Perilaku Konsumtif Dalam Membeli Produk Fashion Pada Mahasiswa Putri Di Surakarta

Perilaku konsumtif adalah perilaku dalam membeli suatu barang yang berlebihan tanpa memikirikan terlebih dulu kebutuhan dan kegunaannya. Perilaku konsumtif merupakan perilaku individu dalam membeli barang yang mengutamakan keinginannya untuk membeli suatu barang. Munculnya perkembangan mode yang semakin pesat membuat seseorang tertarik untuk membeli produk-produk baru. Selain itu, harga terjangkau dengan kualitas yang sesuai membuat seseorang tertarik membeli produk tersebut. Aspek-aspek perilaku konsumtif yaitu aspek pembelian impulisif, aspek pembelian tidak rasional, dan aspek pembelian berlebihan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dinamika psikologis perilaku konsumtif dalam membeli produk fashion pada mahasiswa putri di Surakarta. Informan penelitian ini adalah Mahasiswa berjenis kelamin perempuan yang masih aktif dalam menempuh S-1. berumur 18-23 tahun, suka berbelanja. termasuk kategori perilaku konsumtif, dan tinggal di dormitory atau subjek pernah tinggal dikost ±3,5 tahun. Metode pengambilan subjek penelitian menggunakan purposive sampling, sedangkan pengambilan data menggunakan metode wawancara dan observasi. Hasil penelitian yang didapat, seluruh subjek menunjukkan perilaku konsumtif saat melihat produk fashion yang bagus didepan matanya. Perilaku konsumtif tersebut terjadi diawali oleh faktor yang mempengaruhi gaya belanja subjek yaitu faktor lingkungan, faktor internal, dan perkembangan mode. Subjek membeli bukan karena kebutuhan melainkan keinginannya, dan subjek cenderung sering melakukan pembelian secara tiba-tiba. Subjek tidak memikirkan apakah barang-barang dirumah atau dikost masih berfungsi, mudah tergiur atau tertarik denga produk fashion yang orang lain pakai, tidak dapat mengontrol diri, dan membeli karena ingin mengikuti trend. Subjek membeli produk bukan yang diutamakan. Perilaku yang tidak disadari itu membuat subjek cenderung menjadi konsumtif dalam berbelanja. Dampak atau akibat yang dirasakan subjek yaitu boros. Dikatakan boros karena subjek menghabiskan uang untuk membeli sesuatu yang bukan diprioritaskan

Načelo utvrđivanja rizika

The Precautionary Principle in its simplest form states: "When an activity raises threats of harm to human health or the environment, precautionary measures should be taken even if some cause-and-effect relationships are not fully established scientifically". This Principle is the basis for European environmental law, and plays an increasing role in developing environmental health policies as well. It also is used in environmental decision-making in Canada and in several European countries, especially in Denmark, Sweden, and Germany. The Precautionary Principle has been used in the environmental decision-making process and in regulating drugs and other consumer products in the United States. The Precautionary Principle enhances the collection of risk information for, among other items, high production volume chemicals and risk-based analyses in general. It does not eliminate the need for good science or for science-based risk assessments. Public participation is encouraged in both the review process and the decision-making process. The Precautionary Principle encourages, and in some cases may require, transparency of the risk assessment process on health risk of chemicals both for public health and the environment. A debate continues on whether the Principle should embrace the "polluter pays" directive and place the responsibility for providing risk assessment on industry. The best elements of a precautionary approach demand good science and challenge the scientific community to improve methods used for risk assessment.Načelo utvrđivanja rizika u svojem najjednostavnijem obliku glasi: "Kad radnja povećava opasnost za ljudsko zdravlje ili okoliš, trebale bi biti poduzete mjere opreza iako neke uzročno-posljedične veze nisu znanstveno utemeljene." To načelo je temelj za Europski zakon o okolišu i igra sve važniju ulogu u razvoju politike zaštite okoliša. Također se rabi u donošenju odluka vezanih za okoliš u Kanadi i nekoliko europskih zemalja, posebno Danskoj, Švedskoj i Njemačkoj. Načelo utvrđivanja rizika rabi se u postupku donošenja odluka vezanih za okoliš i u regulativi lijekova i ostalih proizvoda široke potrošnje u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama. Načelo utvrđivanja rizika upotpunjuje skup podataka o riziku, između ostalog od kemikalija koje se proizvode u velikim količinama i općenito analiza koje se temelje na procjeni rizika. Načelo ne isključuje potrebu za znanošću ili znanstveno temeljene procjene rizika. Javnost je potaknuta na sudjelovanje u procjenjivanju i donošenju odluka. Načelo utvrđivanja rizika potiče, a u nekim slučajevima i zahtijeva transparentnost postupka procjene rizika od kemikalija opasnih za okoliš i zdravlje ljudi. Nastavlja se rasprava treba li načelo obuhvatiti direktivu "polluter pays" i postaviti odgovornost za provedbu procjene rizika u industriji. Najbolji elementi mjera opreza zahtijevaju dobru znanost i potiču znanstvenu zajednicu da unapređuje metode za procjenu rizika

