The association of different levels of knowledge with the oral health status and oral hygiene habits among dental medicine students: a cross-sectional study

Aim: To investigate whether different levels of knowledge about oral diseases are associated with oral health status, oral hygiene habits, and overall quality of life related to oral health by comparing the first- and the fifth-year dental students at the University of Split. Methods: All students underwent dental examination which included an evaluation of periodontal and dental hard tissues. Periodontal indices included plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BoP), pocket probing depth (PPD), and clinical attachment level (CAL). We estimated hard tooth tissues using the decayed, missing, filled permanent teeth (DMFT) index. We also collected basic medical history data and oral hygiene habits, as well as oral health-related quality of life data through the Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP-14) questionnaire. Results: Fifty-seven dental medicine students participated in this study. The median number of teeth in both groups of students was 28 (interquartile range (IQR)=24-32 for he first-year students; IQR=25-32 for the fifth-year students). All first-year students were diagnosed with healthy periodontium, while two fifth-year students had periodontitis and six had gingivitis. The fifth-year students used interdental brushes, mouth rinses and went for professional teeth cleaning more frequently. Logistic regression analysis showed that the fifth-year students had higher PI (odds ratio (OR)=1.157, 95% confidence interval (CI)=1.025-1.306, P=0.018) and BoP (OR=1.466, 95% CI=1.116-1.925, P=0.006). They also used mouth rinses more often (OR=7.102, 95% CI=1.215-41.524, P=0.030). We found no statistically significant differences in quality of life between the first- and the fifth-year students. Conclusion: Higher educational level could be associated with better oral hygiene habits, although it did not result in better oral health status among dental students

Utjecaj visine vjeđnog rasporka u primarnom položaju pogleda na stabilnost suznog filma

This study aimed to investigate the effect of palpebral fissure height in primary gaze position in healthy individuals on tear film stability. In this cross-sectional study, 120 subjects (60 male and female each) were enrolled and divided according to age into two groups, i.e., group 1 (aged 18-50 years) and group 2 (aged 51 and older). Palpebral fissure height on both eyes was measured in primary gaze position with a clear plastic ruler held in a central vertical position between the upper and lower lid margin, and the standard tear break-up time (TBUT) test was performed to evaluate tear film stability. Palpebral fissure height was significantly higher in younger than older subjects in all measurements on both eyes (p<0.001), and TBUT was shorter in older than in younger subjects. In all subjects included in the study, palpebral fissure height was not related to TBUT (p=0.589). However, analyzing the two age groups separately, a significant negative correlation was found between the palpebral fissure height and TBUT in both groups of younger (p<0.001) and older (p=0.009) subjects. In conclusion, an enlarged exposed ocular surface due to higher palpebral fissure height in healthy individual’s primary gaze position negatively affects tear film stability expressed by TBUT.Cilj ovog istraživanja bio je ispitati utjecaj visine vjeđnog rasporka u primarnom položaju pogleda kod zdravih osoba na stabilnost suznog filma. U ovo presječno istraživanje bilo je uključeno 120 ispitanika (60 muškaraca i 60 žena) i prema životnoj dobi podijeljeno u dvije ispitivane skupine: 1. skupina (u dobi od 18-50 godina) i 2. skupina (u dobi od 51 i više godina). Visina vjeđnog rasporka na oba oka mjerena je u primarnom položaju pogleda prozirnim plastičnim ravnalom koje se držalo u središnjoj okomitoj liniji između ruba gornje i ruba donje vjeđe, a standardni test pucanja suznog filma (tear break-up time, TBUT) primijenjen je za procjenu stabilnosti suznog filma. Visina vjeđnog rasporka bila je u svim mjerenjima na oba oka značajno veća u mlađih nego u starijih ispitanika (p<0,001), a TBUT je bio kraći u starijih nego u mlađih ispitanika. U svih ispitanika uključenih u istraživanje visina vjeđnog rasporka nije bila povezana s TBUT-om (p=0,589). No, analizirajući dvije dobne skupine odvojeno utvrđena je značajna negativna povezanost između visine vjeđnog rasporka i TBUT-a u obje skupine, u mlađih (p<0,001) i starijih (p=0,009) ispitanika. U zaključku, povećana izložena očna površina zbog veće visine vjeđnog rasporka u primarnom položaju pogleda u zdravih osoba negativno utječe na stabilnost suznog filma izraženu TBUT-om

