Evaluación de residuos orgánicos de camal y avícolas como sustrato para el desarrollo larval de la Hermetia Illucens (mosca soldado negra) en la obtención de harina altamente proteica.

Esta investigación propone dar una alternativa de manejo de residuos orgánicos de camal vacuno, sangre de res y las vísceras de aves para que estas sean el sustrato principal en la alimentación de las moscas soldado negra en etapa larval, probando con estos sustratos alimenticios cocidos y crudos, para después de 5 días de alimentación a base de estos sustratos recolectar las larvas y procesarlas a harina de larva como sustituto alimenticio proteico mediante un proceso de desecado y molienda. Nuestra interrogante de investigación era cómo influye el tipo de sustrato alimenticio con los niveles de nutrientes, y en la ganancia de peso y desarrollo de las larvas de Hermetia Illucens así como en su mortalidad. Obteniendo que los mejores sustratos para el desarrollo larval son las vísceras de res sin importar su cocción o no, sin embargo, las vísceras de res cruda tienen un mejor crecimiento (15.86+/-0.22 mm) que las vísceras de res sin cocer (14.72+/-035 mm) en comparación con el blanco o T5 (16.03+/- 0.34 mm) y en último lugar siendo el menos viable, son las vísceras de pollo cocido o T7 (14.51+/- 0.14 mm). En peso T2 o vísceras de res cruda (1,78+/- 0.22 g) es el mayor incluso que el blanco o T5 (1.76+/- 0.5 g) y T4 o vísceras de res cocida (1.45+/- 0.06g) y T7 o vísceras de pollo cocido (1.66+/- 0.07 g). Posteriormente su procesamiento hasta harina liderando en proteína cruda y grasa se tiene en T4 (vísceras de res cocida) con 53.90 % de proteína cruda y 15.04 % de grasa siendo este el segundo tratamiento viable debido a su crecimiento y mortalidad mediana, mientras que T2 (vísceras de res cruda) es el tratamiento más viable con proteína cruda 50.81 % y 21.88 % en grasa, con un crecimiento igual al blanco y en tercer lugar el T7 (vísceras de pollo cocido) con proteína cruda dé % 42.63 y 32.03 % de grasa. Todos estos sustratos se hicieron en comparación del blanco o T5 con 41.11 % y 19.55 % de grasa ,tiene mayor porcentaje de proteína y una vialidad igual o parecida al blanco sobre todo en vísceras de res lo cual indica que los tratamientos son viables, sostenibles y se consiguió una notoria mejora en obtener harina de larva de mosca altamente proteica incluso mejor que el blanco. Concluyendo que, si es posible que las larvas de Hermetia Illucens pueden sobrevivir de manera viable en residuos viscerales de camal, reduciendo con éxito los residuos orgánicos y que después del procesamiento se obtiene harina de larva altamente proteica, incluso más que la harina de larva del blanco o tratamiento establecido, mejorando la calidad de la harina. Palabras claves: Hermetia illucens, mosca soldado negra, proteína cruda, harina de moscaTesi

Relación entre la procrastinación académica y las creencias irracionales en estudiantes de Sociología de la Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo, 2022

Esta investigación se desarrolla con el propósito de determinar la relación entre la procrastinación académica y las creencias irracionales, para lo cual se toma como muestra a 143 estudiantes de la escuela profesional de Sociología de la Universidad Nacional Pedro Ruiz Gallo matriculados en el semestre académico 2022-I. La investigación se caracteriza por ser no experimental, teniendo un alcance descriptivo-correlacional, corte transversal y siendo de carácter cuantitativo. Los instrumentos empleados para la recolección de datos son la Escala de Procrastinación Académica (EPA) diseñada por Deborah Ann Busko en el año 1998, adaptada al contexto peruano por Álvarez en el 2010, y posteriormente por Dominguez, Villegas y Centeno en 2014, junto al Registro de Opiniones Forma A, diseñado por Davis, Mckay y Eshelman en el año 1982, adaptado al contexto peruano por Guzmán en el 2012. Los principales resultados muestran que existe una relación positiva significativa entre la postergación de actividades y las creencias irracionales de Competente y catastrofismo, además de una relación negativa significativa entre la autorregulación académica y la competente, catastrofismo, causa externa y siempre lo mismo

HIV Viral Load Monitoring in Resource-Limited Regions: Optional or Necessary?

Although it is a standard practice in high-income countries, determination of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) load is not recommended in developing countries because of the costs and technical constraints. As more and more countries establish capacity to provide second-line therapy, and as costs and technological constraints associated with viral load testing decrease, the question of whether determination of the viral load is necessary deserves attention. Viral load testing could increase in importance as a guide for clinical decisions on when to switch to second-line treatment and on how to optimize the duration of the first-line treatment regimen. In addition, the viral load is a particularly useful tool for monitoring adherence to treatment, performing sentinel surveillance, and diagnosing HIV infection in children aged <18 months. Rather than considering viral load data to be an unaffordable luxury, efforts should be made to ensure that viral load testing becomes affordable, simple, and easy to use in resource-limited setting

