Universidade Católica Portuguesa

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    The European Union’s approach to artificial intelligence and the challenge of financial systemic risk

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    This piece examines the EU’s ‘Proposal for a Regulation of the European Parliament and of the Council Laying Down Harmonised Rules on Artificial Intelligence’ (‘AI Act’) with a view to determining the extent to which it addresses the systemic risk created by AI FinTech. Ultimately, it is argued that the notion of ‘high risk’ at the centre of the AI Act leaves out financial systemic risk. This exclusion can neither be justified by reasons of technology neutrality, nor by reasons of proportionality: neither is AI-driven financial systemic risk already covered by existing (or proposed) macroprudential frameworks and tools, nor can its omission from the AI Act be justified by the prioritisation of other types of risk. Moving forward, it is suggested that the EU’s AI Act would have benefited from a broader definition of ‘high risk’. It is also hoped that EU policy makers will soon begin to strengthen existing macroprudential toolkits to address the financial systemic risk created by AI.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

    O papel do design de embalagens saudáveis na intenção de compra de iogurtes

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    As health-consciousness rises in society, the role of packaging design in marketing has become important, not only to convey product characteristics but also to shape consumers’ buying behavior and to align with the health-conscious attitudes of consumers. This study investigates the interplay of yogurt packaging design elements—color, imagery, and Nutri-Score—and their impact on consumers’ purchase intentions, emphasizing the roles of health-conscious attitudes and brand image. This research applies a mixed-method approach, using literature review, a focus group for cocreating stimuli, interviews for validating the stimuli, and then the main and primary data collection via an online survey. A 2x2x2 factorial design was employed, considering three packaging elements: Color, Imagery, and Nutritional Information. The study reveals the significance of Nutri-Score, to predict purchase intention, particularly for consumers with medium to high health-conscious attitude. However, contrary to expectations, the main findings indicate that the effect of color and imagery did not show a significant effect on purchase intention. Moreover, findings suggest that maintaining a strong and positive brand image is crucial for influencing consumers’ behavior. These findings offer practical implications for companies operating in the yogurt industry, emphasizing Nutri-Score on yogurt packaging can enhance purchase intention, especially among consumers with an attitude towards healthy eating. Furthermore, marketers can gain insights into developing effective packaging strategies that influence consumers’ purchase intention.À medida que a consciência para a saúde cresce na sociedade, o design das embalagens torna-se importante para o marketing. A sua relevância não transmite apenas as características do produto, mas influenciam o comportamento de compra do consumidor e alinham-se à consciência de saúde do mesmo. Este estudo foca-se na interação de elementos de design de embalagens de iogurtes – cor, design e nutri-score – e o seu impacto na intenção de compra, destacando a consciência de saúde e a imagem da marca. Para tal, aplicou-se uma abordagem de métodos mistos, que englobam uma revisão da literatura, focus group para a co-criação de estímulos, entrevistas para validação dos mesmos, e um questionário online para a recolha de dados principais e primários. Foi implementado um design fatorial 2x2x2 para analisar os três elementos da embalagem. Os resultados evidenciam a relevância do Nutri-Score para a previsão da intenção de compra, particularmente para consumidores com preocupação média a elevada com a saúde. Por outro lado, a cor e design, têm um efeito não significativo na intenção de compra, reforçando a necessidade de manter uma imagem de marca forte e positiva como elemento crucial para influenciar o comportamento do consumidor. Estas conclusões são essenciais para empresas deste setor. A integração do Nutri-Score nas embalagens tem o potencial de impulsionar a intenção de compra, especialmente entre consumidores que valorizam a alimentação saudável. Adicionalmente, estes resultados podem orientar os profissionais de marketing na criação de estratégias de design de embalagens mais eficazes

    Intangible-related profit allocation : increasing the resilience of tax systems against BEPS

