A TRAJETÓRIA DO JORNALISMO E DOS JORNALISTAS AMBIENTAIS NO BRASIL: O NÚCLEO DE ECOJORNALISTAS DO RS

O texto tem o objetivo de constituir-se como um levantamento da trajetória do Jornalismo Ambiental no Brasil, que foi marcada fortemente pela criação e consolidação do Núcleo de Ecojornalistas do Rio Grande do Sul (NEJ-RS), fundado em 22 de junho de 1990. O NEJ-RS foi criado para incentivar e aperfeiçoar a cobertura jornalística na questão ambiental e passou a reunir, ao longo dos anos, jornalistas que fizeram do Jornalismo Ambiental a sua missão de vida e profissional. Este caminho percorrido por eles se constitui na história do Jornalismo Ambiental que recuperamos por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica, documental, de relatos e entrevistas.   PALAVRAS-CHAVE: História do Jornalismo. Jornalismo Ambiental. Jornalistas Ambientais. Núcleo de Ecojornalistas do RS.           ABSTRACT The text aims to establish itself as a survey of the Environmental Journalism course in Brazil, which was strongly marked by the creation and consolidation of the Center of Eco-Journalist from Rio Grande do Sul (NEJ-RS), founded in June 22, 1990. The NEJ-RS was created to encourage and enhance media coverage on environmental and began to gather over the years, journalists have made the Environmental Journalism his life mission and professional. This path taken by them constitutes the history of Environmental Journalism which recovered by means of literature, documents, reports and interviews.   KEYWORDS: History of journalism. Environmental journalism. Environmental Journalists. Núcleo de Ecojornalistas do RS.     RESUMEN El texto pretende constituirse como un estudio de la trayectoria del periodismo ambiental en Brasil, marcado fuertemente por la creación y consolidación del núcleo de eco-periodistas de Rio Grande del Sur (NEJ-RS), fundado el 22 de junio de 1990. El NEJ-RS fue creado para estimular y refinar la cobertura periodística en el tema medioambiental y comenzó a reunir, a través de los años, a periodistas que hicieron del periodismo ambiental su misión de vida y profesional. Este camino recorrido por ellos se constituye en la historia del periodismo ambiental que recuperamos a través de la investigación bibliográfica, documental, reportajes y entrevistas..   PALABRAS CLAVE: Historia del periodismo. Periodismo ambiental. Periodistas ambientales. Núcleo de Ecojornalistas do RS

Mortality and pulmonary complications in patients undergoing surgery with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection: an international cohort study

Background: The impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on postoperative recovery needs to be understood to inform clinical decision making during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. This study reports 30-day mortality and pulmonary complication rates in patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods: This international, multicentre, cohort study at 235 hospitals in 24 countries included all patients undergoing surgery who had SARS-CoV-2 infection confirmed within 7 days before or 30 days after surgery. The primary outcome measure was 30-day postoperative mortality and was assessed in all enrolled patients. The main secondary outcome measure was pulmonary complications, defined as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, or unexpected postoperative ventilation. Findings: This analysis includes 1128 patients who had surgery between Jan 1 and March 31, 2020, of whom 835 (74·0%) had emergency surgery and 280 (24·8%) had elective surgery. SARS-CoV-2 infection was confirmed preoperatively in 294 (26·1%) patients. 30-day mortality was 23·8% (268 of 1128). Pulmonary complications occurred in 577 (51·2%) of 1128 patients; 30-day mortality in these patients was 38·0% (219 of 577), accounting for 81·7% (219 of 268) of all deaths. In adjusted analyses, 30-day mortality was associated with male sex (odds ratio 1·75 [95% CI 1·28–2·40], p\textless0·0001), age 70 years or older versus younger than 70 years (2·30 [1·65–3·22], p\textless0·0001), American Society of Anesthesiologists grades 3–5 versus grades 1–2 (2·35 [1·57–3·53], p\textless0·0001), malignant versus benign or obstetric diagnosis (1·55 [1·01–2·39], p=0·046), emergency versus elective surgery (1·67 [1·06–2·63], p=0·026), and major versus minor surgery (1·52 [1·01–2·31], p=0·047). Interpretation: Postoperative pulmonary complications occur in half of patients with perioperative SARS-CoV-2 infection and are associated with high mortality. Thresholds for surgery during the COVID-19 pandemic should be higher than during normal practice, particularly in men aged 70 years and older. Consideration should be given for postponing non-urgent procedures and promoting non-operative treatment to delay or avoid the need for surgery. Funding: National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland, Bowel and Cancer Research, Bowel Disease Research Foundation, Association of Upper Gastrointestinal Surgeons, British Association of Surgical Oncology, British Gynaecological Cancer Society, European Society of Coloproctology, NIHR Academy, Sarcoma UK, Vascular Society for Great Britain and Ireland, and Yorkshire Cancer Research

Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

A cobertura de um desastre ambiental : construção da informação no jornal Zero Hora sobre os deslizamentos de terra da serra carioca em janeiro de 2011

Analisa como aconteceu a cobertura dos deslizamentos de terra que ocorreram na serra do Rio de Janeiro em janeiro de 2011 no jornal Zero Hora. O estudo se dedica às reportagens publicadas no veículo entre os dias 13 de janeiro e 19 de janeiro de 2011. Reflete sobre como a mídia convencional aborda um grande desastre climático. Emprega o embasamento teórico do jornalismo ambiental, a partir da perspectiva sistêmica e o uso da pluralidade de fontes. Utiliza a metodologia da análise de conteúdo, com a categorização dos núcleos de sentido dos parágrafos das matérias, em sete categorias: tragédia; contextualização; fenômeno climático; prevenção estatal; prevenção privada; solidariedade da sociedade civil; e, assistência estatal. Também são analisadas as fontes utilizadas para narrar o acontecimento em quatro categorias: vitimas da tragédia; governo; especialistas; e, sociedade civil. Conclui que a cobertura do fato é fragmentada e superficial, com o enfoque principal nas informações da tragédia em si, como o sofrimento das vítimas e quantificação de mortes.This monograph analyzes how the newspaper Zero Hora did the coverage of landslides that occurred in Rio de Janeiro‟s mountainous region in January 2011. The study is devoted to reports published on the newspaper between 13 January and 19 January 2011. It reflects on how the mainstream media covers a great climate disaster. It uses the theoretical framework of environmental journalism, with the systems perspective and the use of a plurality of sources. It uses the methodology of content analysis, with the categorization of the core meaning of the paragraphs of the material in seven categories: tragedy, contextualization, weather phenomenon, preventing state, private prevention, solidarity of civil society and state assistance. It also analyzes the sources used to narrate the event in four categories: victims of the tragedy, government, experts, and civil society. It concludes that the coverage of the event is fragmented and superficial, with its main focus on the tragedy itself, such as the suffering of victims and quantification of deaths

Discursos sobre pagamento por serviços ambientais nos jornais de referência do Brasil

