An educational proposal to face the challenges of the european higher education area: international service learning experience in medicine and education of the University of Malaga, Spain

Higher Education need to be paced to world and society evolution and to technology and scientific advances. Specifically in Europe, in the last years, we had to adapt the curricula to the European Higher Education Area (EHEA). We have reached a high level of scientific and technycal competences but we detect, some lacks of time and tools to developed all the transversal competences and skills of the professionals profile that are demand by the present society in which exists glaring gaps and inequities, in particular in health, that need a responsable answer/action. Actually a “redesign of professional health education is necessary and timely, in view of the opportunities for mutual learning and joint solutions offered by global interdependence due to acceleration of flows of knowledge, techologies, and financing across borders and the migration of both professionals and patients” (Frenk et al 2010, Lancet). In the educational panorama, it has been possible to expand the training of future teachers in one year, the reduction of the number of students for groups to provide a more individualized teaching and the slight increase of the time of practicum. It is required to implemented an sostainable innovation in medical education to evolve a high quality medicine in all the areas and competences needed. Likewise, it seems necessary that student-teachers known spaces that are not properly school-based and have experiences in contexts of either informal education or with marginal groups outside of the standardized schooling. International Service Learning (ISL) has provided health professional students and tearches-students the opportunity to provide healthcare and education under the direction of trained faculty, to underserved populations in developing countries (Seifer SD et al1998. Acad Med). Objective: To verify the usefulness of SL experience as an educational methodology in higher education in order to support or not the modification of the current contents of the medical and education curricula and design new subjects based on SL in Malaga University. Methods We designed a cooperation project with The NGO’s ACOES-Honduras and Fe y Alegría-Perú to develop a training experience for students of Medicine and Education. This study is based on the qualitative analysis of the final reports of 16 participants, in which they described their personal and professional experiences. To verify the academic results, the competences of the curriculum have been checked in the sections of the practicum in Education, or the specific ones for Pharmacology in Medicine. In this summary appeared some of them as an example. There are no specifications of names or places of any of the countries or names or references of adults or children. Results In Education six competences (between sixteen) have been pointed out that are enhanced by the context variables in both the organizational and the cultural aspects. In one hand, school functioning may be very similar throughout the world, but the connections between family and the education centre, relationships with students, the influence of the family and the family home, etc., are very different between the experience of the Students with an European lifestyle linked to the "welfare state", consumption, street safety, etc., and rural life and the economic and cultural situation of destinations. Related to the analysis of the medical curricula, it was focused on 27 transversal and 19 specific competences that covered areas of practice and others related to Pharmacology. In the case of transversal competences, around 70% were covered in the activities carried out. Specific competences were covered up to 75%. Volunteer narratives provided an image of the experience that shows the effectiveness of this type of program, both in increasing sensitivity and attention to diversity and in the implementation of "theoretical" training, and the original response to unforeseen situations. Conclusions SL was found to be an effective method to acquire personal and professional competences and skills in the area of pharmacology demand by our present society. Hence we will suggest this methodology in the design of a new subject: “Pharmacotherapeutics in disadvantaged environments”. Most, if not all, of the general views on experience valued those working months with people and marginal contexts very positively. Personal and professional learning is valued as meaningful and profound, affecting the way of understanding the world and its profession: As I tell all my relatives, friends and colleagues "This experience can not be tell you can only live it." (Student)Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Amino Acid Degradations Produced by Lipid Oxidation Products

Differently to amino acid degradations produced by carbohydrate-derived reactive carbonyls, amino acid degradations produced by lipid oxidation products are lesser known in spite of being lipid oxidation a major source of reactive carbonyls in food. This article analyzes the conversion of amino acids into Strecker aldehydes, α-keto acids, and amines produced by lipid-derived free radicals and carbonyl compounds, as well as the role of lipid oxidation products on the reactions suffered by these compounds: the formation of Strecker aldehydes and other aldehydes from α-keto acids; the formation of Strecker aldehydes and olefins from amines; the formation of shorter aldehydes from Strecker aldehydes; and the addition reactions suffered by the olefins produced from the amines. The relationships among all these reactions and the effect of reaction conditions on them are discussed. This knowledge should contribute to better control food processing in order to favor the formation of desirable beneficial compounds and to inhibit the production of compounds with deleterious properties.This study was supported in part by the European Union (FEDER funds) and the Plan Nacional de I + D of the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad of Spain (projects AGL2009-07638 and AGL2012-35627).Peer Reviewe

