University of Beira Interior

UBibliorum Digital Repository of the University of Beira Interior
Not a member yet
    14416 research outputs found

    Injectable hydrogels for the delivery of nanomaterials for cancer combinatorial photothermal therapy

    No full text
    Progress in the nanotechnology field has led to the development of a new class of materials capable of producing a temperature increase triggered by near infrared light. These photothermal nanostructures have been extensively explored in the ablation of cancer cells. Nevertheless, the available data in the literature have exposed that systemically administered nanomaterials have a poor tumor-homing capacity, hindering their full therapeutic potential. This paradigm shift has propelled the development of new injectable hydrogels for the local delivery of nanomaterials aimed at cancer photothermal therapy. These hydrogels can be assembled at the tumor site after injection (in situ forming) or can undergo a gel–sol–gel transition during injection (shear-thinning/self-healing). Besides incorporating photothermal nanostructures, these injectable hydrogels can also incorporate or be combined with other agents, paving the way for an improved therapeutic outcome. This review analyses the application of injectable hydrogels for the local delivery of nanomaterials aimed at cancer photothermal therapy as well as their combination with photodynamic-, chemo-, immuno- and radio-therapies.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

    Desenvolvimento e Validação Inicial da Escala de Fatores Ambientais do Sono (EFAS)

    No full text
    O sono é um processo fundamental para a manutenção do bem-estar físico e psicológico do ser humano. Devido à sua complexidade, existem diversos fatores que influenciam a sua qualidade, dentro destes é possível identificar os fatores ambientais, como a luz, o ruído, a temperatura e o conforto. Os fatores ambientais padecem do benefício de serem mais facilmente controlados pelas pessoas, em relação aos restantes fatores influenciadores do sono, e, consequentemente, produzirem efeitos positivos na qualidade de sono das pessoas de forma mais imediata. Por este motivo, mostrou-se fundamental o desenvolvimento e validação de uma escala de avaliação da influência dos fatores ambientais do sono- a Escala de Fatores Ambientais do Sono (EFAS). A recolha de dados teve a colaboração de 219 participantes, com idades compreendidas entre os 18 e os 71 anos (M= 34.84; DP= 13.41). A Parte 1 da EFAS- Controlo dos Fatores Ambientaisapresentou uma boa consistência interna (a= .83; ?= .74) e a Parte 2 da EFAS- Perceção da Influência dos Fatores Ambientais- apresentou uma consistência interna aceitável (a= .75; ?= .73). Através da Análise Fatorial Exploratória, foram identificados quatro fatores da Parte 1 da EFAS: o Fator I, referente à temperatura da roupa (VC= 16.7%), o Fator II, à temperatura ambiente (VC= 12.8%), o Fator III, ao conforto (VC= 8.4%) e o Fator IV, ao uso de dispositivos eletrónicos, ruído e luminosidade (VC= 6.3%). Na Parte 2, foram identificados dois fatores: o Fator I, relativo à perceção da influência da temperatura, do conforto e da luminosidade (VC= 21.7%) e o Fator II, da perceção da influência da partilha de espaço e ruído (VC= 13%). A Parte 1 da EFAS apresentou correlações positivas e fracas com a GDS-15 (r= .213; p < .001) e com a BaSIQS (r= .184; p < .001). A Parte 2 da EFAS exibiu correlações positivas de forma moderada com a GDS15 (r= .300; p < .01) e de forma fraca com a BaSIQS (r= .285; p < .01). As correlações sugerem que, como esperado, um maior controlo de fatores ambientais e uma menor perceção da influência dos mesmos em problemas de sono está associado a menor sintomatologia depressiva e a melhor qualidade de sono. A partir da utilização da EFAS, é possível identificar de forma mais eficiente os fatores ambientais do sono e as mudanças comportamentais necessárias para uma melhoria do sono, demonstrando, desta forma, a sua pertinência e utilidade clínica.Sleep is an essential process for maintaining a person's physical and mental wellbeing. Due to its complexity, there are many factors that influence sleep’s quality and duration, one of which is the environmental factors, such as light, noise, temperature, and comfort. Environmental factors have the advantage of being easier to control than other factors that affect sleep and therefore can have a quicker positive effect on sleep quality. For this reason, it was important to develop and validate a scale to assess the environmental factors and their possible influence on sleep- The Environmental Factors of Sleep Scale (EFAS). The data collection involved 219 participants, between the ages of 18 and 71 (M = 34.84; SD = 13.41). Part 1 of EFAS- Control of Environmental Factorsshowed good internal consistency (a= .83; ?= .74) and Part 2 of EFAS- Perceived Influence of Environmental Factors- showed acceptable internal consistency (a= .75; ?= .73). The Exploratory Factor Analysis revealed four factors in Part 1 of EFAS: Factor I, regarding the temperature of clothes (CV= 16.7%), Factor II, the environmental temperature (CV= 12.8%), Factor III, comfort (CV= 8.4%), and Factor IV, the use of electronic devices, noise, and light (CV= 6.3%). In Part 2, there were two factors revealed: Factor I, regarding the perceived influence of temperature, comfort, and light (CV= 21.7%), and Factor II, with the perceived influence of sharing a space and noise (CV= 13%). The first part of EFAS showed positive and weak correlations with GDS-15 (r= .213; p < .001) and BaSIQS (r= .184; p < .001). Part 2 of EFAS showed moderate positive correlations with GDS-15 (r= .300; p < .01) and weak correlations with BaSIQS (r= .285; p < .01). The correlations suggest that, as expected, better control of environmental factors and less perception of their influence on sleep problems are associated with fewer depressive symptoms and better sleep quality. By using EFAS, it is possible to identify more efficiently the environmental factors of sleep and the behavioural changes needed to improve sleep, thus demonstrating its relevance and clinical use

    Stand-up Paddle Boarding: Muscle activity, kinematics and performance analysis in recreational athletes

