Il principio di legalità riscritto alla luce della giurisprudenza delle Corti d'Europa: precisione della norma penale e prevedibilità della decisione giudiziale

Il tema classico della legalità viene oggi corredato dall’aggettivo “nuova”, che disegna una nuova legalità penale, sicché il monopolio attribuito al legislatore nella produzione del diritto penale rimane presupposto della concezione antica della legalità. Da questa idea – architrave dell’intero sistema penale – nasceva la c.d. idolatria del legislatore, un vero e proprio mito, quasi una mitologia. Questo modello alla base dell’immaginario ha, nel tempo, finito per creare un forte iato tra teoria e prassi, facendo emergere come la riserva assoluta di legge in materia penale fosse solo un’idea astratta ormai lontana dalla realtà. La legalità penale a carattere legislativo subisce, allora, una battuta d’arresto. L’effetto più immediato consiste nel fatto che la funzione di garanzia passa dal legislatore al giudice. L’indebolimento dell’edificio penalistico è segnato, inoltre, dalla stessa legislazione costituita da un profluvio di leggi, il cui linguaggio risulta sempre meno improntato a precisione, oltre che da un diritto penale utilizzato a strumento della politica. Questo paesaggio giuridico – costituito da una legislazione frammentaria, disorganica e pletorica – incide sul principio di legalità e questo, se da un lato, delegittima la figura del legislatore, dall’altro, accentua lo spazio di discrezionalità del giudice. Dal connubio tra la logica formale e quella sostanziale dei sistemi di common law discende il tema della prevedibilità delle decisioni, che si lega a doppio filo con l’affidamento circa le interpretazioni che la stessa giurisprudenza farà di un dato precetto

Combined assessment of fluvial-marine sediment transport to determine the impact of coastal risks.

The study of morphological changes of a river channel, linked to erosion-deposition processes, taking place in the riverbed, is a topic of current interest in relation not only to the morphometric variations of the fluvial features (e.g., active channel width, area of sediment bars) and the sedimentary balance of the whole relative hydrographic basin but also in relation to the role of the sediment load transferred downstream up to the near shore area (Figure 1). These sediments constitute the solid transport that is pushed towards the coast and poured into the sea, representing a crucial sedimentary contribution to the beaches volumetric balance. The quantitative estimate of the volume of this fluvial load is currently achievable through robust approaches such as the morphological method grounded in the continuity principle applied to river sediments. To define the transport rates at selected locations (e.g., the river mouth) over a given time period, the method requires to measure the erosion and sedimentation volumes, which can be calculated using repeated Digital Elevation Models (DEM)and deriving a DEM of Difference (DoD) (Vericat et al., 2017; Capito et al., 2023). The coastal sedimentary balance is function of both the sediment load provided by rivers and the quantity of sediment transported by the longshore currents that move parallel to the coastline. For this reason, it is crucial to assess the impact of coastal erosion considering both the sediment input from the hydrographic basins and the longshore transport. Up to now there are no techniques capable of providing continuous and spatially distributed measurement of this sediment transfer, a fact of considerable interest if we think of the anthropic structures present along the shores, and the coast erosional problems. This study aims to evaluate, at the regional scale, the possibility of borrowing some techniques that are often used in fluvial contexts (e.g., geomorphological approach), to estimate the quantity of sediment that nourishes the coast. This information is essential as a preliminary step for further studies on the sediment transport process, considering, for instance, different climatic scenarios. A measured volume of sediments deposited over a specific time interval can be used to calibrate a physically-based sediment erosion and transport model, such as SMART-SED described by Gatti et al., 2023. Following calibration, the model can be employed to predict future scenarios by considering climate projections. An important aspect will be to assess the transferability of such methodologies taking into consideration the technical limitations (e.g., greater difficulty in acquiring bathymetric data in the submerged environment) and the morphodynamic differences of the two contexts (e.g., partial lack of lateral confinement of flows in the marine environment). Once it is established that meaningful estimates can be obtained, using the two solid transport estimates volumes (river and marine) it could be possible to obtain the budget of sediments that could benefit the near shore. This estimation certainly has a margin of error linked to all the uncertainties processes both in the river and coastal contexts, but it reveals an evaluation of sedimentary tendency of a coastal area: retreat, advancement or stationary. Today the studies of coastal balances certainly not considered the presence of submarine morphologies that favorthe sediments deposition (e.g., submerged bars and terraces) or the sediments removal (e.g., submarine canyons that arise very close to the coast) from near shore environment, significantly influencing the trend of longshore currents. In Italy there are many regions in which submarine canyons are very close to the coasts; these structures can act as collectors of sediments which are swallowed up towards greater depths (Lo Presti et al., 2022). Therefore, the quantitative study of sediment volume available on a near shore environment, linked to the presence of submarine morphologies favorable or not to the removal or stasis of sediments and to the intrinsic characteristic of the beach (e.g., long exposed beach, gulf, pocket beach), it constitutes a means of defining the sediment load that moves along a near shore area and which could influence and define possible scenarios of anthropic damage, as ports and fluvial bridges siltation but above coastal erosion risks