Analisis Penerapan Teknologi Informasi dan Keahlian Pemakai Pada Kualitas Sistem Informasi Akuntansi (Studi Kasus Pt Pos Indonesia Cabang Lubuk Pakam)

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menjawab pertanyaan tentang bagaimana hasil analisis penerapan teknologi informasi, keahlian pemakai dan untuk mengetahui apakah sistem informasi akuntansi sudah berkualitas di Pt Pos Indonesia cabang Lubuk Pakam. Penerapan teknologi dalam menjalankan kegiatan operasional di suatu perusahaan tentunya juga harus didukung dengan adanya sumber daya manusia atau karyawan yang berkualitas untuk mengendalikan sistem informasi akuntansi dan untuk mendukung tercapainya tujuan utama perusahaan. Sistem informasi akuntansi berperan dalam menghasilkan informasi yang bermanfaat dan berkualitas. Dikatakan Penyajian informasi akuntansi yang berkualitas haruslah tepat waktu, lengkap, relevan, handal dan dapat dibandingkan. Pt Pos Indonesia cabang Lubuk Pakam memiliki kendala dalam hal belum memenuhi standar kualitas sistem informasi akuntansi, dikarenakan beberapa faktor sumber daya manusia (keahlian Pemakai) karena terbatasnya kemampuan dalam pencatatan keuangan yang sesuai dengan standar kualitas sistem informasi akuntansi. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode analisis data berupa pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian studi kasus. Objek dalam penelitian ini adalah kepala dan karyawan yang berhubungan dengan laporan keuangan di Kantor Pt Pos Indonesia cabang Lubuk Pakam, Kabupaten Deli Serdang. Data yang dikumpulkan melalui observasi, wawancara dan dokumen- dokumen yang dibutuhkan berkaitan dengan penelitian skripsi. Berdasarkan analisis data, hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Pt Pos Indonesia cabang Lubuk Pakam telah menerapkan teknologi informasi namun dalam penerapan tersebut masih terdapat kendala seperti jaringan dan pengguna teknologi dalam menghasilkan sistem informasi akuntansi belum sepenuhnya menguasai tentang teknologi informasi dan sistem informasi akuntansi. Selain itu terdapat sistem yang digunakan masih ada beberapa sistem yang dilakukan secara manual

Istraživanje primjene metoda upravljanja financijskim rizicima u hrvatskim poduzećima - anketa na uzorku poduzeća