    No full text
    Stand-up paddle (SUP) has become increasingly popular due to its accessibility and physical benefits. Despite its growing popularity, there is limited research focusing on the biomechanical factors influencing SUP performance. This doctoral thesis aims to fill this gap by investigating various determinants of SUP performance through four studies. The general objective of this thesis was to analyze kinematic and neuromuscular factors that influence SUP performance in pratical contexts, in recreational-level athletes. The following steps were undertaken: (i) a literature review focused on performance analysis in SUP; (ii) analysis of muscle activation behavior in SUP, focusing on the activation patterns of adjacent and opposite muscles relative to the paddling side; (iii) classify SUP practitioners based on kinematic and neuromuscular activity variables and identify performance differentiators; iv) to examine how different visual focus conditions affect kinematic and neuromuscular responses during SUP. The main findings demonstrated that: (i) SUP athletes have more muscle mass, less body fat, and use more efficient paddling techniques, resulting in better performance; (ii) there seems to be higher muscle activation on the opposite side of the paddle in SUP, suggesting the importance of alternating the paddling side for muscular balance; (iii) faster performers showed a higher stroke frequency and different neuromuscular activation (i.e., higher triceps brachii activity) during the recovery phase of the stroke; (iv) visual focus significantly impacts kinematic and neuromuscular activity during SUP, with the free choice condition resulting in faster speeds, higher stroke frequencies and higher muscle activation during recovery phases of the stroke. These results demonstrate the importance of kinematic and neuromuscular factors in SUP performance. This thesis provides valuable insights for SUP practitioners and coaches to optimize training and performance through a better understanding of these biomechanical and neuromuscular factors.Stand-up paddle (SUP) tem vindo a tornar-se cada vez mais popular devido à sua acessibilidade e aos benefícios físicos que proporciona. Apesar de sua crescente popularidade, a literatura é ainda limitada no que se refere aos fatores biomecânicos que influenciam o desempenho no SUP. A presente tese de doutoramento visa preencher esta lacuna, investigando várias determinantes do desempenho no SUP através de quatro estudos. Assim sendo, o objetivo geral foi analisar os fatores cinemáticos e neuromusculares que influenciam o rendimento no SUP, em contexto real, em atletas de nível recreativo. Os seguintes passos foram realizados: (i) revisão de literatura sobre a análise de desempenho no SUP; (ii) análise do comportamento de ativação muscular no SUP, focalizando nos padrões de ativação dos músculos adjacentes e opostos em relação ao lado da pagaiada; (iii) identificação de padrões diferenciadores de desempenho dos praticantes de SUP, com base em variáveis de atividade cinemática e neuromuscular; (iv) análise da influência de diferentes condições externas, como o foco visual, poderão afetar as respostas cinemáticas e neuromusculares durante o SUP. Os principais resultados demonstraram que: (i) atletas de SUP têm mais massa muscular, menos gordura corporal e utilizam técnicas de pagaiada mais eficientes, resultando em melhor desempenho; (ii) parece haver uma maior ativação muscular no lado oposto ao remo no SUP, salientando a importância de alternar o lado da pagaiada para o equilíbrio muscular; (iii) os praticantes mais rápidos mostraram uma maior frequência de pagaiada e uma ativação neuromuscular diferente (i.e., maior atividade do tríceps braquial) durante a fase de recuperação da pagaiada; (iv) o foco visual parece impactar significativamente a atividade cinemática e neuromuscular no SUP, sendo que a condição de escolha livre resultou em velocidades superiores, maiores frequências de pagaiada e maior ativação muscular durante as fases de recuperação da pagaiada. Estes resultados demonstram a importância dos fatores cinemáticos e neuromusculares no rendimento do SUP em praticantes de nível recreativo. São assim evidenciadas implicações práticas importantes para os praticantes e treinadores de SUP para a otimização do treino e do rendimento, através de uma melhor compreensão destes fatores influenciadores

    Experiência Profissionalizante na Vertente de Investigação, Farmácia Hospitalar e Farmácia Comunitária

    No full text
    O presente relatório encontra-se dividido em três capítulos. O Capítulo I aborda a esteatose hepática não alcoólica com enfoque no tratamento fitoterápico, o Capítulo II e o Capítulo III relatam a experiência profissionalizante na área da farmácia hospitalar e farmácia comunitária, respetivamente. O mesmo foi redigido no âmbito da unidade curricular de Estágio Curricular com fim à obtenção do grau de mestre em Ciências Farmacêuticas. O Capítulo I descreve, primeiramente, de forma sucinta a esteatose hepática não alcoólica, patologia comumente conhecida como fígado gordo. É abordada a anatomia e fisiologia do fígado. Deste modo, procede-se posteriormente à explicação da fisiopatologia subjacente à patologia bem como fatores de risco, diagnóstico e terapêutica convencional. Do crescente aumento da prevalência da esteatose hepática não alcoólica aliada à procura de terapias mais naturais, surge o papel importante que a fitoterapia desempenha. Através de um conjunto de plantas e compostos que revelam, através da revisão literária, eficácia na prevenção e/ou tratamento da patologia são exploradas as suas características e a sua potencialidade. O Capítulo II ilustra as atividades por mim desenvolvidas durante o meu período de estágio nos Serviços Farmacêuticos do Centro Hospitalar Universitário Cova da Beira, sob orientação da Drª Maria Olímpia Fonseca, entre o dia 02 de outubro e o dia 24 de novembro de 2023. Ao longo deste capítulo torna-se percetível a realidade de uma farmácia hospitalar bem como as funções desempenhadas pelo farmacêutico hospitalar nos diversos setores. O Capítulo III figura a minha experiência na vertente de farmácia comunitária. Durante 12 semanas, com orientação da Drª Elsa Rebelo, tive oportunidade de realizar inúmeras tarefas na Farmácia Nova de Pinhel que ilustram o dia a dia de um farmacêutico comunitário e o funcionamento de uma farmácia.This report is divided into three chapters. Chapter I deals with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with a focus on herbal treatment, Chapter II and Chapter III report on the professional experience in hospital pharmacy and community pharmacy, respectively. It was written as part of the Curricular Internship unit to obtain a master's degree in Pharmaceutical Sciences. Chapter I begins by briefly describing non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, a disease commonly known as fatty liver. The anatomy and physiology of the liver are discussed. This is followed by an explanation of the underlying pathophysiology of the disease, as well as risk factors, diagnosis and conventional therapy. The increase in the prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, combined with the search for more natural therapies, has given rise to the important role played by phytotherapy. Through a set of plants and compounds that, according to a review of the literature, are effective in preventing and/or treating the disease, their characteristics and potential are explored. Chapter II illustrates the activities I carried out during my internship at the Pharmaceutical Services of the Centro Hospitalar Universitário Cova da Beira, under the guidance of Drª Maria Olímpia Fonseca, between 2nd October and 24th November 2023. Throughout this chapter, the reality of a hospital pharmacy becomes clear, as do the functions performed by the hospital pharmacist in the various sectors. Chapter III describes my experience in community pharmacy. For 12 weeks, under the guidance of Drª Elsa Rebelo, I had the opportunity to carry out numerous tasks at the Farmácia Nova de Pinhel that illustrate the day-to-day life of a community pharmacist and how a pharmacy works

    Strategic Decision-Making in Sustainable Entrepreneurship for Small and Medium- Sized Enterprises