Factors Influencing Generation Z Bachelor of Nursing Students’ Decision to Choose Nursing as a Career: A Pilot Study

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DIVENTARE PENSABILI? QUALI SPAZI E SGUARDI PER LE PERSONE LGBTAQI+. Un esercizio di sociologia pubblica

This essay aims to challenge the hetero-cis-normative gaze through which we take for granted public space regulation. Referring to what is thinkable and knowable as “unmarked” and “taken for granted” realities, the author focuses on LGBTQAI+ individuals as the “unthinkable” and the “unknowable” inhabitants of the public space. Hetero-cis-normativity has constructed a neutral, abstract and general public space to legitimate hegemonic representations, control and exclusion. Through a public sociology, people could understand what are the socio-political foundations needed to become “normal citizen” and try to change the hetero-cis-normative paradigm within social space and within the thinkable space of Academi

Interaktion und Digitalisierung im Fremdsprachenunterricht

The volume presents six papers from different foreign language online contexts applying conversation analysis

Coating of silk sutures by Halloysite/wax Pickering emulsions for controlled delivery of eosin

Pickering emulsions based on wax and halloysite clay nanotubes have been proposed for the coating treatment of silk sutures with the aim to increase their loading capacity towards eosin, which is an antimicrobial molecule. Moreover, the presence of halloysite/wax microspheres onto the surface of silk sutures has been explored for the controlled release of the hydrophobic drug in aqueous medium at pH = 5.2. In addition, we have studied the influence of the coating on the thermal and mechanical properties of the sutures. As concerns the thermal characteristics, we have performed thermogravimetric experiments to investigate the decomposition of the coated silk as well as their water content, while Differential Scanning Calorimetry has been carried out to study the melting process of wax. Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA) has been employed to determine both the tensile and viscoelastic properties of the sutures. In particular, the viscoelastic features have been investigated at variable temperatures (up to 250 °C) to determine the effects of the wax/Hal microparticles on the glass transition of silk fibroin. In conclusion, this paper demonstrates that the wax/halloysite Pickering emulsions can be successfully employed to generate hydrophobic microdomains onto the surface of silk sutures, which present enhanced flexibility and improved loading capacity towards eosin

EFFECTS OF ERICARIA BRACHYCARPA EXTRACT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF ARBACIA LIXULA SEA URCHIN EMBRYOS

Being macroalgae sessile organisms, they need to constantly adapt to either the abiotic and biotic components of the marine ecosystem and have developed complex adaptations to survive, including the production of bioactive molecules. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of an extract of the brown macroalga Ericaria brachycarpa on the development of Arbacia lixula sea urchin embryos, to evaluate the embryotoxic activity from fertilization (0 h) to the pluteus stage (72 h). The range of concentrations tested was chosen to cover a full 0-100 % abnormality curve, with doses ranging from 0 to 40 μg/mL. The extract was added at three developmental endpoints: zygote (0 hpf), gastrula (24 hpf) and pluteus (48 hpf), founding that gastrulae were the most sensitive to the extract with the lowest EC50 (5.366 μg/mL). In all treatments there was a dose-dependent effect. At low concentrations we found a significant variation in two morphometric parameters at the pluteus stage, compared to controls. The highest concentration tested (40 μg/ml) caused 100% mortality of the embryos at all embryo stages. Western Blot experiments showed the modulation of different molecular markers (HSP60, LC3, p62, CHOP and cleaved caspase-7), showing enhanced autophagy at low concentrations and apoptosis at high concentrations. The TUNEL assay confirmed high levels of fragmented DNA in 48 h exposed embryos. Further studies by means of HPLC/MS/QToF are in progress to identify which compound(s) of the E. brachycarpa extract are responsible for the embryotoxic activity