The aim of the research was to get information on usage of financial risk protection instruments in Croatian large and medium-sized companies, as well as to recognize existence of possible differences among characteristics of the companies that use and that do not use them. Survey research based on a telephone interview with financial or accounting managers from a stratified random sample of 101 Croatian companies in October and November 2004 was carried out. The stratification criterion was «number of employees». One stratum contained medium-sized companies that were defined as those with 51-250 employees, and the other one included companies with more than 250 employees. Approximately equal allocation with 50 large and 51 medium-sized enterprises from each of respective strata was applied. Methods of estimation used took into account the procedure of random sampling of units, so that margin of errors could be calculated. Considering normal approximation, in each strata the research result for the proportion, with 95% confidence level and coefficient of confidence z = 1.96, is within margin of error of maximum +/- 14,2%. The results of the survey research based on random sample of 101 Croatian companies shown that there is no statistically significant dependence between the firms’ size and usage of risk protection, so planned stratification was not stressed in further analysis. The research results were compared to the results of similar surveys from Europe and America. The common conclusions in all these studies were that financial managers are aware of the danger arisen from financial and other risks, but the financial policy in most cases is not precisely defined. Even if this policy is defined, it is formal and reactive, and very seldom proactive. Control functions and risk management seem to be quite centralized business functions in most of surveyed companies. There is a lack of systematic standardized «financial risk manager» function, and a well organized financial department seems to be an exception. According to the survey, financial risk protection instruments were used by two fifth of companies from the sample, and the same proportion of them wants to have additional education a about these instruments. Only one fifth of companies covered by the survey have got a kind of developed protection policy. The most often enterprises use financial risk protection services from banks, and in most cases they are satisfied or vary satisfied with these services. The surveyed enterprises worry the most about liquidity risks and currency risks, and interest rate risk is not the subject of such great concerns. This paper deals in details about various haracteristics (such as company size, activity, region, and size of market) of enterprises that are threatened to quite serious extent with various types of financial risks. Interviewees from 41 companies that use financial risk protection methods mentioned that the most often used protection instruments against liquidity risk were: cash flow investment analysis (70% out of 41), and analysis of assets, liabilities and sources (also 70%). Against currency risk surveyed companies most often use: currency futures (34%), selling prices policy (29%) and currency forward (27%). Against interest rate risk the most often applied protection instruments were: interest rate futures (12%) and interest rate management at the money market (10%). The reasons for not using the protection instruments are insufficient knowledge about them, prevailed perception that they are not efficient and that are too expensive. Contribution of this study comes out of the testing of hypothesis about dependence between characteristics of Croatian companies and the usage of financial risk protection instruments. The survey results show that the companies that are using these instruments are more often registered as share holding companies than as limited, they have significantly greater average yearly revenue, and their revenue is increasing more often according to previous year than in companies that are not using protection instruments. Also, companies using controlling approach tend to apply protection instruments in their business. Further, these companies very often use bank services to help them in protection. Last, but not the least, financial managers in companies with active financial protection policy have got higher education than in those companies that are not actively protecting themselves. Usage of financial risk protection instruments contributes the business success of a company. Only continuous and proactive informing about financial position of a company concerning its exposure to total risk may insure survival, keeping market position, and progress of a Croatian company in recognized turbulent environment of domestic transformations, market globalization, and the pressure for accepting rules of a game of international competitiveness. Finally, in the future the researchers and authors of the study paper plan to make a sample survey research based on deeper stratification of population of Croatian businesses, so to include three sizes of companies, concerning number of employees, and to include a kind of financial measure of company’s size, e.g. the factor of yearly revenue, as well, and than it would be possible to make more detailed analysis concerning different companies' features and usage of financial risk management instruments in Croatia.instrumenti upravljanja financijskim rizicima, anketno istraživanje, hi kvadrat-test neovisnosti; Levenov test jednakosti varijanci populacija, t-test razlike aritmetičkih sredina

PROCESNI MODEL LANCA RIZIKA: POVEZANOST PERCEPCIJE RIZIKA I NESREĆA NA RADU

The literature on risk perceptions and occupational accidents is replete with causal descriptions which only show the relationship between the two variables. However, there is a “black box” which needs to be illuminated as to the meditational process that links the two variables. To address this gap in the literature, this paper surveys both the theoretical (theories of risk perception) and empirical (related studies) literature and concludes by proposing a process model, so-named Risk Chain Process Model. The implications of this model for both research and practice are discussed.Literatura o percepciji rizika i nesrećama na radu obiluje opisima uzroka nesreća koji prikazuju samo odnos između tih dviju varijabli. Međutim, postoji tzv. ‘crna kutija’ koja bi trebala rasvijetliti misaoni proces, tj. misaonu vezu između dviju varijabli. Članak nastoji popuniti tu prazninu u istraživanjima pregledom teorijske (teorije percepcije rizika) i empirijske (povezane studije) literature, a u zaključku nudi jedan procesni model, nazvan procesni model lanca rizika. Navode se implikacije modela na istraživanje i praksu

The prevalence of cardiovascular disease risk factors in patients from Croatian Zagorje County treated at Department of Medicine, Zabok General Hospital from 2000 to 2006