    No full text
    This doctoral thesis encompasses five studies that collectively delve into the realm of sustainable entrepreneurship (SE) within small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Each of the studies aims to address specific objectives, that collectively seek to achieve the main purpose, which is to support strategic decision-making for SE strategies in SMEs through the development of multi-criteria decision models that allow for the identification of SE determinants and their respective causal relationships. To map the landscape of SE research in SMEs, the first study presents a systematic literature review (SLR) coupled with bibliometric analyses of 206 articles published in refereed academic journals spanning from 1987 to 2022. Through bibliographic coupling and co-citation methods, it identifies influential studies, thematic clusters, and determinants of SE in SMEs. The main contributions of the study are threefold. First, the analysis identifies thematic clusters related to SE in SME contexts, helping to pinpoint key gaps in the existing literature and set the stage for future research directions. The six major thematic clusters are: (1) sustainable entrepreneurial orientation; (2) performance; (3) innovation and networks; (4) sustainable business models; (5) commitment to sustainability; and (6) green entrepreneurship and circular economy. Second, the study aims to identify SE determinants and initiatives specific to SMEs. The dimensions that drive and/or inhibit SE in SMEs are: (1) sustainable entrepreneurial orientation (SEO); (2) organization; (3) performance; (4) networks; (5) context; and (6) sustainable practices. Last, the use of both co-citation and bibliographic coupling methods provides a comprehensive and dynamic approach to analyzing the literature, capturing a broader range of insights and ensuring the reliability of the findings. Building upon the foundational insights provided by the SLR, the second study analyzes the relationships between SEO, context, organization, networks, sustainable practices, and performance within Portuguese SMEs. Using exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis and multiple linear regression, it identifies key determinants impacting sustainable practices and performance. The main findings include that the most impactful determinants are: (1) SEO; (2) partner networking; (3) contexts with government support; (4) joint product design through networks; and (5) employee well-being within organizations offering actionable insights for decisionmakers and policymakers. The main contributions of this study are both theoretical and practical. Theoretically, it extends existing literature by proposing an integrated approach to understanding the interactions among six variables within the context of SE in SMEs. Practically, the findings offer insights for entrepreneurs on aligning SME practices with the United Nations’ (UN) sustainable development goals (SDGs), aiding policymakers in bridging the gap between global SDGs and national implementation, assisting local governments in creating supportive initiatives, and promoting awareness and adoption of sustainable business practices on a societal level. In alignment with the global agenda set by the SDGs, the third study identifies and analyzes internal initiatives that SMEs can implement to enhance their SE indices. Through a mixed-method approach integrating cognitive mapping and decision making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL), the results comprise a multi-criteria decision support analysis system of critical initiatives for enhancing SE indices. The study offers a comprehensive inventory of sustainable initiatives and their causal relationships, enhancing the understanding of SE in SMEs within the academic realm. From a practical perspective, the study provides a cognitive structure for decisionmaking, offering valuable guidelines for SMEs. It presents a holistic view of the causeand-effect relationships among sustainable initiatives, aiding decision-makers in identifying crucial initiatives and prioritizing their implementation effectively. Recognizing the challenges faced by SMEs in aligning with sustainability principles, the fourth study employs an innovative approach in this context, combining cognitive mapping, DEMATEL, and neutrosophic logic to analyze the cause-and-effect relationships among SE initiatives. By comparing the results with and without the use of neutrosophic logic, it seeks to enhance decision-making precision and address uncertainty and indeterminacy, offering valuable insights for academia, entrepreneurs, and policymakers. The main contributions of this study are threefold. First, the study offers a novel approach to understanding the dynamics of sustainable initiatives in this study context. Second, the decision support system developed can guide SMEs in identifying and implementing sustainable initiatives across various operational and strategic areas, striving for a balanced approach encompassing economic, social, and environmental dimensions. Third, the study highlights several contributions of implementing sustainable initiatives, advancing both theoretical understanding and practical application of SE in SMEs, while also emphasizing the positive societal impacts of these initiatives. Finally, the fifth study introduces a multi-criteria evaluation model to assess sustainable initiatives in SMEs. By combining cognitive mapping, the best-worst method (BWM), and the technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS), this study develops a robust evaluation system capable of incorporating both objective and subjective elements into the evaluation process. This evaluation system enables SMEs to monitor their progress toward sustainability, identify critical areas, and prioritize initiatives for future improvements. Together, these five studies provide a holistic and detailed perspective on SE in SMEs, offering theoretical insights, methodological innovations, and practical recommendations to advance sustainability agendas in the business landscape.A presente tese de doutoramento engloba cinco estudos que se focam coletivamente no tema do empreendedorismo sustentável (ES) no contexto das pequenas e médias empresas (PMEs). Cada um dos estudos pretende alcançar objetivos específicos, que, em conjunto, visam sustentar o objetivo principal de apoiar a tomada de decisão estratégica de ES nas PMEs, através do desenvolvimento de modelos multicritério de apoio à decisão que permitam a identificação dos determinantes de ES e as suas respetivas relações de causa-e-efeito. O primeiro artigo apresenta uma revisão sistemática da literatura (RSL) assente na análise bibliométrica de 206 artigos publicados em revistas académicas de referência, no sentido de mapear o campo de investigação sobre o ES nas PMEs. Através de métodos de acoplamento bibliográfico e de co-citação, o artigo identifica estudos influentes, clusters temáticos e determinantes de ES nas PMEs. Este estudo apresenta três contributos principais. Primeiro, a identificação de clusters temáticos relacionados com o ES no contexto das PMEs, ajudando a identificar lacunas-chave na literatura existente e a apresentar orientações de investigação futura. Os seis principais clusters temáticos são: (1) orientação empreendedora sustentável; (2) performance; (3) inovação e redes; (4) modelos de negócios sustentáveis; (5) compromisso com a sustentabilidade; e (6) empreendedorismo verde e economia circular. Em segundo lugar, o estudo identifica determinantes e iniciativas de ES específicos para PMEs. As dimensões que impulsionam e/ou inibem o ES nas PMEs são: (1) orientação empreendedora sustentável (OES); (2) organização; (3) performance; (4) redes; (5) contexto; e (6) práticas sustentáveis. Por fim, o uso de ambos os métodos de co-citação e acoplamento bibliográfico fornece uma abordagem abrangente e dinâmica para analisar a literatura, captando uma gama mais ampla de insights e garantindo a confiabilidade dos resultados. Aproveitando as ideias fundamentais e os gaps identificados na RSL, o segundo artigo analisa as relações entre OES, contexto, organização, redes, práticas sustentáveis e performance no âmbito de PMEs portuguesas. Recorrendo à análise fatorial exploratória, confirmatória e à regressão linear múltipla, identifica determinantes-chave que impactam as práticas e a performance sustentáveis. Os principais resultados evidenciam que os determinantes mais impactantes são: (1) OES; (2) networking entre parceiros; (3) contextos com apoio governamental; (4) desenvolvimento conjunto de produtos através de networks; e (5) bem-estar dos funcionários dentro das organizações, oferecendo insights acionáveis para decisores e policymakers. Os contributos deste estudo são teóricos e práticos. Teoricamente, estende a literatura existente propondo uma abordagem integrada para entender as interações entre seis variáveis dentro do contexto de ES nas PMEs. Em termos práticos, os resultados oferecem insights para os empreendedores sobre como alinhar práticas de PMEs com os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS) das Nações Unidas, ajudando policymakers a preencher a lacuna entre os ODS globais e a implementação a nível nacional, auxiliando os governos locais na criação de iniciativas de apoio e promovendo a consciencialização e a adoção de práticas sustentáveis ao nível social. Alinhado com a agenda global estabelecida pelos ODS, o terceiro artigo identifica e analisa iniciativas internas que as PMEs podem implementar para melhorar os seus índices de ES. Através de uma abordagem metodológica mista, que integra mapeamento cognitivo e decision making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL), os resultados compreendem um sistema multicritério de apoio à decisão de iniciativas críticas para a melhoria dos índices de ES. O estudo oferece um leque abrangente de iniciativas sustentáveis e identifica as respetivas relações causais, permitindo uma melhor compreensão do ES nas PMEs em termos académicos. Do ponto de vista prático, o estudo apresenta uma estrutura cognitiva para a tomada de decisão, oferecendo diretrizes consideradas úteis para as PMEs. Este roadmap apresenta uma visão holística das relações de causa-e-efeito entre iniciativas sustentáveis, auxiliando os decisores na identificação de iniciativas cruciais e na priorização eficaz da sua implementação. Reconhecendo os desafios enfrentados pelas PMEs para se alinharem com os princípios de sustentabilidade, o quarto artigo apresenta uma abordagem inovadora neste contexto, combinando mapeamento cognitivo, DEMATEL e lógica neutrosófica para analisar as relações de causa-e-efeito entre iniciativas de ES. Ao comparar os resultados entre a aplicação DEMATEL antes e após o recurso à lógica neutrosófica, pretende melhorar a precisão da tomada de decisão e abordar a incerteza e a indeterminação, oferecendo insights considerados úteis para a academia, empreendedores e policymakers. Este estudo apresenta três contribuições principais. Em primeiro lugar, o estudo oferece uma abordagem inovadora, neste contexto, para entender a dinâmica de iniciativas sustentáveis. Em segundo lugar, o sistema de apoio à decisão desenvolvido pode guiar as PMEs na identificação e na implementação de iniciativas sustentáveis em diversas áreas operacionais, oferecendo uma abordagem equilibrada que engloba as dimensões económicas, sociais e ambientais. Em terceiro lugar, o estudo destaca as contribuições sociais da implementação de iniciativas sustentáveis, realçando os seus benefícios não apenas para as PMEs, mas também para as comunidades locais. Por fim, o quinto artigo apresenta um modelo de avaliação multicritério para avaliar iniciativas sustentáveis nas PMEs. Ao combinar mapeamento cognitivo, o best-worst method (BWM) e a technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution (TOPSIS), este artigo apresenta um sistema de avaliação robusto capaz de incorporar elementos objetivos e subjetivos no processo de avaliação. Esse sistema de avaliação permite que as PMEs monitorizem o seu progresso em direção à sustentabilidade, identifiquem áreas críticas e priorizem iniciativas para melhorias futuras. Juntos, estes cinco estudos oferecem uma perspetiva holística e detalhada sobre o ES nas PMEs, oferecendo insights teóricos, inovações metodológicas e recomendações práticas para avançar as agendas de sustentabilidade no ecossistema empresarial