Maternal immune system adaptation to pregnancy - a potential influence on the course of diabetic retinopathy

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Progression of diabetic retinopathy occurs at least temporarily during pregnancy. Although the cause of this progression is not entirely understood, the immune phenomenon and chronic inflammation may play a significant role. During pregnancy in order to avoid fetus rejection, certain components of the immune system that are knowingly implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy are activated including generalized leukocyte activation and an increase in certain cytokine plasma levels. Activated leukocytes with up regulated adhesion molecules have an increased potential to bind to the endothelium cells of blood vessels. Leukocyte-endothelial interaction and the consequent leukostasis with capillary occlusion, ischemia and vascular leakage have a substantial role in the development of diabetic retinopathy. Furthermore, certain increased cytokines are known to cause blood-retinal-barrier breakdown whilst others promote angiogenic and fibrovascular proliferation and thereby can also be implicated in the pathogenesis of this diabetic complication.</p> <p>Presentation of the hypothesis</p> <p>We hypothesized that the activation of the immune system during gestation may have an influence on the course of retinopathy in pregnant diabetic women.</p> <p>Testing the hypothesis</p> <p>We suggest two prospective follow up studies conducted on women with type 1 diabetes mellitus. The first study would include a group of non-pregnant women and a group of diabetic women undergoing normal pregnancy matched for age and duration of diabetes. In the second study pregnant women would be divided into two groups: one with normal pregnancy and the other with preeclampsia. The procedure and data collection in both studies will be identical: a complete ophthalmological examination, glycaemic control, blood pressure measurement and venous blood samples for the determination of plasma levels of cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1beta, IL-6, IL-8) and adhesion molecules (ICAM-1, VCAM-1).</p> <p>Implications of the hypothesis</p> <p>Considering the present assumption, the gestational immune activation could be suggested as a potential risk factor for the development and progression of retinopathy in diabetic women. A better understanding of immunomodulatory effects of pregnancy on diabetic retinopathy pave the way for further investigations of the mechanism of its pathogenesis and could be essential for novel approaches to the treatment of this serious sight threatening complication of diabetes mellitus.</p

CHARACTERIZATION OF IONS IN BIO-ETHANOL USED FOR BIO-FUEL BLENDING

The development and widespread use of bio-fuels require the development of appropriate analytical procedures and methods to monitor their composition and properties either as single raw material or as parts of mixed commercial product. Bio-ethanol is ethanol produced from biomass or biodegradable waste and used as a blending component in commercial gasoline fuel. Bio-ethanol can be contaminated with chloride and sulfate ions which can cause various unwanted side effects like corrosion and forming deposits. European norm, EN 15376 defines the maximum permitted level of ions present and by that maximum chloride and sulfate content should not exceed 6.0 mg·kg-1 and 4.0 mg·kg-1, respectively. In this paper, the applicability of the ion chromatography method for chloride and sulfate determination in bio-ethanol with satisfactory precision, simple sample preparation and short analysis time is shown

Kaizen implementation context and performance

Unapređenje kvaliteta podrazumeva primenu alata, tehnika, metodologija i aplikacija kvaliteta. Njihovom pravilnom upotrebom moguće je postići željeni nivo kvaliteta, a zatim ga stalno poboljšavati. Primena Kaizena može biti od posebne važnosti. Ovaj rad obuhvata istraživanje koje je sprovedeno u lancu snabdevanja velike multinacionalne kompanije (uzorak od 200 kompanija) i analizira primenu Kaizena i kontekstualnih i performansnih promenljivih korišćenjem korelacione analize. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da primena Kaizena u kompaniji pozitivno utiče na pokazatelje performansi, posebno u oblasti kvaliteta. Takođe, primena Kaizena je pozitivno korelirana sa promenljivim kao što su organizacioni ciljevi, nivo formalizacije, sistem nagrađivanja, upravljanje konfliktima i napredak i razvoj zaposlenih.Quality improvement implies the application of quality tools, techniques, methodologies and applications. Through their proper use, the desired level of quality can be achieved and then continuously improved. Kaizen implementation could be of particular significance. This paper covers a survey done at a large multinational company supply chain (sample size 200 companies) and analyses the application of Kaizen and contextual and performance variables using correlation analyses. Survey results showed that the implementation of Kaizen in the company increases performance indicators, especially in the area of quality. Also, Kaizen application is positively correlated to variables such as organizational goals and objectives, the level of formalization, reward system, conflict management and progress and development of employees

