned 12 % and 16 % of their total native vegetation area, respectively. These findings highlight the urgent need to halt devegetation and regulate fire use in the Cerrado through integrated fire management policies

"Orienteering is a way of life":Learning from and for lifestyle sports coaching

It has been argued that the embedded subculture of orienteering fosters lifelong participation in the sport. For lifestyle sports such as orienteering, participation leads to identity (re)construction, where individuals learn and identify themselves through specific dispositions, attitudes, and skills which become integrated throughout one’s wider life experiences. However, the notion of identity transferability and subsequent learning within lifestyle sports has tended to focus solely on participants (athletes) as opposed to alternative stakeholders such as sport coaches, who have become more prominent figures following the increased professionalisation of lifestyle sports. Consequently, this chapter explores the biographical learning of orienteering coaches in the United Kingdom (UK) to conceptualise how the process of both learning and doing lifestyle sports coaching is contextually situated and historically bound within an individual’s lifecourse. As part of a collaborative research project with British Orienteering, data were collected via an online qualitative survey involving 84 orienteering coaches in the UK and analysed through a reflexive thematic analysis process. The findings demonstrate how orienteering coaches learned from and for coaching throughout their lives, which helps contribute towards an evolving epistemology of learning as a lifestyle sports coach, with tentative suggestions for coach development within these contexts proposed

'The Oval Portrait' and 'Phantosmia'

Broadcast of newly re-edited double bill of two plays written by Richard Hand (The Oval Portrait and Phantosmia) broadcast on National Public Radio (USA

Exploring the use of digital technology to support health behavior change in young people under the care of complications of excess weight (CCEW) clinics: Qualitative patient-centered design study

Background: Specialist multidisciplinary clinics have been established to provide care for the burgeoning number of young people presenting with comorbidities related to severe obesity in childhood. Digital technology, an integral component of most young people’s lives, may enable clinics to offer accessible, ongoing support between appointments to the patients, thereby increasing the likelihood of successful health behavior change. However, while short-term engagement with technology-based behavior change interventions is good, engagement tends to decrease over time, limiting their overall impact. Little is known about the views of young people living with obesity on the role of digital technology as an adjunct to current traditional care pathways. Objective: This study aims to explore the views of adolescent patients and their families on whether digital technology should be used by obesity services to support health behavior change. Methods: Participants included patients aged between 10 and 16 years from an obesity clinic, along with their adult family members. Four focus groups and co-design workshops, facilitated by a cross-disciplinary team of clinicians, academics, and technology innovators, explored young people’s health priorities, identified the barriers to and facilitators of health behavior change, and co-designed ways in which technology could be used to support them in overcoming these barriers to achieving their health goals. Data were analyzed using inductive content analysis, with findings integrated with key co-design workshop outputs. Results: In total, 37 individuals participated, including 19 (51%) adolescents (n=11, 58% female) and 18 (49%) family members. The young participants, on average, were aged 13.4 (SD 1.68; range 10-16) years; the mean BMI was 36.6 (SD 0.3; range 34-47) kg/m2. The mean socioeconomic decile was 4.3 (SD 2; range 1-8). Participants did not mention weight as an important aspect of their health. Instead, mental health, sleep, and peer support were identified as the domains where patients felt they would most benefit from additional support. Addressing these aspects of health was viewed as foundational to all other aspects of health, with poor mental health, sleep, and social support reducing young people’s ability to engage in the process of health behavior change. Participants reported that technology could help provide this support as an adjunct to in-person support. Participants expressed a preference for technologies able to individually tailor content to the young person’s needs, including relatable peer-produced content. The need for support for both the young people and their family members was highlighted, along with the need to integrate in-person strategies to maintain engagement with any technological offering. Conclusions: There is clear potential for digital technology to support the holistic health priorities of young people receiving specialist care for the comorbidities of excess weight. This study’s findings will serve as a foundation for developing innovative approaches to the use of technology to support this high-need population