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    The changes introduced to the Transfer Pricing Guidelines in 2017 encompassed the DEMPE acronym into the scope of the rules for attributing profit derived from the exploitation of an intangible asset. DEMPE means development, enhancement, maintenance, protection, and exploitation of an intangible. It is one of the most discussed acronyms both in academia, law offices and consulting firms dealing with transfer pricing issues and has also gained prominence among tax authorities. The present study deals with the DEMPE functions and their practical application in the allocation of profits in relation to transactions among multinational enterprises that involve intangibles. In a first phase, we will contextualise the DEMPE acronym, seeking to clarify its meaning, content, and scope as well as to address its impacts, particularly in times of economic downturn. Next, we will go through the six-step analysis of a transaction involving intangibles. The challenges that emerge in the practical application of the acronym mentioned above will be clarified throughout this dissertation through the enumeration of different doctrinal positions, pointing to the positions that seem more sustainable to us. This research aims to answer the following question: How to input profits attributable to intangibles to increase the resilience of domestic tax systems against BEPS?As mudanças introduzidas nas Diretrizes de Preços de Transferência em 2017 introduziram o acrónimo DEMPE no âmbito das regras de atribuição de lucro derivado da exploração de um intangível. DEMPE significa desenvolvimento, aperfeiçoamento, manutenção, proteção e exploração de um intangível. Trata-se de um dos acrónimos mais debatidos tanto na academia como nas sociedades de advogados e consultoras que se dedicam à temática dos preços de transferência, tendo ganho destaque também entre as autoridades fiscais. O presente estudo versa sobre as funções DEMPE e sua aplicação prática na alocação de lucros relativamente as transações entre multinacionais que envolvam intangíveis. Numa primeira fase, faremos uma contextualização do acrónimo DEMPE, procurando esclarecer o seu sentido, conteúdo e alcance e abordar os impactos do mesmo, particularmente em tempos de desaceleração económica. Seguidamente, percorreremos os seis passos da análise de uma transação envolvendo intangíveis. Os desafios que emergem na aplicação prática do acrónimo supramencionado serão clarificados ao longo da presente dissertação, através da citação de diferentes posições doutrinárias, apontando para as posições que nos afiguram mais sustentáveis. A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo responder à seguinte questão: Como imputar os lucros imputáveis a intangíveis de um modo que aumente a resiliência dos sistemas tributários domésticos contra o BEPS

    Transforming learning & development : the impact of artificial intelligence and automation on employee motivation to learn

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    Technological advancements have transformed employee learning and development (L&D) from one-size-fits-all approaches to personalized initiatives. Given AI’s potential to learn and adapt to individuals’ demands, researchers and practitioners have started investigating AI applications in L&D. However, whether employees prefer AI-guided learning and whether it actually drives motivation to learn remains an empirical question. Thus, this research aims to investigate the impact of AI-guided L&D compared to simple automation-based L&D on employee motivation to learn, drawing on the Self-determination Theory (SDT) and the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT). The proposed model was tested using a PLS-SEM analysis with 144 participants in an experimental survey. The results revealed that AI in L&D increases motivation to learn more than simple automation. However, this effect is fully mediated by the increase in perceived competence due to AI, emphasizing the importance of providing customized trainings tailored to employees’ learning styles and skills, along with consistent feedback, to foster perceived competence. Furthermore, the study demonstrates that motivation to learn significantly predicts individuals’ behavioural intention to use a L&D system. Specifically, AI-guided L&D, promoting competence, generates higher motivation to learn, leading to increased use intentions. Thus, the study highlights that AI in employee L&D drives autonomous motivation through self-determination surpassing simple automation-based approaches. These findings provide valuable implications for organizations and practitioners seeking to foster employee motivation and technology acceptance through new L&D solutions, suggesting that investing in AI could be beneficial.Os avanços tecnológicos revolucionaram a aprendizagem e desenvolvimento dos trabalhadores (L&D), passando de abordagens genéricas para personalizadas. Com o potencial da IA em aprender e adaptar-se às necessidades individuais, os investigadores têm-se dedicado a pesquisar potenciais aplicações em L&D. No entanto, ainda é uma questão empírica se os funcionários preferem a aprendizagem orientada por IA e se esta gera maior motivação para aprender. Esta investigação visa investigar o impacto da L&D orientada por IA em comparação com a L&D baseada em automação simples na motivação dos funcionários para aprender, com base na teoria da autodeterminação (SDT) e na teoria unificada de aceitação e uso de tecnologia (UTAUT). O modelo proposto foi testado com 144 participantes através de uma experiência utilizando análise PLS-SEM. Os resultados mostraram que a IA em L&D aumenta a motivação dos trabalhadores mais do que a automação simples. No entanto, este efeito é mediado pelo aumento da competência percebida devido à IA, enfatizando a importância de treino personalizado adaptado aos estilos e habilidades de aprendizagem dos trabalhadores, com feedback consistente, para promover a competência. A motivação para aprender demonstrou ser um preditor significativo da intenção comportamental dos indivíduos de usar um sistema de L&D. Especificamente, a L&D orientada por IA, ao promover a competência, gera maior motivação para aprender, resultando em maiores intenções de uso. Estes resultados têm implicações valiosas para organizações e profissionais que buscam promover a motivação dos trabalhadores e a aceitação de tecnologia em soluções de L&D, indicando os benefícios do investimento em IA