TRUDNOĆA – NEISKORIŠTENE PRILIKE ZA PREVENCIJU I INTERVENCIJU U PATRONAŽNOJ SLUŽBI

Attachment is a term used to describe a deep and lasting emotional relationship with another individual. It primarily designates emotion between a mother and her baby, but it is also inherent to life-long human behavior. It is characterized by a tendency to seek and maintain closeness with caring people in stressful situations. The feeling of safety that is generated through the mother-child relationship is the foundation for basic trust or distrust in relationships, and also affects children’s expectations concerning how the environment will respond to their needs. Development of attachment is to a large extent determined by the mother’s responsiveness to the child’s needs, compatibility of the mother and her child, the child’s temperament, the mother’s recollections of her childhood, and the supporting community. Good functioning of families is of great importance to all family members, especially pregnant women. The health care system supports pregnant women through the visiting nurse service that is in charge of preventive measures. Of all health professionals, the community health nurse is the only one who, visiting the home and family environment of a pregnant woman, has complete insight into the possible occurrence of risk factors for the development of maternal and child disorders. With this intervention, we can act preventively in order to preserve physical, mental and social well-being. The aim of this study was to determine discrepancy in the number of anticipated and performed preventive nursing visits to pregnant women in Croatia. The situation was analyzed at county (regional) and national level. The authors used the information on the health care of pregnant women, puerperal women and infants up to 12 months of age published in the Croatian Health Statistics Yearbooks and in reports on the natural change in the population by the Croatian Bureau of Statistics between 1995 and 2018. Study results showed the rate of nursing visits to pregnant women and to infants up to 12 months of age, as well as the difference in the number of nursing visits in the Republic of Croatia over a period of 23 years. During the observed period, there was a signifi cant drop in the total number of childbirths, as well as in the number of nursing visits to pregnant women, and the trend has continued. During the observed period, a mean of 42.1% of women went through their pregnancy without a single nursing visit, which means that an opportunity to provide such a vulnerable group with an important segment of social and professional support was lost. The potential opened by drop in the number of pregnant women to increase the scope of nursing visits to at least once per pregnancy, after the 16th week of pregnancy, remained unused. The number of visits to newborns and women in the puerperal period was on the rise, while visits to infants were oscillating with a slight downward trend. In conclusion, the opportunity created by drop in the number of pregnancies was not utilized to improve the scope of community nurse visits to at least once in pregnancy after week 16. Community health nursing for pregnant women failed to reach the desired health care standard.Privrženošću opisujemo duboku i trajnu emocionalnu vezu s drugom osobom. Privrženošću se primarno opisuje emocionalna veza između dojenčeta i majke, iako je privrženost svojstvena cjeloživotnom ljudskom ponašanju. Obilježava ju tendencija traženja i održavanja bliskosti privrženim ljudima za vrijeme stresnih situacija. Osjećaj sigurnosti nastao iz odnosa majke i djeteta stvara osnovno povjerenje ili nepovjerenje u odnosima te određuje vjerovanje djeteta o tome kako će okolina reagirati na njegove potrebe. U razvoju privrženosti važnu ulogu ima osjetljivost majke za potrebe djeteta, usklađenost majke i djeteta, temperament djeteta, majčina sjećanja iz njezina djetinjstva kao i podržavajuća okolina. Zdravo obiteljsko funkcioniranje vrlo je važno svim članovima obitelji, osobito trudnicama. Zdravstveni sustav trudnicama pruža potporu kroz sustav preventivnih posjeta patronažne službe. Od svih zdravstvenih djelatnika patronažna sestra je jedina koja ulaskom u dom i obiteljsku sredinu trudnice ima cjelokupan uvid u moguću pojavu rizičnih čimbenika za razvoj poremećaja povezanosti majke i djeteta. Ovom intervencijom možemo preventivno djelovati u cilju očuvanja fi zičkog, psihičkog i socijalnog blagostanja. Cilj je bio utvrditi razlike u broju predviđenih i ostvarenih preventivnih posjeta patronažne sestre trudnicama u Hrvatskoj. Analiza je napravljena po županijama Republike Hrvatske i na razini cijele Hrvatske. Korišteni su podatci o zdravstvenoj zaštiti trudnica, babinjača i djece do godinu dana života objavljeni u hrvatskim zdravstveno-statističkim ljetopisima i izvješću o prirodnom kretanju stanovništva Državnog zavoda za statistiku u razdoblju od 1995. do 2018. godine. Prikazan je broj posjeta patronažne sestre trudnicama i djeci do godine dana života te razlika broja posjeta u Republici Hrvatskoj u razdoblju od 23 godine. Očevidan je značajan pad broja živorođenih, ali isto tako i pad broja posjeta trudnicama, a tendencija pada se nastavlja. U promatranom razdoblju prosječan broj trudnica (nakon 16. tjedna trudnoće) bez ijednog patronažnog posjeta je 42,5 %, a posljednjih godina taj postotak raste. Tako se propušta prilika da se toj osjetljivoj skupini pruži makar taj segment socijalne i stručne potpore i pomoći. Nije iskorišten prostor nastao smanjenjem broja trudnica za povećanje obuhvata posjetom patronažne sestre makar jednom u trudnoći. Broj posjeta babinjačama i novorođenčadi raste, dok broj posjeta trudnicama pada, pa je 2018. godine bez ijednog patronažnog posjeta bilo 62,1 % trudnica u Hrvatskoj. Zaključuje se kako nije iskorišten prostor nastao smanjenjem broja trudnica za povećanje obuhvata posjetom patronažne sestre makar jednom u trudnoći, a nakon 16. tjedna trudnoće. Patronažna zaštita trudnica nije dostigla predviđeni standard zdravstvene zaštite