    Concussão no Desporto: A importância do (Re)conhecimento

    No full text
    A concussão é uma lesão traumática que resulta em alterações da função neurológica ou da consciência, sem que haja dano imagiológico evidente nas estruturas cerebrais. É uma condição frequente sobretudo no desporto e com especial destaque nos desportos de alto impacto. O principal objetivo da presente dissertação é sintetizar o panorama atual das concussões desportivas de forma abrangente, com o intuito de reunir a informação essencial acerca da prevalência, diagnóstico, tratamento e prevenção. Para fazer a pesquisa bibliográfica foi utlizada a base de dados PubMed e selecionados artigos consoante o ano de publicação e a pertinência do título e resumo. Atualmente, a concussão relacionada com o desporto tem sido alvo de diversa investigação, contando com uma vasta panóplia de publicações recentes que têm vindo a redirecionar o paradigma da concussão. Por exemplo, exames de neuroimagem avançada têm permitido a deteção de alterações cerebrais subtis, o que fomentou a procura de novos biomarcadores diagnósticos. Por outro lado, a recuperação é outro aspeto fundamental em destaque. A recuperação incompleta ou a exposição cumulativa a impactos concussivos aumenta significativamente o risco de desenvolver doenças neurológicas/neurodegenerativas, problemas de saúde mental e disfunção cognitiva, podendo resultar em condições graves como encefalopatia traumática crónica. Dada a gravidade dessas consequências, a prevenção é essencial e muitas organizações desportivas já adotaram alterações de regras e políticas e implementaram novas tecnologias para monitorizar impactos cranianos, visando proteger a saúde dos atletas. Apesar da evidência crescente é necessário continuar a pesquisa e fomentar o estudo desta condição complexa para compreender melhor os seus mecanismos, efeitos e melhores práticas para o tratamento.Concussion is a traumatic injury that results in alterations in neurological function or consciousness without evident imaging damage to brain structures. It is a frequent condition, particularly in high-impact sports. The primary objective of this dissertation is to comprehensively synthesize the current landscape of sports-related concussions, aiming to gather essential information on prevalence, diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. For the literature review, the PubMed database was used, selecting articles based on the year of publication and the relevance of their titles and abstracts. Currently, sports-related concussion has been the subject of extensive research, with a wide array of recent publications that have been reshaping the concussion paradigm. For instance, advanced neuroimaging exams have enabled the detection of subtle brain changes, which has spurred the search for new diagnostic biomarkers. Moreover, recovery is another crucial aspect under focus. Incomplete recovery or cumulative exposure to concussive impacts significantly increases the risk of developing neurological/neurodegenerative diseases, mental health problems, and cognitive dysfunction, potentially resulting in severe conditions such as chronic traumatic encephalopathy. Given the severity of these consequences, prevention is essential, and many sports organizations have already adopted rule and policy changes and implemented new technologies to monitor cranial impacts, aiming to protect athletes' health. Despite the growing evidence, further research is necessary to better understand the mechanisms, effects, and best practices for treating this complex condition