The triple defensive barrier of phenolic compounds against the lipid oxidation-induced damage in food products

Background: Although prooxidant activities have also been described, phenolic compounds can act as chelating and free radical scavengers. These protective functions would be their first and second defense barriers against the lipid-induced damage in foods. In addition, recent studies have shown that they can act as lipid-derived carbonyl scavengers, therefore avoiding that these toxic and very reactive compounds can modify essential food components such as aminophospholipids, amino acids, and proteins. These results point out to phenolic compounds also as responsible for a third defense barrier against the lipid oxidation-induced damage in foods. Scope and approach: This review collects the scattered information existing on the role of phenolic compounds as lipid-derived carbonyl scavengers and introduces a general lipid oxidation scheme in which the triple function of phenolic compounds can be clearly understood by pointing out where they are acting as a function of their structure. Key findings and conclusions: The structural requirements for the three barriers are different and phenolic compounds are suggested to be classified into seven groups as a function of the number and kind(s) of function(s) exhibited. This better classification and understanding of how different phenolic compounds protect foods will help to the food industry to employ the most appropriate phenolic compounds in each formulation and will also contribute to better understand the biological functions of these compounds.We are indebted to José L. Navarro for technical assistance. This study was supported in part by the European Union (FEDER funds) and the Plan Nacional de I + D of the Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad of Spain (projects AGL2012-35627 and AGL2015-68186-R)Peer Reviewe

Plasmids in the aphid endosymbiont Buchnera aphidicola with the smallest genomes. A puzzling evolutionary story.

Buchnera aphidicola, the primary endosymbiont of aphids, has undergone important genomic and biochemical changes as an adaptation to intracellular life. The most important structural changes include a drastic genome reduction and the amplification of genes encoding key enzymes for the biosynthesis of amino acids by their translocation to plasmids. Molecular characterization through different aphid subfamilies has revealed that the genes involved in leucine and tryptophan biosynthesis show a variable fate, since they can be located on plasmids or on the chromosome in different lineages. This versatility contrasts with the genomic stasis found in three distantly related B. aphidicola strains already sequenced. We present the analysis of three B. aphidicola strains (BTg, BCt and BCc) belonging to aphids from different tribes of the subfamily Lachninae, that was estimated to harbour the bacteria with the smallest genomes. The presence of both leucine and tryptophan plasmids in BTg, a chimerical leucine-tryptophan plasmid in BCt, and only a leucine plasmid in BCc, indicates the existence of many recombination events in a recA minus bacterium. In addition, these B. aphidicola plasmids are the simplest described in this species, indicating that plasmids are also involved in the genome shrinkage process

Trace-metaldynamics in response of increase CO₂ and iron availability in a coastal mesocosm experiment

A mesocosm experiment was performed in the Raunefjord (Norway) to study changes in dissolved Cu (dCu) and Fe (dFe), and in the elemental composition of particles during an Emiliania huxleyi dominated bloom. The CO2 treatments consisted of present (LC; 390 ppmV) and predicted levels (HC; 900 ppmV) and iron conditions were created with the addition of the siderophore desferoxamine B (DFB). Our results showed the DFB addition enhanced the solubility of Fe in this fjord environment. Initially, dFe was comparable among treatments but after the addition, the HC and/or +DFB treatments presented higher levels and finally, the only ones maintaining high dFe were the +DFB treatments. Unlike dCu presented indistinguishable levels in all mesocosms over time. Particulate metals were normalised to P and Al to evaluate the relative influence of biotic and abiotic sources. The Fe:P ratios decreased with time and compared to published phytoplankton ratios suggest Fe storage. On the other hand, Fe:Al ratios were relatively closer to the crustal ratios suggesting that the abiotic source was more important for this metal. Trends for other metals will be discussed.Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech

