La stabilité des formes fluviales de l’Orange, entre variabilité naturelle et impacts des grands barrages (secteur Boegoeberg-Augrabies, Afrique du Sud)

Le fleuve Orange (Afrique du Sud) est l’un des systèmes fluviaux les plus aménagés au monde : les barrages hydroélectriques ont modifié le volume d’écoulement du fleuve et son débit solide a diminué depuis les années 1930. Plus encore, dans son cours moyen inférieur (secteur d’Upington), le fleuve a été contraint entre des digues de 5 à 10 m de hauteur, des chenaux secondaires ont été remplis pour permettre le développement agricole et plus de 10 déversoirs de bas niveau ont été construits à travers le chenal. Dans des conditions similaires, des changements géomorphologiques visibles et rapides (incision du chenal, alluvionnement, etc.) ont été enregistrés dans divers systèmes fluviaux en région semi-aride. Pourtant, l’étude de cartes anciennes (des années 1920) et de photographies aériennes (à partir de 1937) montre une stabilité remarquable des formes fluviales, et ce, même à petite échelle : des bancs sableux et des seuils rocheux sont facilement reconnaissables dans le chenal principal. L’objectif de cet article est d’explorer les différentes hypothèses expliquant cette stabilité, en utilisant le concept de discontinuité et la théorie de la catastrophe, et de confronter les résultats avec les travaux récents sur le fleuve Orange. Notre recherche est basée sur le calcul des puissances spécifiques des crues vicennales, la reconnaissance de terrain (entre 2000 et 2003) et le prélèvement de sédiments, en utilisant la méthode de la courbe de Passega. Nous avons également effectué des comparaisons entre les photographies aériennes et les cartes anciennes et les photographies aériennes les plus récentes à l’aide des outils SIG (MapInfo). À micro-échelle, la progression et la destruction des roseaux (Phragmites australis et Arundo donax) a été utilisée comme indicateur des changements géomorphologiques du chenal. Les résultats montrent que les concepts de stabilité et d’équilibre, et les changements géomorphologiques fluviaux sont plus complexes qu’une simple comparaison statique.The Orange River (South Africa) is one of the most manipulated water system in the world : power dams have modified the flow volume of the river, and the sediment load has been decreasing since the 1930s. Moreover, in the lower middle reaches of the river (Upington region), the river has been constrained between 5 to 10 m high levees, secondary channels have been filled for agricultural development, and more than 10 low level weirs have been built across the channel. In comparable conditions, visible and rapid geomorphological changes (channel incision, aggradation, etc.) have been monitored in various water systems in semi-arid regions. Yet, the comparison between old maps (from the 1920s) and aerial photographs (from 1937 onwards) shows a remarkable stability of fluvial patterns, even at a small scale : sandy banks and rocky outcrops are easily recognizable in the main channel. The aim of this paper is to explore several hypotheses about this stability, using the Serial Discontinuity Concept and the Catastrophe Theory, and confronting the results with recent works on the Orange River. Our research is based on unit stream power calculation for 20-year return floods, field recognition (from 2000 to 2003) and sediment sampling, sorted using the Passega curve methodology. We also made comparisons between old maps and aerial photographs and the most recent aerial photographs using GIS tools (MapInfo). At the micro-scale level, the progression and the destruction of reeds (Phragmites australis and Arundo donax) has been used as an indicator of geomorphological changes in the river channel. The results show that the notion of stability and equilibrium, and fluvial morphological changes are much more complex that the one given by a simple static comparison