    Impacto dos Processos Mecânicos do Converting nas Propriedades do Papel Tissue

    No full text
    Tissue paper is truly rooted in the daily life of modern society due to the wide variety of products that make different applications possible. For this type of industry, it is a huge challenge to produce the best products to retain the final consumer. Tissue paper is a paper characterized mainly by its low grammage and tensile strength, and by its high softness, liquid absorption, and elasticity. Depending on the product segment to be produced, it is necessary to consider which of these characteristics are essential, for example, in toilet paper the focus is on softness and absorbency, in kitchen rolls it is on absorbency and wet strength, softness on napkins, absorption and wet strength and softness on facial tissues. These properties must be adapted to meet end consumer requirements, which vary greatly for the different countries in the world. The tissue paper production process uses virgin cellulose as the main raw material and involves two steps: the formation of the tissue paper sheet itself (tissue base paper) and its transformation into different types of finished products. This work essentially addresses this second stage, where the transformation of tissue base paper into finished products takes place and its impact on the properties of the products produced. During the tissue paper base sheet transformation process, also called the conversion process, the properties acquired in the previous step are altered, as the sheet is subjected to successive operations that will permanently deform it. The converting machine is characterized by several operations, the main ones being winding/unwinding, embossing/laminating, perforating, cutting, packaging, and palletizing. The converting process proves to be very complex and has a huge impact on the properties of the finished tissue paper. Embossing is the key operation in the tissue paper transformation process, as it is the one that most affects the final properties of the finished product. This operation consists in marking a pattern on the tissue paper base sheet by applying pressure, with the purpose of producing papers that are more appealing to the final consumer and/or being a mean to recognize a brand. In addition to visually affecting the paper, it also affects the final properties of the finished products, adding a more pronounced third Z dimension with a compression matrix, increasing its liquid absorption capacity and volume, but, on the other hand, reducing its softness and tensile strength. Since embossing is the most impacting operation in the transformation of tissue paper and taking into account the industrial embossing process, a system was developed that would allow the study on a laboratory scale of the impact of this operation on the physical-mechanical properties of tissue paper, depending on the different operating parameters of the converting machine, such as the finishing of the dots and/or lines of the embossing pattern, hardness of the embossing rubber, pressure, temperature and humidity, both on laboratory sheets (isotropic handsheets) and on industrial base tissue paper (anisotropic and creped sheets). As this laboratory set-up makes it possible to control all the operating parameters individually, it was possible to optimize the embossing process at a laboratory level and its validation was carried out using the finite element method. Thus, for each new unique standard that the tissue paper industry intends to implement, they can test it in the laboratory before making the scale-up. Using the laboratory embossing system, we started by studying how pressure affects the main properties of tissue paper. Industrial base tissue paper sheets were used and an optimum pressure of 2.8 bar was achieved for this system. It was possible to distinguish two effects that occur in the tissue paper sheet during the embossing operation with pressure, the densification of the sheet and the permanent deformation of the sheet with the mark of the pattern. The effect of pressure when densifying the paper sheet gives it a gain in mechanical strength, but without differences in terms of liquid absorption. The two embossing patterns (deco and micro) showed different behaviors with the effect of pressure, but both showed losses in both mechanical properties and softness. These losses were less pronounced for the pressure 2.8 bar since the densification is maximum for this pressure. On the other hand, the finite element method failed to show how pressure affects paper strength. Another operating parameter that also impacts the final properties of tissue products is the influence of the hardness of the rubber used in the counter-roller to the embossed steel roll with an engraved pattern. Three different configurations of stacking rubber plates with different hardness on sheets of industrial tissue paper were studied. This study allowed us to conclude that to obtain greater softness, the best solution was where two rubber plates with different hardness were used, and the rubber plate with greater hardness was in contact with the tissue paper sheet. This result corroborates the future industrial trend in which the use of rubber rollers in the embossing operation with an inner layer of low hardness and an outer layer of high hardness is pointed out. The finite element method, in addition to validating the results obtained, proved to be a reliable tool to virtually test other configurations, such as, for example, three or more rubber plates with different hardness. The impact of the geometry of the finishing of the lines and dots of the patterns to be embossed, on the final properties of the tissue paper was another operating parameter object of study. This work was carried out using industrial base tissue paper sheets and it was concluded that although the patterns with straight finish geometry individually presented a higher softness value, when the prototype of a finished product with 2 plies (deco + micro) was assembled, the greater softness was obtained for the round finish geometry. It was confirmed that the softness value decreases with increasing bulk, being more pronounced for the micro embossing pattern. No relevant differences were found in the kinetics of liquid droplet scattering over time, from which it can be inferred that the finish geometry of the lines and dots of the embossing patterns does not affect this property in this type of products. The finite element method also in this case, allowed a better understanding of the effect of the pattern finishing geometry on the tissue paper sheet, and the simulation results matches with the experimental results, showing the same trend where the patterns with round geometry marked more tissue paper sheet than patterns with straight finishing. The laboratory embossing system was also used to investigate the effect of this converting operation on industrial base tissue paper sheets and handsheets. To evaluate the influence of the embossing patterns, the fiber composition and the creping process, industrial base tissue paper sheets, handsheets produced from a fibrous suspension obtained from the disintegration of the industrial sheet were used as samples (keeping the same fibrous composition) and handsheets produced from a never-dry bleached eucalyptus industrial kraft pulp. The handsheets were produced with a grammage of 17 g/m2 (grammage similar to the industrial base tissue paper) and not pressed. The results indicated that the embossing process produced more bulky and porous structures, at the expense of losses in mechanical and softness properties, which were more pronounced for the micro pattern than for the deco pattern. The effect of fibrous composition showed that an increase in mechanical properties negatively impacted the softness of handsheets. Handsheets composed of 100% eucalyptus showed greater softness than handsheets whose composition is a mixture of short and long fiber. It was found that the crepe existing in the sheet of industrial base tissue paper, gives it a high elongation capacity that is practically non-existent in the handsheets. Furthermore, due to this operation, industrial paper samples have a higher apparent porosity than handsheets samples. The analysis by the finite element method allowed the validation of the experimental results, proving that the micro pattern has a higher stress field value and, consequently, a lower mechanical strength. In addition to the use of the laboratory embossing system and to deepen the impact of embossing on the properties of finished tissue products, other studies were carried out on industrially and commercialized finished products. The absorption capacity, also being a fundamental property of tissue papers, was one of the studies developed. In this work, the absorption capacities of four different industrial base tissue papers were compared, as well as the respective 2-ply industrial toilet papers that they originated. It was concluded that the embossing operation increased the thickness and, consequently, the bulk of the toilet paper. Furthermore, it was also found that among the various samples of toilet paper there was no perceptible variation in the water absorption time, as the samples presented similar morphology and porosity. However, it was found that where bulk increased the most (about 150%), it resulted in an increase in water absorption capacity (about 60%). Another important study to deepen the embossing operation was the impact of the sequence of stacking a toilet paper with an odd number of plies (in this case 5 plies). The two possible configurations, 1 and 2 (deco:micro pattern of 3:2 and 2:3 plies, respectively) were the object of study. The industrially produced products with both configurations were originated from the same base tissue mother-reels. Overall, the sheet stacking sequence was found to influence the properties of the finished toilet paper. For configurations 1 and 2, after the embossing process, bulk increases of 46% and 40%, respectively, and water absorption capacity increases of 2% and 17%, respectively, were recorded. Regarding the mechanical properties, both configurations had a greater negative impact caused by the deco embossing pattern. For commercial purposes and to meet the preferences of the final consumer, toilet paper with configuration 1 was more suitable for mechanical strength preferences and toilet paper with configuration 2 was the most suitable for preferences of absorbency. Regarding softness, the stacking sequence also affected the results, where configuration 2 proved to be the smoothest and most pleasant to the touch product, with an overall handfeel value of 75.3 HF, and the product produced with configuration 1 presented rougher and less pleasant to the touch, with an overall handfeel value of 68.0 HF. Another operation that takes