The Analysis of Constitutions in Plato’s Statesman

This paper provides a framework for understanding how nonideal constitutions are better or worse imitations of the ideal constitution. My suggestion is that the nonideal constitutions imitate the skill of the political expert, which includes an epistemic component (their political knowledge) and two teleological components (the benefit to the citizens on the one hand, and the unity of the city on the other). I then show how some constitutions better imitate the political expert’s skill across these dimensions, as higher-ranked constitutions are in a better epistemic condition, better benefit the citizens, and better foster unity in the city than lower-ranked constitutions. A major upshot of my reading will be to show that Plato recognizes the value of some nonideal constitutions while making clear how they still fall short of the ideal.This paper provides a framework for understanding how nonideal constitutions are better or worse imitations of the ideal constitution. My suggestion is that the nonideal constitutions imitate the skill of the political expert, which includes an epistemic component (their political knowledge) and two teleological components (the benefit to the citizens on the one hand, and the unity of the city on the other). I then show how some constitutions better imitate the political expert’s skill across these dimensions, as higher-ranked constitutions are in a better epistemic condition, better benefit the citizens, and better foster unity in the city than lower-ranked constitutions. A major upshot of my reading will be to show that Plato recognizes the value of some nonideal constitutions while making clear how they still fall short of the ideal.This paper provides a framework for understanding how nonideal constitutions are better or worse imitations of the ideal constitution. My suggestion is that the nonideal constitutions imitate the skill of the political expert, which includes an epistemic component (their political knowledge) and two teleological components (the benefit to the citizens on the one hand, and the unity of the city on the other). I then show how some constitutions better imitate the political expert’s skill across these dimensions, as higher-ranked constitutions are in a better epistemic condition, better benefit the citizens, and better foster unity in the city than lower-ranked constitutions. A major upshot of my reading will be to show that Plato recognizes the value of some nonideal constitutions while making clear how they still fall short of the ideal.This paper provides a framework for understanding how nonideal constitutions are better or worse imitations of the ideal constitution. My suggestion is that the nonideal constitutions imitate the skill of the political expert, which includes an epistemic component (their political knowledge) and two teleological components (the benefit to the citizens on the one hand, and the unity of the city on the other). I then show how some constitutions better imitate the political expert’s skill across these dimensions, as higher-ranked constitutions are in a better epistemic condition, better benefit the citizens, and better foster unity in the city than lower-ranked constitutions. A major upshot of my reading will be to show that Plato recognizes the value of some nonideal constitutions while making clear how they still fall short of the ideal.This paper provides a framework for understanding how nonideal constitutions are better or worse imitations of the ideal constitution. My suggestion is that the nonideal constitutions imitate the skill of the political expert, which includes an epistemic component (their political knowledge) and two teleological components (the benefit to the citizens on the one hand, and the unity of the city on the other). I then show how some constitutions better imitate the political expert’s skill across these dimensions, as higher-ranked constitutions are in a better epistemic condition, better benefit the citizens, and better foster unity in the city than lower-ranked constitutions. A major upshot of my reading will be to show that Plato recognizes the value of some nonideal constitutions while making clear how they still fall short of the ideal.This paper provides a framework for understanding how nonideal constitutions are better or worse imitations of the ideal constitution. My suggestion is that the nonideal constitutions imitate the skill of the political expert, which includes an epistemic component (their political knowledge) and two teleological components (the benefit to the citizens on the one hand, and the unity of the city on the other). I then show how some constitutions better imitate the political expert’s skill across these dimensions, as higher-ranked constitutions are in a better epistemic condition, better benefit the citizens, and better foster unity in the city than lower-ranked constitutions. A major upshot of my reading will be to show that Plato recognizes the value of some nonideal constitutions while making clear how they still fall short of the ideal.This paper provides a framework for understanding how nonideal constitutions are better or worse imitations of the ideal constitution. My suggestion is that the nonideal constitutions imitate the skill of the political expert, which includes an epistemic component (their political knowledge) and two teleological components (the benefit to the citizens on the one hand, and the unity of the city on the other). I then show how some constitutions better imitate the political expert’s skill across these dimensions, as higher-ranked constitutions are in a better epistemic condition, better benefit the citizens, and better foster unity in the city than lower-ranked constitutions. A major upshot of my reading will be to show that Plato recognizes the value of some nonideal constitutions while making clear how they still fall short of the ideal