Conflict: a study about school life in Primary education

Este trabajo pretende describir los problemas de conflictividad en centros de Educación Primaria a partir de la valoración del alumnado y analizar si existen diferencias entre niños y niñas. Han participado 1265 estudiantes (edad M= 11.11; DT= 0.75), muestra representativa de la población andaluza en España. La metodología utilizada ha sido analítica, a través de encuestas y un diseño transversal. Se han analizado cinco dimensiones negativas de la Escala de Convivencia Escolar (ECE): victimización, disruptividad, agresión, indisciplina y desidia docente. Los resultados señalan a la disruptividad como una de las principales fuentes de conflictividad y la existencia de diferencias en la Valoración de las dificultades analizadas entre chicos y chicas, siendo los chicos los que puntúan más alto en general, aunque no en todas las dimensiones. En la discusión y las conclusiones se aborda el impacto de las dificultades analizadas así como las diferencias entre ellos y ellas. Finaliza con una serie de Implicaciones educativas en torno a propuestas de actuación en función de las dificultades detectadas.This work pretends to describe the conflictive problems in the Primary Education Centers, starting with the valorization of the students and establishing whether there are differences between boys and girls. The participants are 1265 students (age M=11.11; DT=0.75), this sample is representative of the Andalusian population in Spain. The methodology employed has been analytical, by means of surveys and transversal design. Five negative dimensions of the Scale of School Behavior (SSB): victimization, disruption, aggression, indiscipline, teacher indolence were analyzed. The results show that disruption is one of the main sources of conflict and the existence of differences in the valorization of the difficulties between boys and girls analyzed, being the boys the ones that score higher in general although not in all the dimensions. In the discussion and conclusions the impact of the difficulties analyzed as well as the differences between boys and girls are dealt with. It ends up with a series of educational implications around the acting proposals in connections with the difficulties detected

New records of Orchids from Morocco

The exploration of the Rif Valley (Morocco) during 2010 revealed the presence of some new taxa and records from Morocco. The new taxa are: Orchis langei subsp. magrebensis and Ophrys neglecta var. riphaea. Ophrys neglecta var. neglecta and Ophrys numida have been detected for the first time in Morocco

Las nuevas tecnologías como recursos de apoyo para el aprendizaje de las personas con necesidades educativas especiales

En la presente comunicación hemos pretendido dar a conocer cómo las nuevas tecnologías cada vez más pueden facilitar el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de los sujetos con necesidades educativas especiales, así como su posible integración en el mundo laboral. Debido a las limitaciones de espacio sólo hemos mostrado algunos de los posibles recursos tecnológicos como posibles dispositivos flexibles aplicables a un colectivo especialmente marginado; concretamente los sujetos con deficiencias motóricas.In the present communication we have sought to give to know how the new technologies more and more they can facilitate the process of teaching-learning of those subject with special educational necessities, as well as their possible integration in the labor world. Due to the space limitations we have only shown some of the possible technological resources as possible applicable flexible devices to a specially excluded community; concretely those subject with deficiencies motóricas

Gregarismo de la Perdiz Roja (Alectoris rufa) en Doñana

La Perdiz Roja en Doñana se organiza en parejas durante la segunda mitad del invierno y casi toda la primavera; a continuación, y aproximadamente por un mes, se observan bandos con pollos y durante casi todo el verano, otoño y primera mitad del invierno se agrupa en bandos sin pollos. La representación adulta en los bandos con pollos y el tamaño medio de los bandos sin pollos presentan valores con escasa variación. La intensa sequía del invierno de 1980-81 tuvo al parecer gran influencia, retrasando y reduciendo la época de emparejamiento. Los pollos van acompañados de uno a siete adultos, variando durante el verano la contribución de estos dos estratos de la población. La variación en el tamaño de los grupos sin pollos se ve principalmente afectada por el emparejamiento de los animales; la disminución en el número de pollos, según avanza la crianza.Peer reviewe