O objetivo principal deste trabalho é compreender a construção dos discursos jornalísticos sobre pagamento por serviços ambientais (PSA), nos jornais Folha de S. Paulo, O Estado de S. Paulo e O Globo. Para isso, utilizamos o referencial teórico-metodológico da Análise do Discurso de matriz francesa, além de acionarmos reflexões sobre a crise ambiental que vivenciamos e sobre o Jornalismo Ambiental, como prática profissional engajada na militância pela vida. Nosso recorte do objeto empírico compreendeu todas as notícias e reportagens desses periódicos, com aparições dos termos serviço(s) ambiental(is) e serviço(s) ecossistêmicos(s), desde a primeira menção (no jornal Folha de S. Paulo, em 1997, em O Estado de S. Paulo, 2001, e em O Globo, 2002) até a última do ano de 2013. Com isso, chegamos a 159 textos e 361 sequências discursivas para análise. Os gestos de leitura que foram realizados, a partir do corpus discursivo, permitiram perceber que esse discurso mostra incerteza frente ao caminho a seguir para resolução da crise ambiental e planetária. Além disso, foram percebidos sentidos que evidenciam uma visão rasa da natureza, ao enquadrá-la como capital natural e um ativo da economia. Destacou-se assim um discurso predominantemente regido por uma Formação Ideológica Capitalista, a qual se desdobrou em três Formações Discursivas identificadas: Formação Discursiva (FD) da Percepção da Crise Planetária no Capitalismo; FD do Capitalismo Verde; e FD do Capitalismo Marrom. Concluímos que, para superação dos problemas socioambientais globais, ainda temos o desafio, como humanidade, de transformarmos as bases mecanicistas e cartesianas do pensamento, para uma visão de mundo sistêmica e complexa, que abranja uma ética solidária e cooperativa.The main objective of this research is to understand the framing of journalistic discourse on payment for environmental services (PES) in the Brazilian reference newspapers: Folha de S. Paulo, O Estado de S. Paulo and O Globo. For this purpose, we use the theoretical and methodological framework of the French Discourse Analysis, and we activate reflections on the current environmental crisis and the Environmental Journalism, as a profession engaged in militancy in favor of life. Our empirical object is all the news and feature stories from these newspapers, with occurrences of the terms environmental(s) service(s) and ecosystem(s) service(s), from its first mention (Folha de S. Paulo in 1997, O Estado de S. Paulo in 2001, and O Globo in 2002) to the last of the year 2013. That brings us to 159 texts and 361 discursive sequences for analysis. The reading gestures that we made from the discursive corpus allowed us to realize that this discourse shows uncertainty facing the way to resolve the environmental and planetary crisis. In addition, we perceived meanings that show a superficial view of nature, because the discourse frame it as a natural capital and as an economic asset. This discourse is predominantly governed by an Ideological Formation that we called Capitalist, which was divided into three Discursive Formations: Discursive Formation of Perception of Planetary Crisis in Capitalism; Discursive Formation of Green Capitalism; and Discursive Formation of Brown Capitalism. We conclude that, to overcome the global environmental problems, we have yet to transform the mechanistic and Cartesian thought basis to a systemic and complex worldview comprising an ethics of solidarity and cooperation

A cobertura de um desastre ambiental : construção da informação no jornal Zero Hora sobre os deslizamentos de terra da serra carioca em janeiro de 2011

Analisa como aconteceu a cobertura dos deslizamentos de terra que ocorreram na serra do Rio de Janeiro em janeiro de 2011 no jornal Zero Hora. O estudo se dedica às reportagens publicadas no veículo entre os dias 13 de janeiro e 19 de janeiro de 2011. Reflete sobre como a mídia convencional aborda um grande desastre climático. Emprega o embasamento teórico do jornalismo ambiental, a partir da perspectiva sistêmica e o uso da pluralidade de fontes. Utiliza a metodologia da análise de conteúdo, com a categorização dos núcleos de sentido dos parágrafos das matérias, em sete categorias: tragédia; contextualização; fenômeno climático; prevenção estatal; prevenção privada; solidariedade da sociedade civil; e, assistência estatal. Também são analisadas as fontes utilizadas para narrar o acontecimento em quatro categorias: vitimas da tragédia; governo; especialistas; e, sociedade civil. Conclui que a cobertura do fato é fragmentada e superficial, com o enfoque principal nas informações da tragédia em si, como o sofrimento das vítimas e quantificação de mortes.This monograph analyzes how the newspaper Zero Hora did the coverage of landslides that occurred in Rio de Janeiro‟s mountainous region in January 2011. The study is devoted to reports published on the newspaper between 13 January and 19 January 2011. It reflects on how the mainstream media covers a great climate disaster. It uses the theoretical framework of environmental journalism, with the systems perspective and the use of a plurality of sources. It uses the methodology of content analysis, with the categorization of the core meaning of the paragraphs of the material in seven categories: tragedy, contextualization, weather phenomenon, preventing state, private prevention, solidarity of civil society and state assistance. It also analyzes the sources used to narrate the event in four categories: victims of the tragedy, government, experts, and civil society. It concludes that the coverage of the event is fragmented and superficial, with its main focus on the tragedy itself, such as the suffering of victims and quantification of deaths