TRUDNOĆA – NEISKORIŠTENE PRILIKE ZA PREVENCIJU I INTERVENCIJU U PATRONAŽNOJ SLUŽBI

Attachment is a term used to describe a deep and lasting emotional relationship with another individual. It primarily designates emotion between a mother and her baby, but it is also inherent to life-long human behavior. It is characterized by a tendency to seek and maintain closeness with caring people in stressful situations. The feeling of safety that is generated through the mother-child relationship is the foundation for basic trust or distrust in relationships, and also affects children’s expectations concerning how the environment will respond to their needs. Development of attachment is to a large extent determined by the mother’s responsiveness to the child’s needs, compatibility of the mother and her child, the child’s temperament, the mother’s recollections of her childhood, and the supporting community. Good functioning of families is of great importance to all family members, especially pregnant women. The health care system supports pregnant women through the visiting nurse service that is in charge of preventive measures. Of all health professionals, the community health nurse is the only one who, visiting the home and family environment of a pregnant woman, has complete insight into the possible occurrence of risk factors for the development of maternal and child disorders. With this intervention, we can act preventively in order to preserve physical, mental and social well-being. The aim of this study was to determine discrepancy in the number of anticipated and performed preventive nursing visits to pregnant women in Croatia. The situation was analyzed at county (regional) and national level. The authors used the information on the health care of pregnant women, puerperal women and infants up to 12 months of age published in the Croatian Health Statistics Yearbooks and in reports on the natural change in the population by the Croatian Bureau of Statistics between 1995 and 2018. Study results showed the rate of nursing visits to pregnant women and to infants up to 12 months of age, as well as the difference in the number of nursing visits in the Republic of Croatia over a period of 23 years. During the observed period, there was a signifi cant drop in the total number of childbirths, as well as in the number of nursing visits to pregnant women, and the trend has continued. During the observed period, a mean of 42.1% of women went through their pregnancy without a single nursing visit, which means that an opportunity to provide such a vulnerable group with an important segment of social and professional support was lost. The potential opened by drop in the number of pregnant women to increase the scope of nursing visits to at least once per pregnancy, after the 16th week of pregnancy, remained unused. The number of visits to newborns and women in the puerperal period was on the rise, while visits to infants were oscillating with a slight downward trend. In conclusion, the opportunity created by drop in the number of pregnancies was not utilized to improve