Revised postglacial sea-level rise and meltwater pulses from Barbados

Reconstructions of postglacial sea-level rise have provided key insight into the rapid disintegration of ice-sheets and the discharge of large meltwater pulses during the last deglaciation. The most complete reconstruction is from Barbados where thick, backstepping sequences of the reef-crest coral Acropora palmata have been recovered in cores from the insular shelf and slope off the Island’s south coast. Differences in the depth, timing, and magnitude of meltwater pulses between the Barbados reconstruction and other reefal records, however, has led to significant uncertainty in their origin, and the consequent timing of ice-sheet collapse. Here we re-analyse the published sedimentary, stratigraphic, and chronological data from Barbados, and find evidence for ex-situ data which indicates that reefal sequences contain coral clasts generated during hurricanes. By adjusting for biases caused by these ex-situ data, we provide a revised sea-level reconstruction which shows that MWP-1b was an 8–11 m rise from –53 m in ~250 years starting at 11.3 ka, which is 5 m smaller, and 150 years younger than previous estimates. It also shows that the onset of MWP-1a cannot be determined at Barbados because the downslope core sequences are not reef-crest deposits due to their association with deeper coral assemblages and lack of depositional relief. The end of this meltwater pulse can however be determined from the upslope reef, and occurred at a similar time and depth to that documented from Tahiti

Controls on Coral-Ground Development along the Northern Mesoamerican Reef Tract

Coral-grounds are reef communities that colonize rocky substratum but do not form framework or three-dimensional reef structures. To investigate why, we used video transects and underwater photography to determine the composition, structure and status of a coral-ground community located on the edge of a rocky terrace in front of a tourist park, Xcaret, in the northern Mesoamerican Reef tract, Mexico. The community has a relatively low coral, gorgonian and sponge cover (<10%) and high algal cover (>40%). We recorded 23 species of Scleractinia, 14 species of Gorgonacea and 30 species of Porifera. The coral community is diverse but lacks large coral colonies, being dominated instead by small, sediment-tolerant, and brooding species. In these small colonies, the abundance of potentially lethal interactions and partial mortality is high but decreases when colonies are larger than 40 cm. Such characteristics are consistent with an environment control whereby storm waves periodically remove larger colonies and elevate sediment flux. The community only survives these storm conditions due to its slope-break location, which ensures lack of burial and continued local recruitment. A comparison with similar coral-ground communities in adjacent areas suggests that the narrow width of the rock terrace hinders sediment stabilization, thereby ensuring that communities cannot escape bottom effects and develop into three-dimensional reef structures on geological time scales

Postglacial fringing-reef to barrier-reef conversion on Tahiti links Darwin's reef types.

In 1842 Charles Darwin claimed that vertical growth on a subsiding foundation caused fringing reefs to transform into barrier reefs then atolls. Yet historically no transition between reef types has been discovered and they are widely considered to develop independently from antecedent foundations during glacio-eustatic sea-level rise. Here we reconstruct reef development from cores recovered by IODP Expedition 310 to Tahiti, and show that a fringing reef retreated upslope during postglacial sea-level rise and transformed into a barrier reef when it encountered a Pleistocene reef-flat platform. The reef became stranded on the platform edge, creating a lagoon that isolated it from coastal sediment and facilitated a switch to a faster-growing coral assemblage dominated by acroporids. The switch increased the reef's accretion rate, allowing it to keep pace with rising sea level, and transform into a barrier reef. This retreat mechanism not only links Darwin's reef types, but explains the re-occupation of reefs during Pleistocene glacio-eustacy

Corals record persistent multidecadal SST variability in the Atlantic Warm Pool since 1775 AD

Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Paleoceanography 27 (2012): PA3231, doi:10.1029/2012PA002313.Accurate low-latitude sea surface temperature (SST) records that predate the instrumental era are needed to put recent warming in the context of natural climate variability and to evaluate the persistence of lower frequency climate variability prior to the instrumental era and the possible influence of anthropogenic climate change on this variability. Here we present a 235-year-long SST reconstruction based on annual growth rates (linear extension) of three colonies of the Atlantic coral Siderastrea siderea sampled at two sites on the northeastern Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico, located within the Atlantic Warm Pool (AWP). AWP SSTs vary in concert the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), a basin-wide, quasiperiodic (∼60–80 years) oscillation of North Atlantic SSTs. We demonstrate that the annual linear growth rates of all three coral colonies are significantly inversely correlated with SST. We calibrate annual linear growth rates to SST between 1900 and 1960 AD. The linear correlation coefficient over the calibration period is r = −0.77 and −0.66 over the instrumental record (1860–2008 AD). We apply our calibration to annual linear growth rates to extend the SST record to 1775 AD and show that multidecadal SST variability has been a persistent feature of the AWP, and likely, of the North Atlantic over this time period. Our results imply that tropical Atlantic SSTs remained within 1°C of modern values during the past 225 years, consistent with a previous reconstruction based on coral growth rates and with most estimates based on the Mg/Ca of planktonic foraminifera from marine sediments.Funding was provided by a scholarship to L.F.V.B. from ‘Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología’ (CONACyT-Mexico), by CONACyT projects 104358 and 23749 to P.B., and by NSF OCE-0926986 to A.L.C. and D.W.O.2013-03-2

Sensitivity of Calcification to Thermal Stress Varies among Genera of Massive Reef-Building Corals

Reductions in calcification in reef-building corals occur when thermal conditions are suboptimal, but it is unclear how they vary between genera in response to the same thermal stress event. Using densitometry techniques, we investigate reductions in the calcification rate of massive Porites spp. from the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), and P. astreoides, Montastraea faveolata, and M. franksi from the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef (MBR), and correlate them to thermal stress associated with ocean warming. Results show that Porites spp. are more sensitive to increasing temperature than Montastraea, with calcification rates decreasing by 0.40 g cm−2 year−1 in Porites spp. and 0.12 g cm−2 year−1 in Montastraea spp. for each 1°C increase. Under similar warming trends, the predicted calcification rates at 2100 are close to zero in Porites spp. and reduced by 40% in Montastraea spp. However, these predictions do not account for ocean acidification. Although yearly mean aragonite saturation (Ωar) at MBR sites has recently decreased, only P. astreoides at Chinchorro showed a reduction in calcification. In corals at the other sites calcification did not change, indicating there was no widespread effect of Ωar changes on coral calcification rate in the MBR. Even in the absence of ocean acidification, differential reductions in calcification between Porites spp. and Montastraea spp. associated with warming might be expected to have significant ecological repercussions. For instance, Porites spp. invest increased calcification in extension, and under warming scenarios it may reduce their ability to compete for space. As a consequence, shifts in taxonomic composition would be expected in Indo-Pacific reefs with uncertain repercussions for biodiversity. By contrast, Montastraea spp. use their increased calcification resources to construct denser skeletons. Reductions in calcification would therefore make them more susceptible to both physical and biological breakdown, seriously affecting ecosystem function in Atlantic reefs

African Linguistics in Central and Eastern Europe, and in the Nordic Countries

Non peer reviewe

Language endangerment and language documentation in Africa

Non peer reviewe

Loss of coral reef growth capacity to track future increases in sea level

Water-depths above coral reefs is predicted to increase due to global sea-level rise (SLR). As ecological degradation inhibits the vertical accretion of coral reefs, it is likely that coastal wave exposure will increase but there currently exists a lack of data in projections concerning local rates of reef growth and local SLR. In this study we have aggregated ecological data of more than 200 tropical western Atlantic and Indian Ocean reefs and calculated their vertical growth which we have then compared with recent and projected rates of SLR across different Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios. While many reefs currently show vertical growth that would be sufficient to keep-up with recent historic SLR, future projections under scenario RCP4.5 reveal that without substantial ecological recovery many reefs will not have the capacity to track SLR. Under RCP8.5, we predict that mean water depth will increase by over half a metre by 2100 across the majority of reefs. We found that coral cover strongly predicted whether a reef could track SLR, but that the majority of reefs had coral cover significantly lower than that required to prevent reef submergence. To limit reef submergence, and thus the impacts of waves and storms on adjacent coasts, climate mitigation and local impacts that reduce coral cover (e.g., local pollution and physical damage through development land reclamation) will be necessary