place in the converting machine and which also impacts both the properties of this type of product and the operability of the machine itself is the perforating operation. A system was then developed that would allow a laboratory-scale study of the impact of this operation on the perforation efficiency of the finished products. This perforation system applies to all tissue paper products, such as kitchen paper or toilet paper, that need to be portioned according to the needs of the end consumer. The perforations facilitate this portioning, promoting the separation of sheets or services, by the perforation line without tearing them. However, the perforated paper must be strong enough to hold together under a certain tension, but on the other hand it should be weak enough that the sheet or service can be detached from the roll easily, without tearing, with little effort along the straight or patterned horizontal perforated line. This balance is given by the perforation efficiency. The higher the perforation efficiency, the easier the service separation will be. In this context, the developed laboratory perforating system allows testing new types of cuts distances on a laboratory scale, allowing the results to be transposed to an industrial scale, and allows to evaluate problems associated with the perforation of products, as well as testing new cutting patterns. As customer satisfaction can depend on the perforation performance, the laboratory perforation system was used to perforate different commercial toilet papers (in brands and number of plies) to evaluate their perforation efficiency. With this study, it was verified a stabilization of the perforation efficiency from a cut distance of 6 mm and a 15% increase in the cut distance for the laboratory blade to correspond to the industrial perforation efficiency. The finite element method was also used to simulate the progression curve of perforation efficiency as a function of cut distance. This analysis confirmed the behavior of the evolution of the perforation efficiency with the increase of the cut distance and its stabilization from the cut distance of 6 mm. Another study with interest to understand the impact of perforation was its evaluation in commercial toilet products. In this work, the mechanical behavior of 15 commercial toilet papers from different European producers, with equally different compositions and number of plies, was studied. A qualitative analysis of the quality of the cuts, together with a quantitative analysis of the dimensions of the same cuts, was performed through an optical system. An analysis using the finite element method was carried out where it was possible to examine the behavior of the stress concentration in the cut hole and the influence of the cut distance. The results showed that a cut distance equal to or less than 2.0 mm should not be used in these types of papers, and the perforation efficiency increased with the increasing of the cut distance, regardless of the number of plies that make up the toilet paper. The stress concentration factor was also determined and a limit value of 0.11 was reached. Toilet papers to tear at the perforation line, as desired, need to have a stress concentration factor above this limit value. Resuming, it is in the converting machine where value is added to tissue paper products, which is why these machines are constantly evolving. At the beginning of the tissue paper transformation, the paper was rewound by hand on a mandrel and when the first semi-automatic machine appeared, only a few LOGs were wound per minute. Currently, product design plays a very important role, as in addition to its apparent sophistication, it is also the key to optimizing its properties. Therefore, more and more products are embossed and printed, and design patterns are constantly changing and optimizing. Due to market demands, the adaptability of this type of machine and its rapid updating is imperative for the producer, as meeting the requirements of the final consumer is his main motivation. The fact that the automation of the converting machines goes all the way to the end of the line (palletization), allows the producer to better control the quality and price of the product he presents to the consumer, who, in the last analysis, has a greater probability of success for the producer who have the right products that reflect the needs and wants of customers. The advantage will be found in producers who use the latest technology, because with the slowdown in the economy, products will have to be redesigned to find a lower price, which means making an additional effort to produce the products at the lowest cost possible as well as lowering the cost of transportation through distribution channels. This work thus helps the producer to optimize the operating parameters along the converting machine, pointing out some modifications, such as replacing the single hardness rubber roller with one of variable hardness, or finding the optimal pressure of the machine in which the resistance mechanics is maximized, and that when implemented will improve the quality of the product produced, adding value. The digital twining of the various converting processes, presented here by the finite element method, proved to be a reliable modeling tool to test changes that are intended to be introduced in the process, virtually and with reduced costs. This procedure is a trend in the near future, because it allows optimization in a digital environment, without having to make several attempts and errors to determine the optimal parameters of the processes. Due to the high competition and secrecy between different tissue paper producers and suppliers, there is little research and publications related to the production and its impact on the final properties of these types of tissue paper products. This thesis shows some advances that have been made in this area of research, since most of the studies referenced here are very recent, which indicates a slight opening of the industry to create partnerships to deepen these mechanical impacts on the properties of finished products.O papel tissue está verdadeiramente enraizado no cotidiano da sociedade moderna devido à grande variedade de produtos que possibilitam diferentes aplicações. Para este tipo de indústria, é um enorme desafio produzir os melhores produtos para fidelizar o consumidor final. O papel tissue é um papel caracterizado principalmente pela sua baixa gramagem e resistência à tração, e pela sua elevada suavidade, absorção de líquidos e alongamento. Consoante o segmento de produto a ser produzido, tem de se ter em conta qual/quais destas características são essenciais, por exemplo, no papel higiénico o foco é a suavidade e absorção, já nos rolos de cozinha é a absorção e a resistência à tração em húmido, nos guardanapos a suavidade, a absorção e a resistência à tração em húmido e nos lenços faciais a suavidade. Essas propriedades devem ser adaptadas para atender aos requisitos do consumidor final, que variam muito para os diferentes países do mundo. O processo de produção do papel tissue usa a celulose virgem como principal matéria-prima e envolve duas etapas: a formação da própria folha de papel tissue (papel base tissue) e sua transformação em diferentes tipos de produtos acabados. Este trabalho aborda essencialmente esta segunda etapa, onde ocorre a transformação do papel base tissue em produtos acabados e o seu impacto nas propriedades dos produtos produzidos. Durante o processo de transformação da folha base de papel tissue, também chamado de processo de conversão (converting), as propriedades adquiridas na etapa anterior são alteradas, pois a folha é sujeita a sucessivas operações que a vão deformar de forma permanente. A máquina de conversão é caracterizada por diversas operações, sendo as principais: bobinagem/desenrolamento, embossing/laminação, perfuração, corte, embalagem e paletização. O processo de conversão manifesta ser muito complexo e com um enorme impacto nas propriedades do papel tissue acabado. O embossing é a operação chave do processo de transformação do papel tissue, pois é aquela que mais afeta as propriedades finais do produto acabado. Esta operação consiste na marcação de um padrão na folha base de papel tissue por aplicação de pressão, com o propósito de produzir papéis esteticamente mais apelativos ao consumidor final e/ou ser um meio de identificação de uma marca. Para além de afetar visualmente o papel, também afeta as propriedades finais dos produtos acabados, adicionando uma terceira dimensão z com uma matriz de compressão, aumentando sua capacidade de absorção de líquidos e seu volume, mas, por outro lado, reduzindo a sua suavidade e resistência à tração. Sendo a embossing a operação mais impactante da transformação do papel base tissue e tendo em conta o sistema de embossing industrial, foi desenvolvido um sistema que permitisse o estudo à escala laboratorial do impacto desta operação nas propriedades físico-mecânicas do papel tissue, em função dos diferentes parâmetros de operação da máquina de converting, como o acabamento dos pontos e/ou traço que compõem o padrão de embossing, dureza da borracha de embossing, pressão, temperatura e humidade, tanto em folhas laboratoriais (isotrópicas) como em folhas base de papel tissue industrial (anisotrópicas e crepadas). Como este set-up laboratorial permite controlar todos os parâmetros de operação individualmente, foi possível otimizar o processo de embossing a nível laboratorial e foi feita a sua validação pelo método dos elementos finitos. Assim, para cada novo padrão exclusivo que a indústria de papel tissue pretenda implementar, poderá testá-lo laboratorialmente antes de fazer o seu scale-up. Com o sistema de embossing laboratorial primeiramente iniciou-se um estudo para se perceber como a pressão afeta as principais propriedades do papel tissue. Foram usadas folhas de papel base tissue industrial e foi alcançada uma pressão ótima de 2.8 bar para este sistema de embossing laboratorial. Conseguiram-se distinguir dois efeitos que ocorrem na folha de papel base tissue durante a operação de embossing com a pressão, a densificação da folha e a deformação permanente da folha com a marcação do padrão de relevo. O efeito da pressão ao densificar a folha de papel confere-lhe um ganho de resistência mecânica, mas sem diferenças em termos de absorção de líquidos. Os dois padrões de embossing (deco e micro) apresentaram comportamentos diferentes com o efeito da pressão, mas ambos evidenciaram perdas tanto nas propriedades mecânicas como na suavidade. Estas perdas foram menos acentuadas para a pressão 2.8 bar, uma vez que a densificação é máxima para esta pressão. Por outro lado, o método dos elementos finitos (FEM) não conseguiu mostrar como a pressão afeta a resistência do papel. Outro parâmetro de operação que também tem impacto nas propriedades finais dos pr