Cálculo directo de impulsos estáticos e sísmicos sobre estruturas de suporte com inclinação superior à crítica

In retaining structures with a back inclined more that a certain critical value, active earth pressure coefficients can not be directly determined using the classic earth pressure theories. They should be determined using a procedure involving the sum of two forces (a soil weight and an active earth pressure force, both affected by seismic coefficients, when such action needs to be considered). For design purposes, the direct determination of the force acting on the back of the retaining structure may be useful, as it replicates, with the necessary adaptations, the usual procedure valid for inclinations of the back of the retaining wall less that the critical value. In this Technical Note, it is shown how such earth pressures can be easily determined and programmed.Para estruturas de suporte com inclinação do paramento superior a um determinado valor crítico, os impulsos activos não podem ser calculados directamente através das teorias de cálculo de impulsos clássicas, mas sim através de um procedimento que envolve a soma de duas forças (um peso de terras e um impulso activo, ambas afectadas por coeficientes sísmicos, quando esta acção é considerada). Para efeitos de projecto, pode ser útil o cálculo directo do impulso sobre o paramento das estruturas, replicando, com as devidas adaptações, o procedimento corrente válido para inclinações do paramento inferiores à inclinação crítica. Nesta Nota Técnica mostra-se como tais impulsos podem ser facilmente calculados e programados

On Plato’s artistic definition of philosophy the Dialogues as the highest form of poetry

Der folgende Aufsatz versucht zu zeigen, wie Platon seine eigene Philosophie als die höchste Form von Dichtung konzipiert hat. Im ersten Abschnitt werden drei anti-ke Zeugnisse kurz analysiert (Aristoteles, Longin und Proklos), welche die Dialoge schon als eine Art Dichtung angesehen ha-ben. Außerdem werden andere moderne Autoren kommen-tiert, die die literarischen Aspekte der Platonischen Philosophie erkannt haben, obwohl sie aus verschiedenen Gründen diese Perspektive nicht methodisch weiterentwickelten. Im zweiten Abschnitt wird gezeigt, wie Platon sowohl im Phaidon als auch im Phaidros seine Werke auf eine künstlerische Weise verstan-den hat. Zum Schluss wird betont, dass Platons Denken, anders als oft geglaubt, nicht kunstfeindlich sein kann.This article tries to show how Plato conceived of his own philosophy as the highest form of poetry. In the first section, I briefly analyze in the first section three ancient testimonies (Aristotle, Longinus and Proclus) that already interpreted the Dialogues as a kind of poetry. Moreover, I comment on other modern authors that also recognized the literary aspects of Plato’s philosophy, although for a variety of reasons they never developed methodically this reading. In the second section, I show then how Plato comprehended his philosophy in Phaedon as well as in Phaedrus from an artistic perspective. Finally, I emphasize how his thought, contrary to what is normally believed, cannot be hostile to art.This article tries to show how Plato conceived of his own philosophy as the highest form of poetry. In the first section, I briefly analyze in the first section three ancient testimonies (Aristotle, Longinus and Proclus) that already interpreted the Dialogues as a kind of poetry. Moreover, I comment on other modern authors that also recognized the literary aspects of Plato’s philosophy, although for a variety of reasons they never developed methodically this reading. In the second section, I show then how Plato comprehended his philosophy in Phaedon as well as in Phaedrus from an artistic perspective. Finally, I emphasize how his thought, contrary to what is normally believed, cannot be hostile to art.This article tries to show how Plato conceived of his own philosophy as the highest form of poetry. In the first section, I briefly analyze in the first section three ancient testimonies (Aristotle, Longinus and Proclus) that already interpreted the Dialogues as a kind of poetry. Moreover, I comment on other modern authors that also recognized the literary aspects of Plato’s philosophy, although for a variety of reasons they never developed methodically this reading. In the second section, I show then how Plato comprehended his philosophy in Phaedon as well as in Phaedrus from an artistic perspective. Finally, I emphasize how his thought, contrary to what is normally believed, cannot be hostile to art.This article tries to show how Plato conceived of his own philosophy as the highest form of poetry. In the first section, I briefly analyze in the first section three ancient testimonies (Aristotle, Longinus and Proclus) that already interpreted the Dialogues as a kind of poetry. Moreover, I comment on other modern authors that also recognized the literary aspects of Plato’s philosophy, although for a variety of reasons they never developed methodically this reading. In the second section, I show then how Plato comprehended his philosophy in Phaedon as well as in Phaedrus from an artistic perspective. Finally, I emphasize how his thought, contrary to what is normally believed, cannot be hostile to art.This article tries to show how Plato conceived of his own philosophy as the highest form of poetry. In the first section, I briefly analyze in the first section three ancient testimonies (Aristotle, Longinus and Proclus) that already interpreted the Dialogues as a kind of poetry. Moreover, I comment on other modern authors that also recognized the literary aspects of Plato’s philosophy, although for a variety of reasons they never developed methodically this reading. In the second section, I show then how Plato comprehended his philosophy in Phaedon as well as in Phaedrus from an artistic perspective. Finally, I emphasize how his thought, contrary to what is normally believed, cannot be hostile to art.This article tries to show how Plato conceived of his own philosophy as the highest form of poetry. In the first section, I briefly analyze in the first section three ancient testimonies (Aristotle, Longinus and Proclus) that already interpreted the Dialogues as a kind of poetry. Moreover, I comment on other modern authors that also recognized the literary aspects of Plato’s philosophy, although for a variety of reasons they never developed methodically this reading. In the second section, I show then how Plato comprehended his philosophy in Phaedon as well as in Phaedrus from an artistic perspective. Finally, I emphasize how his thought, contrary to what is normally believed, cannot be hostile to art