the scope of community nurse visits to at least once in pregnancy after week 16. Community health nursing for pregnant women failed to reach the desired health care standard.Privrženošću opisujemo duboku i trajnu emocionalnu vezu s drugom osobom. Privrženošću se primarno opisuje emocionalna veza između dojenčeta i majke, iako je privrženost svojstvena cjeloživotnom ljudskom ponašanju. Obilježava ju tendencija traženja i održavanja bliskosti privrženim ljudima za vrijeme stresnih situacija. Osjećaj sigurnosti nastao iz odnosa majke i djeteta stvara osnovno povjerenje ili nepovjerenje u odnosima te određuje vjerovanje djeteta o tome kako će okolina reagirati na njegove potrebe. U razvoju privrženosti važnu ulogu ima osjetljivost majke za potrebe djeteta, usklađenost majke i djeteta, temperament djeteta, majčina sjećanja iz njezina djetinjstva kao i podržavajuća okolina. Zdravo obiteljsko funkcioniranje vrlo je važno svim članovima obitelji, osobito trudnicama. Zdravstveni sustav trudnicama pruža potporu kroz sustav preventivnih posjeta patronažne službe. Od svih zdravstvenih djelatnika patronažna sestra je jedina koja ulaskom u dom i obiteljsku sredinu trudnice ima cjelokupan uvid u moguću pojavu rizičnih čimbenika za razvoj poremećaja povezanosti majke i djeteta. Ovom intervencijom možemo preventivno djelovati u cilju očuvanja fi zičkog, psihičkog i socijalnog blagostanja. Cilj je bio utvrditi razlike u broju predviđenih i ostvarenih preventivnih posjeta patronažne sestre trudnicama u Hrvatskoj. Analiza je napravljena po županijama Republike Hrvatske i na razini cijele Hrvatske. Korišteni su podatci o zdravstvenoj zaštiti trudnica, babinjača i djece do godinu dana života objavljeni u hrvatskim zdravstveno-statističkim ljetopisima i izvješću o prirodnom kretanju stanovništva Državnog zavoda za statistiku u razdoblju od 1995. do 2018. godine. Prikazan je broj posjeta patronažne sestre trudnicama i djeci do godine dana života te razlika broja posjeta u Republici Hrvatskoj u razdoblju od 23 godine. Očevidan je značajan pad broja živorođenih, ali isto tako i pad broja posjeta trudnicama, a tendencija pada se nastavlja. U promatranom razdoblju prosječan broj trudnica (nakon 16. tjedna trudnoće) bez ijednog patronažnog posjeta je 42,5 %, a posljednjih godina taj postotak raste. Tako se propušta prilika da se toj osjetljivoj skupini pruži makar taj segment socijalne i stručne potpore i pomoći. Nije iskorišten prostor nastao smanjenjem broja trudnica za povećanje obuhvata posjetom patronažne sestre makar jednom u trudnoći. Broj posjeta babinjačama i novorođenčadi raste, dok broj posjeta trudnicama pada, pa je 2018. godine bez ijednog patronažnog posjeta bilo 62,1 % trudnica u Hrvatskoj. Zaključuje se kako nije iskorišten prostor nastao smanjenjem broja trudnica za povećanje obuhvata posjetom patronažne sestre makar jednom u trudnoći, a nakon 16. tjedna trudnoće. Patronažna zaštita trudnica nije dostigla predviđeni standard zdravstvene zaštite

THE IMPORTANCE OF DETERMINING THE VITAMIN D3 CONCENTRATION IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 1 DIABETES