    Realização de Ensaios Microbiológicos de Águas e Géneros Alimentícios e de Ensaios Físico-Químicos de Águas

    No full text
    A segurança alimentar, tem por objetivo promover a saúde pública, prevenindo doenças de origem alimentar. A preparação e distribuição alimentar, intentando o consumo público, deve ser feita de forma controlada, deste modo é essencial a análise laboratorial de géneros alimentícios e águas, seguindo um conjunto de diretrizes que permitem avaliar a qualidade microbiológica e química dos mesmos. Ao longo deste estágio curricular, foi obtida uma perspetiva geral do funcionamento de um laboratório acreditado que cumpre com os requisitos do referencial normativo NP EN ISO/IEC 17025. Assim foram realizadas análises na área da microbiologia alimentar e águas (consumo humano e piscinas) e na área da físicoquímica de águas. Na área da microbiologia alimentar foram pesquisados os seguintes microrganismos: Microrganismos totais a 30°C; Enterobacteriaceae; Escherichia coli; Salmonella spp.; Staphylococcus coagulase-positiva; e Listeria monocytogenes. Relativamente às análises de águas foram realizadas análises aos seguintes microrganismos: Microrganismos a 22±2°C; Microrganismos a 36±2°C; Bactérias coliformes; Escherichia coli; Enterococcus; Clostridium perfringens; e Pseudomonas aeruginosa. No que diz respeito à análise físico-química de águas, foram analisados os seguintes parâmetros físico-químicos: pH; Condutividade; Turvação; e Cloro Residual Livre. Durante este estágio, a nível microbiológico realizaram-se um conjunto de procedimentos e técnicas, que permitiram avaliar em todas as ocasiões a qualidade de um género alimentício ou de uma amostra de água. Relativamente à química de águas, cada método cumpriu o propósito para que foi desenvolvido, e documentaram-se evidências que permitiram demonstrar resultados consistentes. A maior parte das contaminações em alimentos foi causada pela presença de Microrganismos totais a 30°C e de Enterobacteriaceae. As águas apresentaram vários microrganismos contaminantes.Food safety aims to promote public health by preventing foodborne diseases. Food preparation and distribution intended for public consumption must be done in a controlled way, thus the laboratory analysis of different kinds of foods and waters following a set of guidelines that allow the assessment of their microbiological and chemical quality it’s essencial. Throughout this curricular internship, it was gathered a perspective of how a accredited laboratory that follows the requirements of the normative reference NP EN ISO/IEC 17025 works. Thus, analysis were carried out in the area of food microbiology, in the area of water microbiology for human consumption and for swimming pools, and in what concerns the properties of water, both physical and chemical. In the area of food microbiology, the following microorganisms were researched: Total microorganisms at 30°C; Enterobacteriaceae; Escherichia coli; Salmonella spp.; Coagulase positive staphylococci, and Listeria monocytogenes. Regarding the water samples, analysis were carried out on the following microorganisms: Microorganisms at 22±2°C; Microorganisms at 36±2°C; coliform bacteria; Escherichia coli; Enterococci; Clostridium perfringens; and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In what concerns the physical-chemical analysis of water, the following parameters were analyzed: pH; Conductivity; Turbidity and Free Chlorine. During this internship, at a microbiological level, a set of procedures and techniques were carried out, which allowed the evaluation of the quality of a foodstuff or a water sample, on all occasions. Regarding water chemistry, each method fulfilled the purpose for which it was developed, and evidence was documented that allowed to demonstrate consistent results. The majority of food contamination was caused by the presence of Total microorganisms at 30°C and Enterobacteriaceae. The waters exhibited several contaminating microorganisms

    O ginásio e os influenciadores digitais: contributos para o estudo das motivações, práticas, e comportamentos nas práticas desportivas

    No full text
    Nos últimos anos, com a massificação do uso das redes sociais, surgiram influenciadores digitais em diversas áreas, entre as quais o desporto. Estes tendem maioritariamente a compartilhar informação relativamente a treino e alimentação, com vista a motivar os seguidores a atingir os seus objetivos. Este fenómeno tem cada vez mais popularidade em, no entanto, carece de estudos sociológicos em torno da problemática. Face a esta realidade o presente estudo tem como objetivo compreender o efeito dos influenciadores digitais nas práticas desportivas, motivações e comportamentos dos indivíduos que frequentam o ginásio. Para tal, procedeu-se à realização de dez entrevistas semidiretivas a indivíduos que frequentam ginásios e que seguem influenciadores digitais. Os principais motivos para seguir influenciadores digitais prende-se pela intenção de obter conhecimento e pelo seu conteúdo motivador. Como tal, é reconhecido o impacto dos influenciadores digitais nas práticas desportivas em relação à execução e descoberta de novos exercícios e na motivação para a prática desportiva. É ainda referido o seu impacto no comportamento dos indivíduos, nomeadamente com aspetos relacionados com práticas de consumo, através da mudança das práticas alimentares, na compra de suplementos, roupas e produtos relativos ao ginásio. Estes comportamentos suscitam diversos desafios de saúde mental e na relação com o próprio corpo, suscitando em diversos casos a consideração/realização de práticas drásticas. Os resultados demonstram que os entrevistados têm uma visão bastante positiva em relação aos influenciadores digitais na área fitness. Também fica evidente que os influenciadores têm um papel fundamental em diversos aspetos relacionados à área fitness, como a transmissão de conhecimentos e motivação para a prática desportiva. No entanto, importa refletir em torno dos desafios relacionados dos conteúdos partilhados na saúde física e mental dos consumidores.In recent years, with the mass use of social networks, digital influencers have emerged in various areas, including sport. These influencers tend to share information about training and nutrition to motivate followers to achieve their goals. This phenomenon is becoming increasingly popular, but there is a lack of sociological studies on the subject. Given this reality, this study aims to understand the effect of digital influencers on the sports practices, motivations and behaviours of individuals who go to the gym. To this end, ten semi-directive interviews were carried out with gym-goers who follow digital influencers. The main reasons for following digital influencers are the desire to gain knowledge and their motivational content. As such, the impact of digital influencers on sports practices is recognised in the execution and discovery of new exercises and motivation to practice sport. Their effect on the behaviour of individuals is also mentioned, namely with aspects related to consumption practices, through changes in dietary practices, the purchase of supplements, clothing and gym-related products. These behaviours raise some mental health challenges and challenges in terms of the relationship with one's own body, which in many cases leads to drastic practices being considered/carried out. The results show that the interviewees have a very positive view of digital influencers in the fitness field. It is also clear that influencers play a fundamental role in various aspects of fitness, such as passing on knowledge and motivating people to practice sport. However, it is important to reflect on the related challenges of shared content on consumers' physical and mental health