The aim of the study was to assess the prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular disease in patients treated for coronary heart disease (CHD) at Department of Medicine, Zabok General Hospital during the 2000-2006 period. Cardiovascular diseases are a group of diseases that occur due to arterial. The risk factors that lead to the development and occurrence of cardiovascular disease are hypertension, cigarette smoking, hyperholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, diabetes mellitus and positive family history. Additional factors favoring the occurrence of cardiovascular disease include overweight, inadequate physical activity, and emotional stress. Data on all patients hospitalized and diagnosed with CHD at Department of Medicine, Zabok General Hospital during the 2000-2006 period were analyzed for the prevalence of risk factors for CHD, i.e. hypertension, cigarette smoking, hypercholesterolemia, hypertriglyceridemia, diabetes mellitus and positive family history of cardiovascular disease. Hypercholesterolemia was defined by a cholesterol level higher than 5.1 mmol/L, hypertension from history data and blood pressure measurement on admission greater than 140/90 mmHg, diabetes mellitus from history data, and hypertriglyceridemia by a triglyceride level greater than 1.7 mmol/L. Information on heredity and cigarette smoking was collected from history and a questionnaire filled out on admission. All laboratory values were determined on patient admission to the hospital. Analysis of the risk factors for CHD recorded in patients from Zagorje County during the 2000-2006 period revealed hypertension to be the most common risk factor in our patients. According to sex, CHD was found to show a male preponderance. According to age at admission, CHD predominated in the > 70 age group, which accounted for one third of all patients, followed by a comparable proportion of the 50-60 and 60-70 age groups, i.e. still active population groups. As CHD is one of the leading health threats worldwide, estimated to remain so at least by 2020, it is fully justified to invest all efforts in the study of cardiovascular disease. New research projects should be focused on the prevention and early detection of the disease, improvement of diagnosis procedures, introduction of novel therapeutic options, use of new concepts, and due survey of the measures taken. CHD poses great socioeconomic burden upon every community in industrialized societies because of the ever younger age at onset. Actions should be taken to improve awareness of the CHD risks and morbidity in the population at large, stimulating favorable lifestyle and dietary modifications, and one's own health awareness, in order to upgrade the control of risk factors for and morbidity of cardiovascular disease

Ocjena rizika nije upravljanje rizikom

Osnovni problem poslovnog rizika se najčešće sužava na ocjenu rizika. U gorem slučaju na pokušaj mjerenja rizika. Smatramo da je mjerenje nemoguće, a ocjena je jednostavna, što i ilustriramo jednim primjerom poslovne banke. U tom primjeru, pomoću DoctuS sistema baziranog na znanju, koristimo 600 logičkih pravila za ocjenu rizika davanja kredita. Rješenje upravljanja rizikom nije u izboru kriterija i njihovom mjerenju, već u "ako...onda" logičkim pravilima. To je jednostavno i korisno rješenje, no u radu ipak diskutiramo doprinos ocjene upravljanju. The fundamental problem of business risk is usually reduced to risk evaluation; in a worst case to an attempt to measuring risk. We consider that measurement is impossible and evaluation is simple. To illustrate this, we present a case of business banking; in this case we use 600 logical rules to evaluate the loan risk regarding particular applicants. The solution of risk management is not in the criteria selection and their measurement but in the 'if... then' logical rules. This is a simple and very useful solution but in paper we discuss the contribution of risk evaluation to risk management