    "TRIAtrinho Musical" : impactos da aplicação de um projeto teatral na iniciação do violino

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    O presente relatório foi realizado no âmbito do Mestrado em Ensino de Música da Escola das Artes, da UCP, com vista à obtenção do grau Mestre em Ensino de Música. Este documento está dividido em duas secções. A primeira parte integra o Relatório da Prática Profissional, tendo como áreas de especialização Violino e Classes de Conjunto. A prática pedagógica a que se reporta este relatório foi realizada no ano letivo 2021/2022 na EMNSC. A segunda parte contém o PIP com o tema “TRIAtrinho Musical”: Impactos da Aplicação de um Projeto Teatral na Iniciação do Violino”. O principal objetivo desta investigação é conseguir constatar qual o impacto da realização e contribuição de um projeto de teatro musical para a aquisição de competências técnico-performativas em alunos de Iniciação de violino. Desta forma, os resultados obtidos comprovaram que o teatro, para além de constituir um recurso pedagógico integral, dinâmico e inovador, é também positivo para a aquisição de competências, como é o caso da postura, afinação, dinâmicas, expressividade, descontração, qualidade sonora, criatividade, motivação e memorização. Ainda assim, pode ser um complemento deveras enriquecedor para a criação de vivências musicais dos alunos.This report was realized within the scope of the Master's Degree in Music Teaching at the School of Arts, of the UCP, to obtain the Master's degree in Music Teaching. This document is divided into two sections. The first section is part of the Professional Practice Report, with Violin and Ensemble Classes as areas of specialization. The pedagogical practice reported was executed in the 2021/2022 academic year at EMNSC. The second part contains the PIP with the theme ““TRIAtrinho Musical”: Impacts of the Application of a Theatre Project in Violin Teaching”. The main purpose of this investigation is to verify the impact of the realization and contribution of a musical theatre project in the acquisitions of technical-performative skills in beginner violin students. Therefore, the results obtained proved that the theatre, in addition to being an integral, dynamic and innovative pedagogical resource, is also an advantageous aid in the acquisition of skills, such as posture, tuning, dynamics, expressiveness, relaxation, sound quality, creativity, motivation and memorization. In addition, it can be a very enriching complement for the creation of musical experiences for students

    A realidade virtual em odontopediatria, indicações e potencial terapêutico : revisão sistemática