Impact of Nutrition on Academic Performance: A Narrative Review

Las personas al momento de elegir los alimentos que consumirán durante su día a día son influenciados por los medios de comunicación y entorno cercano, por lo cual, es relevante tener una alimentación saludable para que influya de manera positiva en los diversos aspectos de la vida como el desempeño académico. El objetivo del presente estudio es conocer el impacto de la nutrición en el rendimiento académico. El presente trabajo tuvo un enfoque cualitativo con carácter narrativo e interpretativo.&nbsp; Las fuentes seleccionadas fueron artículos científicos de diversas bases de datos, principalmente de Scopus. La nutrición es mucho más que solo comer, es un proceso complejo en el que inciden múltiples factores que impactan en la persona física y cognitivamente y, por consiguiente, en nuestro desenvolvimiento en diversos aspectos de nuestras vidas, en el cual resaltamos el rendimiento académico, ya que será más beneficioso en la medida que sigamos recomendaciones dietéticas, no solamente con la finalidad de tener un mejor desempeño en cuanto a los estudios sino también para prevenir los diferentes trastornos alimenticios que una falta de hábitos dietéticos saludables generan, en ese sentido, promover con profesionales capacitados una concientización sobre comportamientos alimenticios saludables acordes a los entornos socioeconómicos en el que se encuentran los estudiantes es recomendable y prioritario con la finalidad de difundir su importancia y asociación con el bienestar de las personas, el cual se verá potenciado si se siguen otros hábitos saludables como el ejercicio físico, el cual será materia de una próxima investigación.When people choose the foods they will consume during their daily lives, they are influenced by the media and their immediate environment, which is why it is important to have a healthy diet so that it has a positive influence on the various aspects of life such as academic performance. The objective of this study is to know the impact of nutrition on academic performance. This work had a qualitative approach with a narrative and interpretive nature. The selected sources were scientific articles from various databases, mainly from Scopus. Nutrition is much more than just eating, it is a complex process that is influenced by multiple factors that impact the person physically and cognitively and, consequently, on our development in various aspects of our lives, in which we highlight academic performance, since it will be more beneficial to the extent that we follow dietary recommendations, not only with the purpose of having better performance in terms of studies but also to prevent the different eating disorders that a lack of healthy dietary habits generate, in that sense, promote With trained professionals, raising awareness about healthy eating behaviors in accordance with the socioeconomic environments in which students find themselves is recommended and a priority in order to spread its importance and association with people's well-being, which will be enhanced if other methods are followed. healthy habits such as physical exercise, which will be the subject of future research

Antimicrobial resistance among migrants in Europe: a systematic review and meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Rates of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are rising globally and there is concern that increased migration is contributing to the burden of antibiotic resistance in Europe. However, the effect of migration on the burden of AMR in Europe has not yet been comprehensively examined. Therefore, we did a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and synthesise data for AMR carriage or infection in migrants to Europe to examine differences in patterns of AMR across migrant groups and in different settings. METHODS: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, PubMed, and Scopus with no language restrictions from Jan 1, 2000, to Jan 18, 2017, for primary data from observational studies reporting antibacterial resistance in common bacterial pathogens among migrants to 21 European Union-15 and European Economic Area countries. To be eligible for inclusion, studies had to report data on carriage or infection with laboratory-confirmed antibiotic-resistant organisms in migrant populations. We extracted data from eligible studies and assessed quality using piloted, standardised forms. We did not examine drug resistance in tuberculosis and excluded articles solely reporting on this parameter. We also excluded articles in which migrant status was determined by ethnicity, country of birth of participants' parents, or was not defined, and articles in which data were not disaggregated by migrant status. Outcomes were carriage of or infection with antibiotic-resistant organisms. We used random-effects models to calculate the pooled prevalence of each outcome. The study protocol is registered with PROSPERO, number CRD42016043681. FINDINGS: We identified 2274 articles, of which 23 observational studies reporting on antibiotic resistance in 2319 migrants were included. The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or AMR infection in migrants was 25·4% (95% CI 19·1-31·8; I2 =98%), including meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (7·8%, 4·8-10·7; I2 =92%) and antibiotic-resistant Gram-negative bacteria (27·2%, 17·6-36·8; I2 =94%). The pooled prevalence of any AMR carriage or infection was higher in refugees and asylum seekers (33·0%, 18·3-47·6; I2 =98%) than in other migrant groups (6·6%, 1·8-11·3; I2 =92%). The pooled prevalence of antibiotic-resistant organisms was slightly higher in high-migrant community settings (33·1%, 11·1-55·1; I2 =96%) than in migrants in hospitals (24·3%, 16·1-32·6; I2 =98%). We did not find evidence of high rates of transmission of AMR from migrant to host populations. INTERPRETATION: Migrants are exposed to conditions favouring the emergence of drug resistance during transit and in host countries in Europe. Increased antibiotic resistance among refugees and asylum seekers and in high-migrant community settings (such as refugee camps and detention facilities) highlights the need for improved living conditions, access to health care, and initiatives to facilitate detection of and appropriate high-quality treatment for antibiotic-resistant infections during transit and in host countries. Protocols for the prevention and control of infection and for antibiotic surveillance need to be integrated in all aspects of health care, which should be accessible for all migrant groups, and should target determinants of AMR before, during, and after migration. FUNDING: UK National Institute for Health Research Imperial Biomedical Research Centre, Imperial College Healthcare Charity, the Wellcome Trust, and UK National Institute for Health Research Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare-associated Infections and Antimictobial Resistance at Imperial College London