    Ácido tranexâmico no contexto de hemorragia digestiva: O que difere das restantes hemorragias graves

    No full text
    Introdução: A hemorragia gastrointestinal superior tem uma taxa de mortalidade entre 2 e 14%. Apesar dos avanços médicos e cirúrgicos, a mortalidade por hemorragia digestiva tem permanecido estável nos últimos 50 anos. O ácido tranexâmico é um composto antifibrinolítico utilizado em diversos contextos de hemorragia aguda, entre os quais no trauma, cirúrgico e pós-parto, com reconhecida eficácia e segurança. No entanto, no contexto gastrointestinal a evidência científica não é consensual e as orientações internacionais contraindicam o seu uso. Desta forma, torna-se fundamental entender em que diferem os doentes com hemorragia gastrointestinal dos restantes contextos hemorrágicos, e dissecar a evidência científica mais atual acerca do uso de ácido tranexâmico neste contexto. Objetivos: compilar e avaliar a evidência científica sobre o ácido tranexâmico na hemorragia gastrointestinal, no que concerne à segurança e eficácia na redução da mortalidade, bem como entender as diferenças entre estes doentes e os restantes contextos de hemorragia aguda. Metodologia: Análise de artigos de investigação acerca da utilização do ácido tranexâmico no contexto de hemorragia gastrointestinal. Os artigos foram selecionados das bases de dados PubMed/MEDLINE e Web of Science foi utilizada a estratégia de pesquisa: ('tranexamic acid' OR ‘fibrinolytic agent*’) AND ('gastrointestinal bleeding' OR 'gastrointestinal hemorrhage' OR ‘gastrointestinal haemorrhage’ OR ‘major hemorrhage’ OR ‘major haemorrhage’). Nesta análise foram considerados artigos na língua inglesa, portuguesa e espanhola, e datados entre 2010 e 2023. Resultados: O ácido tranexâmico é um antifibrinolítico eficaz na redução da mortalidade por hemorragia. Parece haver um efeito dependente do tempo em que é administrado o fármaco, sendo este mais eficaz quando administrado nas primeiras 3 horas, com reduzido efeito após este período. No entanto, o ácido tranexâmico parece não ter a mesma eficácia no contexto de hemorragia digestiva, o que parece estar indexado ao doente-tipo que apresenta diferenças significativas em relação aos restantes contextos em que o fármaco é utilizado. Quando comparados com os doentes com hemorragia por trauma, no pós-parto e lesões cerebrais traumáticas, os doentes com hemorragia digestiva são cerca de 24 anos mais velhos, são tratados cerca de 9 horas mais tarde desde o início da hemorragia, e têm mais comorbilidades. Além disso, estes pacientes padecem frequentemente de doença hepática crónica, apresentando perfis de coagulação alterados que interferem com a ação do fármaco. Conclusão: No contexto de hemorragia gastrointestinal aguda, o ácido tranexâmico parece não reduzir a mortalidade, questionando-se a sua segurança. Tal parece correlacionar-se com o doente-tipo, que difere quanto à idade média de apresentação, comorbilidades associadas e tempo de evolução da hemorragia até à abordagem médica. Em comparação com outras condições hemorrágicas, pacientes com hemorragia digestiva são comumente mais idosos, com comorbidades, e procuram tardiamente os serviços de saúde. Desconhece-se a eficácia e segurança do ácido tranexâmico em doentes com hemorragia digestiva com condições clinicopatológicas similares aos restantes contextos hemorrágicos.Introduction: Upper gastrointestinal bleeding has a mortality rate between 2 and 14%. Despite medical and surgical advances, mortality due to gastrointestinal hemorrhage has remained stable over the past 50 years. Tranexamic acid is an antifibrinolytic compound used in various contexts of acute hemorrhage, including trauma, surgery and postpartum, with recognized efficacy and safety. However, in the upper gastrointestinal bleeding context, the scientific evidence is not consensual and international guidelines contraindicate its use. Thus, it is essential to understand how patients with gastrointestinal bleeding differ from other bleeding contexts and to dissect the most current scientific evidence on the use of tranexamic acid in this context. Objectives: To compile and evaluate the scientific evidence on tranexamic acid in gastrointestinal bleeding, regarding safety and efficacy in reducing mortality, as well as to understand the differences between these patients and other acute bleeding contexts. Methodology: Analysis of research articles on the use of tranexamic acid in the context of gastrointestinal bleeding. The articles were selected from the PubMed/MEDLINE and Web of Science databases, using the following search strategy: ('tranexamic acid' OR 'fibrinolytic agent*') AND ('gastrointestinal bleeding' OR 'gastrointestinal hemorrhage' OR 'gastrointestinal haemorrhage' OR 'major hemorrhage' OR 'major haemorrhage'). In this analysis, articles in English, Portuguese, and Spanish, and dated between 2010 and 2023, were considered. Results: Tranexamic acid is an effective antifibrinolytic in reducing mortality due to hemorrhage. There seems to be a relation between the time of administration and the effect: when administered in the first 3 hours, tranexamic acid is much more effective than when administered after this period. However, this drug does not seem to have the same efficacy in the context of gastrointestinal bleeding, which seems to be indexed to a role patient who shows significant differences from the other settings in which the drug is used. When compared to patients with trauma, postpartum bleeding and traumatic brain injuries, patients with GI bleeding are about 24 years older, are treated about 9 hours later from the onset of bleeding and have more comorbidities. In addition, these patients often suffer from chronic liver disease, with altered coagulation profiles, that interfere with the action of the drug. Conclusion: In the context of acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage, tranexamic acid does not seem to reduce mortality, and its safety is questioned. This seems to correlate with the role patient, which differs from other bleeding cases in terms of mean age of presentation, associated comorbidities, and time from bleeding to medical approach. Compared to other bleeding conditions, patients with gastrointestinal bleeding are commonly older, have more comorbidities, and seek health services later. The efficacy and safety of TXA in patients with GI bleeding with clinical and pathological features similar to other bleeding settings are unknown

    12,257

    full texts

    14,416

    metadata records
    Updated in last 30 days.
    UBibliorum Digital Repository of the University of Beira Interior is based in Portugal
    Access Repository Dashboard
    Do you manage Open Research Online? Become a CORE Member to access insider analytics, issue reports and manage access to outputs from your repository in the CORE Repository Dashboard! 👇