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    Introdução: A realidade virtual (RV) surgiu como uma ferramenta promissora no campo da odontopediatria para aliviar a ansiedade e controlar a dor. Ao criar ambientes virtuais imersivos e interativos, a tecnologia VR pode efetivamente distrair e envolver pacientes jovens durante a consulta de medicina dentária, reduzindo assim substancialmente os seus níveis de ansiedade, tornando a consulta numa experiência positiva. Materiais e métodos: A presente revisão sistemática seguiu as guidelines PRISMA com a seguinte questão de investigação no formato PICO: Na população pediátrica (P), a realidade virtual (I) auxilia no controlo da ansiedade e dor (O) numa consulta de medicina dentária comparando com outras técnicas de controlo comportamental (C)? Foram utilizadas as bases de dados PubMed/Medline®, SCOPUS e Web of Science. Resultados: Da combinação dos termos de pesquisa obtiveram-se um total de 525 artigos. Após retirar os 79 artigos duplicados, obteve-se um total de 446. Após a leitura do título e resumo, 392 registos foram classificados como irrelevantes e excluídos. No final foram considerados aptos para essa revisão sistemática, 22 artigos Conclusão: A RV é um método eficaz na redução da ansiedade e dor em crianças durante o tratamento dentário e demonstrou-se ser mais efetiva do que os métodos tradicionais. Ao proporcionar uma experiência envolvente e imersiva, a RV desvia a atenção dos pacientes do ambiente clínico, resultando numa experiência mais positiva e agradável. No entanto, é importante reconhecer as limitações dos estudos apresentados, sendo necessário investigar todo o potencial da RV em odontopediatria.Background: Virtual reality (VR) has emerged as an innovative tool in the field of paediatric dentistry, improving anxiety and pain management. By leveraging immersive and interactive virtual environments, VR technology effectively distracts and engages young patients during dental procedures, leading to substantial reductions in anxiety levels and enhancing overall treatment experiences. Methods: A systematic review was conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines with the following research question using the PICO format: Does VR (I) effectively manage anxiety and pain (O) during a paediatric dental consultation (P) compared to alternative behavioural control techniques (C)? PubMed/Medline®, SCOPUS, and Web of Science databases were meticulously searched and analysed. Results: Search queries identified a total of 525 abstracts from three different databases. Duplicate articles were removed (n=79), leaving a total of 446 abstracts. After reading the title and abstract, 392 records were excluded. In the end, 22 articles were considered suitable for this systematic review. Conclusion: VR is a highly effective method of behaviour management, successfully alleviating pain and anxiety in children during dental treatment, surpassing traditional tools. By offering an engaging and immersive experience, VR effectively diverts patients' attention away from the clinical environment, fostering a positive and enjoyable treatment experience. However, it is crucial to acknowledge the limitations of existing studies, highlighting the need for further research to enhance the understanding of VR's full potential in paediatric dentistry

    Multidisciplinary perspectives on Artificial Intelligence and the law

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    This open access book presents an interdisciplinary, multi-authored, edited collection of chapters on Artificial Intelligence (‘AI’) and the Law. AI technology has come to play a central role in the modern data economy. Through a combination of increased computing power, the growing availability of data and the advancement of algorithms, AI has now become an umbrella term for some of the most transformational technological breakthroughs of this age. The importance of AI stems from both the opportunities that it offers and the challenges that it entails. While AI applications hold the promise of economic growth and efficiency gains, they also create significant risks and uncertainty. The potential and perils of AI have thus come to dominate modern discussions of technology and ethics – and although AI was initially allowed to largely develop without guidelines or rules, few would deny that the law is set to play a fundamental role in shaping the future of AI. As the debate over AI is far from over, the need for rigorous analysis has never been greater. This book thus brings together contributors from different fields and backgrounds to explore how the law might provide answers to some of the most pressing questions raised by AI. An outcome of the Católica Research Centre for the Future of Law and its interdisciplinary working group on Law and Artificial Intelligence, it includes contributions by leading scholars in the fields of technology, ethics and the law.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

    Reward shaping to improve the performance of deep reinforcement learning in perishable inventory management

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    Deep reinforcement learning (DRL) has proven to be an effective, general-purpose technology to develop ‘good’ replenishment policies in inventory management. We show how transfer learning from existing, well-performing heuristics may stabilize the training process and improve the performance of DRL in inventory control. While the idea is general, we specifically implement potential-based reward shaping to a deep Q-network algorithm to manage inventory of perishable goods that, cursed by dimensionality, has proven to be notoriously complex. The application of our approach may not only improve inventory cost performance and reduce computational effort, the increased training stability may also help to gain trust in the policies obtained by black box DRL algorithms.info:eu-repo/semantics/acceptedVersio