Plato. Letters: Letter II

Plato. Letters: Letter IIPlato. Letters: Letter IIPlato. Letters: Letter IIPlato. Letters: Letter IIPlato. Letters: Letter IIPlatão. Cartas: Carta IIPlato. Letters: Letter I

Costume studies as a method of approaching the Middle Ages: the case of Josep Puiggarí i Llobet (1821-1903) and his Estudios de Indumentaria Española

This paper reflects on the recovery of the medieval heritage that took place in Catalonia in the 19th century and its relationship with the emergence of a national consciousness. To do so, we are going to examine the case of Josep Puiggarí i Llobet (1821-1903), a scholar devoted to the study of costume, born and raised in the nineteenth-century bourgeois Barcelona. In Puiggarí’s work, art and costume are two inseparable elements: he used the figurative arts to deepen his knowledge of costume and, at the same time, costume was an essential tool for the study of art, since it allowed him to study its transformation over time and, on occasions, to precisely date artistic pieces. Overshadowed by the scholars of a later generation, who were directly linked to the rise of political Catalanism at the end of the century, we aim to make Josep Puiggarí’s graphic and intellectual work known, through the analysis of one of his most outstanding pieces entitled Estudios de Indumentaria Española concreta y comparada. Cuadro histórico de los siglos XIII y XIV (1889). This work allows us to question how this type of study is the result of the growing concern for heritage and interest in national history in nineteenth-century European industrial societies. It also invites us to reflect on the romantic conception of medieval history in this period

Utilização do SNIG como infraestrutura crítica para decisões de reclassificação de uso do solo