Treatment with tocilizumab or corticosteroids for COVID-19 patients with hyperinflammatory state: a multicentre cohort study (SAM-COVID-19)

Objectives: The objective of this study was to estimate the association between tocilizumab or corticosteroids and the risk of intubation or death in patients with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) with a hyperinflammatory state according to clinical and laboratory parameters. Methods: A cohort study was performed in 60 Spanish hospitals including 778 patients with COVID-19 and clinical and laboratory data indicative of a hyperinflammatory state. Treatment was mainly with tocilizumab, an intermediate-high dose of corticosteroids (IHDC), a pulse dose of corticosteroids (PDC), combination therapy, or no treatment. Primary outcome was intubation or death; follow-up was 21 days. Propensity score-adjusted estimations using Cox regression (logistic regression if needed) were calculated. Propensity scores were used as confounders, matching variables and for the inverse probability of treatment weights (IPTWs). Results: In all, 88, 117, 78 and 151 patients treated with tocilizumab, IHDC, PDC, and combination therapy, respectively, were compared with 344 untreated patients. The primary endpoint occurred in 10 (11.4%), 27 (23.1%), 12 (15.4%), 40 (25.6%) and 69 (21.1%), respectively. The IPTW-based hazard ratios (odds ratio for combination therapy) for the primary endpoint were 0.32 (95%CI 0.22-0.47; p < 0.001) for tocilizumab, 0.82 (0.71-1.30; p 0.82) for IHDC, 0.61 (0.43-0.86; p 0.006) for PDC, and 1.17 (0.86-1.58; p 0.30) for combination therapy. Other applications of the propensity score provided similar results, but were not significant for PDC. Tocilizumab was also associated with lower hazard of death alone in IPTW analysis (0.07; 0.02-0.17; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Tocilizumab might be useful in COVID-19 patients with a hyperinflammatory state and should be prioritized for randomized trials in this situatio

Global phylogeography and ancient evolution of the widespread human gut virus crAssphage

Microbiomes are vast communities of microorganisms and viruses that populate all natural ecosystems. Viruses have been considered to be the most variable component of microbiomes, as supported by virome surveys and examples of high genomic mosaicism. However, recent evidence suggests that the human gut virome is remarkably stable compared with that of other environments. Here, we investigate the origin, evolution and epidemiology of crAssphage, a widespread human gut virus. Through a global collaboration, we obtained DNA sequences of crAssphage from more than one-third of the world's countries and showed that the phylogeography of crAssphage is locally clustered within countries, cities and individuals. We also found fully colinear crAssphage-like genomes in both Old-World and New-World primates, suggesting that the association of crAssphage with primates may be millions of years old. Finally, by exploiting a large cohort of more than 1,000 individuals, we tested whether crAssphage is associated with bacterial taxonomic groups of the gut microbiome, diverse human health parameters and a wide range of dietary factors. We identified strong correlations with different clades of bacteria that are related to Bacteroidetes and weak associations with several diet categories, but no significant association with health or disease. We conclude that crAssphage is a benign cosmopolitan virus that may have coevolved with the human lineage and is an integral part of the normal human gut virome

Clonal chromosomal mosaicism and loss of chromosome Y in elderly men increase vulnerability for SARS-CoV-2

The pandemic caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19) had an estimated overall case fatality ratio of 1.38% (pre-vaccination), being 53% higher in males and increasing exponentially with age. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, we found 133 cases (1.42%) with detectable clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations (mCA) and 226 males (5.08%) with acquired loss of chromosome Y (LOY). Individuals with clonal mosaic events (mCA and/or LOY) showed a 54% increase in the risk of COVID-19 lethality. LOY is associated with transcriptomic biomarkers of immune dysfunction, pro-coagulation activity and cardiovascular risk. Interferon-induced genes involved in the initial immune response to SARS-CoV-2 are also down-regulated in LOY. Thus, mCA and LOY underlie at least part of the sex-biased severity and mortality of COVID-19 in aging patients. Given its potential therapeutic and prognostic relevance, evaluation of clonal mosaicism should be implemented as biomarker of COVID-19 severity in elderly people. Among 9578 individuals diagnosed with COVID-19 in the SCOURGE study, individuals with clonal mosaic events (clonal mosaicism for chromosome alterations and/or loss of chromosome Y) showed an increased risk of COVID-19 lethality

NEOTROPICAL XENARTHRANS: a data set of occurrence of xenarthran species in the Neotropics

Xenarthrans – anteaters, sloths, and armadillos – have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with 24 domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, ten anteaters, and six sloths. Our dataset includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data-paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the south of the USA, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to its austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n=5,941), and Cyclopes sp. has the fewest (n=240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n=11,588), and the least recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n=33). With regards to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n=962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n=12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other datasets of Neotropical Series which will become available very soon (i.e. Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans dataset