A Data-Driven Study: Monitoring and Compliance Mechanisms as a Diagnostic and Prognostic Tool of International Anticorruption Cooperation

This article focuses on text-as-data analysis to identify and compare the main patterns in the implementation of international anti-corruption rules, as well as compliance with them. It is based on the observation that an overall study of the operation and outcomes of international anti-corruption treaties’ monitoring and compliance mechanisms (MMs)’ has not yet been attempted. Its primary objectives are twofold: first, to obtain structured information in the form of data on compliance with the main anti-corruption treaties by processing the text of the reports those MMs have published since their creation; and second, by elaborating on this newly structured information (i.e., text-as-data), to examine the impact of these treaties on state behaviour. As a result, this article offers the first comprehensive review of country performance, combined with a structured legal analysis of outcomes from the angle of the interaction between international and domestic law. The findings reveal that results in implementation and compliance have been decidedly mixed. Several countries have introduced reforms to implement anti-corruption treaties, facilitate law enforcement, and ease international cooperation to investigate and prosecute corruption offences. Yet, the many problems identified with respect to prevention, particularly in European and American countries, suggest that states too often over-rely on the repressive aspects of fighting corruption and undervalue preventive mechanisms, which frequently do not exist or are inadequate. Moreover, the article identifies enduring challenges, and even signs of regression, across the different areas of prevention, criminal repression, and international cooperation that have far-reaching implications for the effectiveness of anti-corruption policies in many jurisdictions. Finally, the data obtained from the OECD demonstrates considerable disparities in enforcement among the reviewed countries; a few jurisdictions have yet to see a single foreign bribery case prosecuted. Additionallly, they offer new evidence that reasons for poor compliance are highly contextual with different implications for domestic reforms

Le politiche di prodotto e di servizio

Riprogettare i servizi pubblici, usando in modo appropriato il mix delle leve di service management, per raggiungere le priorità sociali e di beneficio collettivo definit

L’araba fenice: il ritorno dell’impresa a partecipazione statale in Italia e in Europa

Il capitolo analizza la persistenza e le forme dellla proprietà pubblica delle imprese in Italia ed Europa ogg

Space economy: the engine of the new space race

The dawn of the space economy can be traced back to the Cold War and the geopolitical competition between the United States and the Soviet Union, which has shaped both society and politics worldwide. Since its inception, the space sector has historically been centrally shaped by public investments through mission-oriented policies. These policies have made it possible to address the complex and costly process of developing specific technologies needed to pursue objectives of national interest. Strategic governmental and military goals and geopolitical competition were the main drivers of public investment in the development of launching capabilities and satellite technologies.1 Consequently, governments have had a profound influence on the structure and dynamics of the space sector, acting as the main customers and funders of private companies responsible for the development of strategic assets

Commento all'art. 11 – svolgimento delle assemblee delle società per azioni quotate

Il contributo commenta l'art. 11 della legge 5 marzo 2024, n. 21, sullo svolgimento delle assemblee delle società per azioni quotate. L'articolo in commento ha introdotto nel Testo Unico della Finanza l'art. 135-undecies.1 (che porta la rubrica "intervento in assemblea mediante il rappresentante designato")

Revealing stereotypes: evidence from immigrants in schools

We study how people change their behavior after being made aware of bias. Teachers in Italian schools give lower grades to immigrant students relative to natives of comparable ability. In two experiments, we reveal to teachers their own stereotypes, measured by an Implicit Association Test (IAT). In the first, we find that learning one’s IAT before assigning grades reduces the native-immigrant grade gap. In the second, IAT disclosure and generic debiasing have similar average effects, but there is heterogeneity: teachers with stronger negative stereotypes do not respond to generic debiasing, but change their behavior when informed about their own IAT

Mapping payment and pricing schemes for health innovation: protocol of a scoping literature review

Introduction Innovative pricing and payment/reimbursement schemes have been proposed as one part of the solution to the problem of patient access to new health technologies or to the uncertainty about their long-term effectiveness. As part of a Horizon Europe research project on health innovation next generation pricing and payment models (HI-PRIX), this protocol illustrates the conceptual and methodological steps related to a scoping review aiming at investigating nature and scope of pricing and payment/reimbursement schemes applied to, or proposed for, existing or new health technologies. Methods A scoping review of literature will be performed according to the PRISMA guidelines for scoping reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines. The search will be conducted in three scientific databases (i.e., PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus), over a 2010–2023 timeframe. The search strategy is structured around two blocks of keywords, namely “pricing and payment/reimbursement schemes,” and “innovativeness” (of the scheme type or scheme use). A simplified search will be replicated in the gray literature. Studies illustrating pricing and payment/reimbursement schemes with a sufficient level of details to explain their characteristics and functioning will be deemed eligible to be considered for data synthesis. Pricing and payment/reimbursement schemes will be classified according to several criteria, such as their purpose, nature, governance, data collection needs, and foreseen distribution of risk. The results will populate a publicly available online tool, the Pay-for-Innovation Observatory. Discussion The findings of this review have the potential to offer a comprehensive toolkit with a variety of pricing and payment schemes to policymakers and manufacturers facing reimbursement and access decisions

New entrants, incumbents, and the search for knowledge: the role of job title ambiguity in the US information and communication technology industry, 2004–2014

New entrants and incumbent firms rely on new knowledge to innovate and compete in the market. One way to acquire new knowledge is through the recruitment of new employees from competitors, a phenomenon popularly known as “poaching.” Digital labor platforms are widely used by firms for this aim. We argue that job titles represent the first and most visible public source of information about knowledge workers and thus play a key role in navigating the vast spectrum of competencies available in digital platforms. Our analyses of the career trajectories of 11,644 knowledge workers in the United States between 2004 and 2014 suggest that increases in the ambiguity of a job title claimed by an employee are negatively associated with the likelihood of the employee being hired by a new employer. This finding appears stronger in the case of transitions to incumbent firms rather than new entrants. In the concluding section of the paper, we take stock of the various analyses presented and reflect on the potential role of job titles in the strategic management of human capital