    Liability for AI driven systems

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    This article tries to assess if the current civil liability regimes provide a sound framework to tackle damages when AI systems—especially those based on machine-learning—are involved. We try to find answers for three questions: is there a place for fault-based liability, when it is impossible to ascertain, among multiple actors, whose action caused the damage? Are current strict liability regimes appropriate to address no-fault damages caused by the functioning of AI-systems or a new system is needed? When should an agent be exempted from liability? This analysis takes into consideration the important work produced within the European Union, especially the 2019 Report on “Liability for AI and Other Emerging Digital Technologies” (by the Expert Group set up by the European Commission), the European the Parliament 2020 Resolution on Civil Liability for AI, the 2021 Draft AI Act, the 2022 Draft AI Liability Directive and the 2022 Draft Product Liability Directive.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

    Impacto da inovação digital na literacia em saúde aplicado em pacientes com necessidades especiais : uma revisão sistemática

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    Enquadramento: Estratégias de MHealth têm sido usadas nas várias áreas da saúde e os aplicativos móveis têm sido usados no âmbito da autogestão da saúde e podem ser considerados como uma intervenção adjuvante em ganhos de literacia em saúde oral em pessoas com necessidades de saúde especiais. Objetivo: Identificar a melhoria da literacia em saúde oral em pacientes com necessidades especiais com recurso às plataformas digital. Material e métodos: Revisão sistemática da literatura, tendo em consideração as diretrizes do Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI). Com pesquisa nas bases de dados PubMed e Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) – via EBSCOHost, de acordo com os descritores Mesh relevantes, juntamente com os seus sinónimos e com os termos livres (Entry Terms). A chave de busca utilizada foi digital media OR eHealth OR MHealth OR mobile phones OR cell phones OR MHealth application OR telemedicine OR television, videos AND oral health education OR oral health OR oral health promotion OR oral health literacy OR oral health knowledge AND special needs. Foram incluídos estudos publicados entre os anos 2012 e 2023. Entre os 402 artigos selecionados e após a aplicação dos critérios de inclusão/exclusão, o corpus de análise ficou constituído por seis artigos. Resultados: As evidências dos artigos considerados são consensuais quanto à eficácia da utilização das novas tecnologias e inovações na promoção de literacia em saúde oral em pacientes com necessidades de saúde especiais. As intervenções foram baseadas no recurso ao Illustration Reinforcement Communication System, inspirado no Picture Exchange Communication System, Nintendo® Wii™ TV, realidade virtual, smartphones, com aplicativos de software para ler mensagens enviadas, técnica Audio Tactile Performance (desempenho tátil de áudio) e Art package. Conclusões: As evidências demonstram aumento da literacia em saúde oral e melhoria dos comportamentos de higiene oral tendo em conta as avaliações à baseline e nos follow-ups.Background: MHealth strategies have been used in various areas of health and mobile apps have been used in the context of self-management of health and can be considered as an adjuvant intervention in oral health literacy gains in people with special health needs. Aim: To identify the improvement of oral health literacy in patients with special needs using digital platforms. Material and methods: Systematic literature review, taking into consideration the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) guidelines. With a search in PubMed and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) databases - via EBSCOHost, according to the relevant Mesh descriptors, together with their synonyms and free terms (Entry Terms). The search key used was digital media OR eHealth OR MHealth OR mobile phones OR cell phones OR MHealth application OR telemedicine OR television, videos AND oral health education OR oral health OR oral health promotion OR oral health literacy OR oral health knowledge AND special needs. Studies published between the years 2012 and 2023 were included. Among the 402 articles selected and after applying the inclusion/exclusion criteria, the corpus of analysis consisted of six articles. Results: The evidence from the considered articles is consensual regarding the effectiveness of using new technologies and innovations in promoting oral health literacy in patients with special health needs. The interventions were based on the use of the Illustration Reinforcement Communication System, inspired by the Picture Exchange Communication System, Nintendo® Wii™ TV, virtual reality, smartphones, with software applications to read messages sent, Audio Tactile Performance technique and Art package. Conclusions: Evidence shows increased oral health literacy and improved oral hygiene behaviors based on baseline and follow-up assessments

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