The growing pressure to reclassify rural land in Portugal demands robust legal and technical foundations. This article examines the National Geographic Information System (SNIG) as a critical infrastructure for the revision of Municipal Master Plans and for the application of the exceptional regime introduced by Decree-Law No. 117/2024. The methodology combines SNIG data with complementary sources – Cadastral Registry, National Agricultural Reserve (RAN), National Ecological Reserve (REN), and areas classified by the Institute for Nature Conservation and Forests (ICNF) – in order to identify normative overlaps and land use conflicts. The results reveal inconsistencies between administrative deliberations and the physical-legal boundaries of the territory, exposing risks of nullity of administrative acts and legal uncertainty. The article argues that the absence of mandatory normative articulation with SNIG undermines transparency, predictability, and the legality of public decisions. It ultimately defends the binding integration of SNIG into reclassification procedures as a condition for sustainable land planning, consistent with the INSPIRE Directive and the principles of good governance.A crescente pressão para reclassificação de solo rústico em Portugal exige fundamentos jurídicos e técnicos robustos. Este artigo examina o Sistema Nacional de Informação Geográfica (SNIG) como infraestrutura crítica para a revisão dos Planos Diretores Municipais e para a aplicação do regime excecional introduzido pelo Decreto-Lei n.º 117/2024. A metodologia combina dados do SNIG com bases complementares — Cadastro Predial, Reserva Agrícola Nacional (RAN), Reserva Ecológica Nacional (REN) e zonas classificadas pelo ICNF — a fim de identificar sobreposições normativas e conflitos de uso do solo. Os resultados evidenciam incongruências entre deliberações administrativas e limites físico-legais do território, revelando riscos de nulidade de atos administrativos e insegurança jurídica. Argumenta-se que a ausência de articulação normativa obrigatória com o SNIG fragiliza a transparência, a previsibilidade e a juridicidade das decisões públicas. Defende-se, por fim, a integração vinculativa do SNIG nos procedimentos de reclassificação, como condição para um ordenamento territorial sustentável, coerente com a Diretiva INSPIRE e os princípios de boa administração

What the Body Remembers: VR as Site of Preservation in Memory Eternal | Вічная Пам’ять

Our paper discusses a VR piece designed for Quest 2, Memory Eternal: Book of Mourning, that was exhibited in the ELO Media Arts Festival in 2023. Our work, named after the Ukrainian Orthodox prayer for the dead, immerses viewers in a space of remembrance. The piece reflects on grief at two scales — personal and collective — touching on topics like war, pandemics, and family. The paper and the work submitted for exhibition are aligned with the ELO 2023 themes of the role of literature in social change asking, in the wake of overlapping global crises, what do we want to remember and how? We make a tour to the project with its dream-like landscape of medieval ruins populated with ten distinct electronic literature pieces that meditate on mourning, grief, and awakening tonew futures. We will discuss the collaborative methods we use to create this work that are grounded in care ethics and explain how they become part of the broader meaning of the work. We then draw from memory studies to elaborate on how the form and themes of Memory Eternal serve as a response to crisis, a salvo for loss, and a promise to keep memory alive.O nosso artigo discute uma peça de realidade virtual projetada para a Quest 2, Memory Eternal: Book of Mourning, que esteve em exibição no ELO Media Arts Festival. O nosso trabalho, batizado com o nome da oração ortodoxa ucraniana pelos mortos, mergulha os espectadores num espaço de lembrança. A peça reflete sobre o luto a dois níveis — pessoal e coletivo — abordando temas como guerra, pandemia e família. O artigo e o trabalho submetido estão alinhados com os temas da ELO 2023, tendo em conta o papel da literatura na mudança social e perguntando, na esteira de crises globais sobrepostas, o que queremos lembrar e como? Fazemos uma breve tour pelo projeto com a sua paisagem onírica de ruínas medievais povoadas por dez peças distintas de literatura eletrónica que meditam sobre o luto, a dor e o despertar para novos futuros. Discutiremos os métodos colaborativos que utilizamos para criar este trabalho, o qual é fundamentado na ética do cuidado e explicaremos como eles se tornam parte do sentido mais amplo deste trabalho. Finalmente, baseamo-nos em estudos de memória para averiguar de que forma os temas de Memory Eternal servem como uma resposta à crise, uma salvaguarda face à perda e uma promessa de manter a memória viva