Introduction: Many epidemiological studies have shown a connection between vitamin D deficiency and increased incidence of type 1 diabetes. Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the impact of vitamin D levels in children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes, taking into account the following parameters: gender, place of residence, positive/negative family history, comorbidities. Respondents and methods: The research was conducted through a retrospective analysis of the medical records of the Children\u27s Disease Clinic of the University Clinical Hospital Mostar. The research included a sample of 30 children diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, treated at the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Clinic for Children\u27s Diseases, University Clinical Hospital Mostar. Results: The research consisted of 30 participants treated at the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Clinic fo Children\u27s Disease. The sample consists of 40% (n=12) male respondents and 60% (n=18) female respondents. Slightly more than half of the respondnents, 53.3% (n=16) lived in the city, while the remaining 46.7% (n=14) lived in the countryside. Statistical analysis of the patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes, showed that there were significantly more patients (70%) with positive family history of diabetes mellitus than those with negative. In this study, 26.7% (n=8) patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes had comorbidities, compared to 73.3% patients without comorbidities (n=22). Patients living in rural areas had significantly higher values of vitamin D3 concentration compared do those who lived in urban areas. Conclusion: 83.3% of subjects with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes have a reduced level of vitamin D at the time of diagnosis. Numerous studies have shown a link between vitamin D deficiency and an increased risk of developing diabetes. Due to all of the above, supplementation and control of vitamin D is recommended, especially in children who have a risk in the form of positive family history and comorbidities such as Hashimoto\u27s thyroiditis, and celiac disease from an early age for the purpose of prevention

Kaizen implementation context and performance

Unapređenje kvaliteta podrazumeva primenu alata, tehnika, metodologija i aplikacija kvaliteta. Njihovom pravilnom upotrebom moguće je postići željeni nivo kvaliteta, a zatim ga stalno poboljšavati. Primena Kaizena može biti od posebne važnosti. Ovaj rad obuhvata istraživanje koje je sprovedeno u lancu snabdevanja velike multinacionalne kompanije (uzorak od 200 kompanija) i analizira primenu Kaizena i kontekstualnih i performansnih promenljivih korišćenjem korelacione analize. Rezultati istraživanja su pokazali da primena Kaizena u kompaniji pozitivno utiče na pokazatelje performansi, posebno u oblasti kvaliteta. Takođe, primena Kaizena je pozitivno korelirana sa promenljivim kao što su organizacioni ciljevi, nivo formalizacije, sistem nagrađivanja, upravljanje konfliktima i napredak i razvoj zaposlenih.Quality improvement implies the application of quality tools, techniques, methodologies and applications. Through their proper use, the desired level of quality can be achieved and then continuously improved. Kaizen implementation could be of particular significance. This paper covers a survey done at a large multinational company supply chain (sample size 200 companies) and analyses the application of Kaizen and contextual and performance variables using correlation analyses. Survey results showed that the implementation of Kaizen in the company increases performance indicators, especially in the area of quality. Also, Kaizen application is positively correlated to variables such as organizational goals and objectives, the level of formalization, reward system, conflict management and progress and development of employees

THE IMPORTANCE OF DETERMINING THE VITAMIN D3 CONCENTRATION IN PATIENTS WITH TYPE 1 DIABETES

Introduction: Many epidemiological studies have shown a connection between vitamin D deficiency and increased incidence of type 1 diabetes. Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the impact of vitamin D levels in children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes, taking into account the following parameters: gender, place of residence, positive/negative family history, comorbidities. Respondents and methods: The research was conducted through a retrospective analysis of the medical records of the Children\u27s Disease Clinic of the University Clinical Hospital Mostar. The research included a sample of 30 children diagnosed with type 1 diabetes, treated at the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Clinic for Children\u27s Diseases, University Clinical Hospital Mostar. Results: The research consisted of 30 participants treated at the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Clinic fo Children\u27s Disease. The sample consists of 40% (n=12) male respondents and 60% (n=18) female respondents. Slightly more than half of the respondnents, 53.3% (n=16) lived in the city, while the remaining 46.7% (n=14) lived in the countryside. Statistical analysis of the patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes, showed that there were significantly more patients (70%) with positive family history of diabetes mellitus than those with negative. In this study, 26.7% (n=8) patients with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes had comorbidities, compared to 73.3% patients without comorbidities (n=22). Patients living in rural areas had significantly higher values of vitamin D3 concentration compared do those who lived in urban areas. Conclusion: 83.3% of subjects with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes have a reduced level of vitamin D at the time of diagnosis. Numerous studies have shown a link between vitamin D deficiency and an increased risk of developing diabetes. Due to all of the above, supplementation and control of vitamin D is recommended, especially in children who have a risk in the form of positive family history and comorbidities such as Hashimoto\u27s thyroiditis, and celiac disease from an early age for the purpose of prevention