Discursos sobre pagamento por serviços ambientais nos jornais de referência do Brasil

O objetivo principal deste trabalho é compreender a construção dos discursos jornalísticos sobre pagamento por serviços ambientais (PSA), nos jornais Folha de S. Paulo, O Estado de S. Paulo e O Globo. Para isso, utilizamos o referencial teórico-metodológico da Análise do Discurso de matriz francesa, além de acionarmos reflexões sobre a crise ambiental que vivenciamos e sobre o Jornalismo Ambiental, como prática profissional engajada na militância pela vida. Nosso recorte do objeto empírico compreendeu todas as notícias e reportagens desses periódicos, com aparições dos termos serviço(s) ambiental(is) e serviço(s) ecossistêmicos(s), desde a primeira menção (no jornal Folha de S. Paulo, em 1997, em O Estado de S. Paulo, 2001, e em O Globo, 2002) até a última do ano de 2013. Com isso, chegamos a 159 textos e 361 sequências discursivas para análise. Os gestos de leitura que foram realizados, a partir do corpus discursivo, permitiram perceber que esse discurso mostra incerteza frente ao caminho a seguir para resolução da crise ambiental e planetária. Além disso, foram percebidos sentidos que evidenciam uma visão rasa da natureza, ao enquadrá-la como capital natural e um ativo da economia. Destacou-se assim um discurso predominantemente regido por uma Formação Ideológica Capitalista, a qual se desdobrou em três Formações Discursivas identificadas: Formação Discursiva (FD) da Percepção da Crise Planetária no Capitalismo; FD do Capitalismo Verde; e FD do Capitalismo Marrom. Concluímos que, para superação dos problemas socioambientais globais, ainda temos o desafio, como humanidade, de transformarmos as bases mecanicistas e cartesianas do pensamento, para uma visão de mundo sistêmica e complexa, que abranja uma ética solidária e cooperativa.The main objective of this research is to understand the framing of journalistic discourse on payment for environmental services (PES) in the Brazilian reference newspapers: Folha de S. Paulo, O Estado de S. Paulo and O Globo. For this purpose, we use the theoretical and methodological framework of the French Discourse Analysis, and we activate reflections on the current environmental crisis and the Environmental Journalism, as a profession engaged in militancy in favor of life. Our empirical object is all the news and feature stories from these newspapers, with occurrences of the terms environmental(s) service(s) and ecosystem(s) service(s), from its first mention (Folha de S. Paulo in 1997, O Estado de S. Paulo in 2001, and O Globo in 2002) to the last of the year 2013. That brings us to 159 texts and 361 discursive sequences for analysis. The reading gestures that we made from the discursive corpus allowed us to realize that this discourse shows uncertainty facing the way to resolve the environmental and planetary crisis. In addition, we perceived meanings that show a superficial view of nature, because the discourse frame it as a natural capital and as an economic asset. This discourse is predominantly governed by an Ideological Formation that we called Capitalist, which was divided into three Discursive Formations: Discursive Formation of Perception of Planetary Crisis in Capitalism; Discursive Formation of Green Capitalism; and Discursive Formation of Brown Capitalism. We conclude that, to overcome the global environmental problems, we have yet to transform the mechanistic and Cartesian thought basis to a systemic and complex worldview comprising an ethics of solidarity and cooperation