Akragantina hiera. Riflessioni a margine”, in “Ktiseis: Intrecci culturali tra Gela, Agrigento, Creta e Rodi

The aim of this paper is to discuss current opinions about ancestral cults and ethnicity, and to consider some aspects concerning the Archaic sanctuaries of Akragas. While the efforts of distinguishing Cretan or Rhodian cults and heritage as separate entities (referred to different groups/periods within the city) are to be dismissed, several traits of Acragantine sacra maintain indeed a link to the Rhodio-Cretan cultural heritage of the first settlers. However, the traditional cults – and other traits of different origin – were always reshaped and adapted to the new context. The sanctuaries were carefully located and distributed in the urban and peri-urban territory, responding to the religious ideas (among which, the ideas concerning natural elements and “chthonian” forces) and the ritual exigencies of the city, with a remarkable increase in monumentality from late 6th-early 5th century BC

The HyperPed-COVID international registry: Impact of age of onset, disease presentation and geographical distribution on the final outcome of MIS-C

Objectives: The aim of the study was to establish an international multicenter registry to collect data on patients with Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children (MIS-C), in order to highlight a relationship between clinical presentation, age of onset and geographical distribution on the clinical outcome. Study design: Multicenter retrospective study involving different international societies for rare immunological disorders.1009 patients diagnosed with MIS-C between March and September 2022, from 48 centers and 22 countries were collected. Five age groups (<1, 1-4, 5-11, 12-16, >16 years) and four geographic macro-areas, Western Europe, Central-Eastern Europe, Latin America, Asian-African resource-limited countries (LRC), were identified. Results: Time to referral was significantly higher in LRC. Intensive anti-inflammatory treatment, including biologics, respiratory support and mechanic ventilation were more frequently used in older children and in European countries. The mortality rate was higher in very young children (<1 year), in older patients (>16 years of age) and in LRC. Multivariate analysis identified the residence in LRC, presence of severe cardiac involvement, renal hypertension, lymphopenia and non-use of heparin prophylaxis, as the factors most strongly associated with unfavorable outcomes. Conclusions: The stratification of patients by age and geographic macro-area provided insights into the clinical presentation, treatment and outcome of MIS-C. The mortality and sequelae rates exhibited a correlation with the age and geographical areas. Patients admitted and treated in LRC displayed more severe outcomes, possibly due to delays in hospital admission and limited access to biologic drugs and to intensive care facilities

Design, Nature and Digital Technologies: Artificial Intelligence’s Ethic for Techno-Social Innovation and (Digital) Sustainability

Contemporary “digital” societies are going through a phase of chaotic growth that imposes the search for a new balance between nature, humanity and technology. Technicistichal dystopias—datacracy (De Kerckhove 2016a), surveillance capitalism (Zuboff 2019), prepotency of algorithms, deep fake, etc.—impose a rethinking of societies in the direction of a “digital humanism” (Nida-Rümelin and Weidenfeld 2019) based on the challenge related to the major transversal issues of the present-future such as sustainability, equity and inclusivity. In this dynamic, changing and generative scenario, to trigger new forms of transformation of the world, it becomes essential to transition from the project of “things” (analog) to the project of “relationships” (digital) (Floridi 2020a) and vice versa. New artifacts, products, environments and hybrid services allow to prefigure and elaborate unusual spaces of complex interaction typical of the Infosfera (Floridi 2017). New technical-productive, social-cultural, natural-artificial spaces, which are configured as a new, complex and challenging hybrid digital ecosystem (Iaconesi and Persico Iaconesi 2015, 2016, 2021a, b, c; Manzini 2021) in which design must act by innovating behaviors and languages. Starting from these considerations, the paper presents a theoretical reflection that intertwines key issues of contemporary debate on the ecological and digital transition, investigating, in particular, the complex relationships between artificial intelligence (but also algorithms, big data, IoT) and design culture/disciplines. The theoretical framework is followed by one significant project experience that highlight the correlation between technological social and cultural innovation guided by design and by a renewed ethical approach through which it is possible to conceive a new kind of artifacts/services that, through new rituals, practices and collective and connective actions, lead to new forms of expression and sensitivity (Iaconesi and Persico Iaconesi 2019, 2021b)