Ergonomic risk assessment of maintenance job in a gas power station

Studija procjenjuje čimbenike ergonomskih rizika na poslovima održavanja plinske elektrane kapaciteta 8.4 MW (1.4 MW x 6 jedinica) u kojoj na održavanju radi 12 osoba. Čimbenici ergonomskih rizika mogu se podijeliti na one povezane sa zadatkom, te osobne i okolišne. Potencijalna ozbiljnost svih utvrđenih čimbenika rizika i vjerojatnost da se ostvare prikazana je na ljestvici 1-5. Indeks rizika izračunat je kao umnožak vjerojatnosti pojave rizika i potencijalne ozbiljnosti svih parametara rizika. Relativne težine parametara čimbenika rizika utvrđene su dijeljenjem svakog indeksa kumulativnog rizika s ukupnim indeksom kumulativnog rizika. Relativne težine čimbenika ergonomskih rizika utvrđene su dijeljenjem indeksa kumulativnih rizika svakog čimbenika s ukupnim indeksima kumulativnog rizika. Ukupan indeks rizika za svaki čimbenik izračunat je zbrajanjem umnoška relativnih težina i indeksa rizika parametara koji čine taj čimbenik. Indeks opasnosti na radu (WSI) utvrđen je zbrajanjem umnoška relativnih težina i indeksa rizika čimbenika ergonomskih čimbenika. Vrijednosti rizika kategorizirane su u tri razreda: nizak, srednji i visok rizik. Koristeći osobne i okolišne čimbenike, prosječne vrijednosti rizika iznosile su 3.03 ± 0.42 i 3.00 ± 0.00 iz čega proizlazi da je posao niskog rizika. Vrijednost indeksa opasnosti na radu (WSI) iznosila je 5.03 ± 1.62 što je pokazatelj da posao održavanja na način kako se obavlja u promatranoj elektrani predstavlja nizak rizik.This study conducted ergonomic risk factors assessment of maintenance job in a gas generating power station with a capacity of 8.4 MW (1.4 MW x 6 units) and 12 maintenance staff. The ergonomic risk factors present in the maintenance job were identified as task, personal and environmental. The potential severity of all the recognized risk factors and probability of occurrence were assessed on a scale of 1 to 5. The risk index was determined as the product of probability of occurrence and potential severity of all the risk parameters. The relative weights of the parameters of the risk factors were determined by dividing each cumulative risk index by the total cumulative risk index. The relative weights of the ergonomic risk factors were determined by dividing the cumulative risk index for each factor by the total of the cumulative risk indexes. The total risk index for each factor was calculated by summing up the product of the relative weights and the risk indexes of the parameters that make up the factor. The Work Severity Index (WSI) was determined by summing up the product of the relative weights and the risk indexes of the ergonomic risk factors. The risk values were categorized into three classes of low, medium and high risk. Using the personal and environmental factors, the average risk values were 3.03 ± 0.42 and 3.00 ± 0.00 respectively signifying that the job was a low risk one. The value of the average Work Severity Index was 5.03 ± 1. 62 which showed that the maintenance job as it was practised in the power station under study was of low risk

Procena rizika od elementarnih nepogoda i drugih nesreća u Republici Srbiji - metodološki osvrt

One of the most serious challenges of modern society is the lack of awareness of the presence of various dangers and possibilities of influencing them. Each community takes various measures and activities to assess the degree of their vulnerability tending to a state free from danger. As the most complex part, risk assessment requires a systematic approach to identifying and analyzing hazards based on the application of appropriate criteria for calculating the level of risk presented in this paper. Each risk assessment methodology must be adapted to the context of risk assessment. For this reason, the methodology for risk assessment of natural and other disasters is an attempt to establish basic requirements and criteria for risk assessment in the field of emergency management. Due to the complexity and unpredictability of natural and technological hazards that threaten people, material resources and the environment, risk assessment methodology includes risk mapping and assessment of combinations of risks - multi-risk, as well as a cross-border dimension of risk.Jedan od najozbiljnijih izazova savremenog društva jeste nedostatak svesti o prisustvu različitih opasnosti i mogućnostima uticaja na njih. U težnji ka stanju oslobođenom opasnosti svaka društvena zajednica preduzima razne mere i aktivnosti da proceni stepen svoje ugroženosti. Kao najsloženiji deo procene ugroženosti, procena rizika zahteva sistematičan pristup u identifikovanju i analizi opasnosti, zasnovan na primeni odgovarajućih kriterijuma za izračunavanje nivoa rizika prikazanih u ovom radu. Svaka metodologija za procenu rizika mora se prilagoditi kontekstu procene rizika. Iz tog razloga, metodologija za procenu rizika od elementarnih nepogoda i drugih nesreća predstavlja pokušaj da se uspostave osnovni zahtevi i kriterijumi za procenu rizika u sferi upravljanja u vanrednim situacijama. Zbog kompleksnosti i nepredvidivosti prirodnih i tehničko-tehnoloških opasnosti koje ugrožavaju ljude, materijalna dobra i životnu sredinu, metodologijom procene rizika je obuhvaćena i izrada mapa rizika, procena kombinacija rizika - multirizika, kao i prekogranična dimenzija rizika