A review of the management of obesity in primary care

This review highlights the important role primary care plays in obesity management, using England as an example. It includes a comprehensive summary of current management and referral options for primary care clinicians, a discussion of the most up-to-date clinical guidelines for the use of GLP-1 receptor agonists in England, and the evolving ways in which obesity is identified and defined. Reflections from people living with obesity are considered. Despite the potential of primary care to engage with patients regarding obesity prevention and treatment, several factors have limited this, including low prioritisation by clinicians, workload pressures, regional variations in services, insufficient specialist training and ongoing weight stigma. The introduction of new pharmacotherapies, such as GLP-1 receptor agonists, offers both an opportunity and a challenge for primary care providers. These treatments could help patients access more effective obesity management strategies via primary care. However, there is concern about non-specialist clinicians keeping up to date with evolving strategies and understanding how new medications fit into broader care. The current complex referral pathways hinder timely access to appropriate treatment. The need for more straightforward pathways, improved clinician education and a reduction in the stigma associated with obesity is critical for better outcomes. In summary, while primary care could play a pivotal role in addressing obesity, several issues need to be resolved for this potential to be fully realised. Addressing these challenges, via enhancing clinician training, improving referral pathways and ensuring access to new treatments, will be crucial for advancing the care of people living with obesity

Effects of herpes zoster infection, antivirals and vaccination on risk of developing dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Herpes zoster (HZ) is a neurotropic virus. We aimed to evaluate the association of HZ infection, protective effects of antiviral treatment or vaccination on dementia. A systematic search of PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Cochrane CENTRAL was performed from January 1, 1996, to October 31, 2024. Observational studies evaluating HZ infection, antivirals, or vaccination and dementia risk were selected. Risk of bias was examined with the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed, with the rate ratio (RR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs) being pooled for dementia. Presence of heterogeneity was assessed with I2, and differences by study-level characteristics were estimated using subgroup meta-analysis and meta-regression. Eighteen studies (N = 9.4 million) were included. Infection was associated with elevated risk of dementia (RR 1.14; 95% CI: 1.04, 1.25, I2 = 98%); this remained significant in the sensitivity analysis when the two case-control studies were removed (RR 1.17; 95% CI: 1.06, 1.30, I2 = 98%). Subgroup analysis based on sex, age, study population, bias scores, type of dementia or HZO did not show statistically significant differences in risk. Treatment with antivirals showed a small effect (RR 0.84; 95% CI: 0.71, 0.99, I2 = 73%), but prophylaxis with HZ vaccination was associated with a significantly lower risk (RR 0.68; 95% CI: 0.56, 0.83, I2 = 99%). We report a slightly raised dementia risk after HZ infection and reduced risks after antiviral treatment and prevention with vaccination. However, results should be interpreted with caution due to significant heterogeneity in pooled analyses

(Un)making the Frontex PeDRA controversy: Freedom of information and the regime of opacity in EU migration management

This paper examines the controversy surrounding ‘PeDRA’—a Frontex surveillance programme for harvesting data from illegalized migrants—to explore how opaque security practices are transformed into objects of public-political contestation. By centring the EU’s freedom of information (FOI) mechanism as both a methodological and analytical vantage point for interrogating the regime of opacity in EU migration management, it contributes to debates in critical border and security studies concerned with mundane entanglements between secrecy and security. How do FOI mechanisms intervene in the politics of controversy and broader epistemic struggles surrounding Europe’s border regime, and what forms of (non-)knowledge do they engender? Drawing on a large trove of confidential records, the analysis shows, first, how FOI disclosures can be mobilised to trace the emergence of controversies by exposing the internal contestations and irregularities that underpinned the unlawful expansion of PeDRA. Second, it identifies the obfuscatory tactics that EU border bureaucracies deployed to strategically manage the political reverberations of the controversy, both in the public arena and the bureaucratic backstage. While FOI mechanisms cannot undo the irreducible opacity of datafied bordering infrastructures, the paper concludes that they remain vital tools for rendering security practices (partially) visible and, thus, politically contestable