Building Pathways for Female Leaders’ Economic Empowerment

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the obstacles women experience in leadership development and economic empowerment, mainly in non-Western countries, and to compare them to those in developed nations. The study reviewed current literature in order to identify the hurdles and facilitators for female leadership and economic empowerment. Research suggests unpaid work and gender harassment pose the greatest obstacles to women\u27s leadership and economic development. Mentoring has been proven to promote women\u27s leadership and economic empowerment in both western and non-western countries. The study also examined the function of the economic environment in the growth of women\u27s leadership and the impact of different economic systems on female leadership and economic empowerment in western and non-western nations. In western economies, the literature implies that the gender regime, economic standing, and economic environment influence women\u27s company startup decisions. In non-Western nations, the literature concentrates on the influence of the political environment on the economic environment and corporate activity. Additionally, the impact of international relations and the economy on the growth of women\u27s leadership was mentioned by literature. According to the findings of this study, women continue to be underrepresented in leadership positions, especially in Eastern countries

Give or Take—Is the Droit De Suite a Taking Without Just Compensation?

The Constitution mandates Congress to protect the arts and sciences directly by creating an exclusive right called copyright. However, visual artists such as painters, sculptors, and photographers in the United States still cannot participate in the significant profits from the secondary sales of their copyrighted works at public and private auctions. In over eighty countries worldwide, the droit de suite, also known as the Artist Resale Royalty (ARR), grants visual artists such royalties. Unfortunately, the United States currently lacks such a royalty, despite multiple unsuccessful attempts by Congress to pass federal legislation. Although California enacted its own version of the royalty, it was eventually preempted by federal copyright law in the Ninth Circuit case, Close v. Sotheby’s Inc. Several law review comments have cautioned against implementing a federal resale royalty due to the unique history of property rights in the United States, the first sale doctrine, and the economics of the secondary art market. Nonetheless, the 2013 Copyright Office Resale Royalty Report thoroughly analyzed and supported the adoption of the ARR, but acknowledged that takings claims could potentially be raised against the royalty. By examining the failed resale royalty legislation attempts, the California Resale Royalty Act, subsequent case law like Close v. Sotheby’s Inc., and international examples of the royalty, this Comment explores the most effective approach to drafting federal legislation for the ARR while addressing possible takings claims. Through a detailed analysis of regulatory and the most recent per se takings jurisprudence in the 2015 Supreme Court case Horne v. Department of Revenue (Horne II), this Comment concludes that takings claims will fail if the statute defines the royalty as derived from the copyright itself rather than the physical property being sold and resold. This approach firmly establishes the royalty within the Copyright Statutes without disrupting United States law and doctrine. It is high time for the United States to fully uphold the principles of the Constitution and the Berne Convention by incorporating an ARR right into the copyright statutes

Female Leadership Development: From a Non-Western Perspective

This study intends to compare the evolution of female leadership in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) area, Asia, and the Western countries. According to data from the International Labour Organization, the COVID-19 epidemic has significantly impacted women\u27s labor force participation globally and expanded the gender gap, with the MENA area being the most affected. There is a well-established global trend of rising female leadership; yet, there are still disparities in the gender composition of leadership between Western countries and other areas, with Western countries having a greater share of female leaders. In the MENA area and Asia, imposed gender norms and cultural elements, such as the conventional patriarchal system and collectivism, play a key role in limiting female leadership. The study relies on secondary data to analyze how social principles such as gender norms and adversity influence the emergence of female leaders in non-Western societies

Video Games as a Way to Facilitate Leadership Skills and Competency Development

This scoping review examines recent literature on video games and leadership competency development to assess whether gaming can foster leadership development. The study discovered that the popularity of video games has increased and that they have the ability to enhance player leadership and real-world leadership skills. Video games can increase management, social, and creative skills, and their increasing complexity makes them beneficial for the study of leadership. There are existing structures in place for leadership development in the military and in the civilian sector, despite the fact that some studies have demonstrated their potential. This topic is relevant because the COVID-19 epidemic has enhanced the requirement for leadership in virtual workplaces. The conclusion of the study examines how video games might enhance leadership abilities

Development of leader voice and leader silence scales: how and why leaders choose to remain silent or speak up during situations of workplace aggression

This study aimed to investigate the factors that drive leaders to speak up or remain silent when witnessing workplace aggression and to develop scales to measure leader voice and leader silence. While research on employee voice and silence exists, leader voice and silence need more theoretical development. I used an exploratory sequential mixed-method design to address these gaps. Subjects: Study one included 26 graduate management students and 35 leaders across multiple industries in the United States who witnessed workplace aggression in their unit. Study 2 included 345 people who supervised others at work. Instruments: Seven open-ended questions asking respondents to describe workplace incidents, aggressor, and their motives to speak up or remain silent with the aggressor. Study 2 consisted of 47 exemplary statements from study one on voice and silent motives, and a 19 item BAS/BIS scale. Analysis: Exploratory qualitative research followed by Exploratory and Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Findings: Consistent with the findings of Sherf et al.’s work on employees’ voice and silence, the findings of study one indicated that leader voice and silence are distinct constructs with unique motives. Leaders who speak up against workplace aggression are motivated by the goal of maintaining a safe and productive work environment. The Behavioral Activation System (BAS) and the concept of perceived impact align well with explaining their behavior. In contrast, leaders who remain silent after observing an employee’s workplace aggression are motivated to avoid the aggressor due to fear and uncertainty. The Behavioral Inhibition System (BIS) and the loss of psychological safety align well with explaining their behavior. Study 2 developed Leader Voice and Leader Scale items. Leader Voice Scale yielded three factors with 19 items. Leader Silence Scale yielded four factors with 14 items. All factors loaded strongly on their respective constructs. Limitations: subjectivity which is inherent in qualitative research, exclusive use of self-report data, and methodological limitations that make it impossible to infer causality. Future research could focus on narrowing the construct’s domain with regards to specific types of aggression incidents

Cultural Influences of Leadership Curriculum: A Literature Analysis Between Western and Eastern Leadership Curriculum

This literature review seeks to determine how Western and Eastern cultures influence leadership training and curriculum design. According to research, cultural differences may make it difficult to develop a universal leadership curriculum. Due to cultural variations, establishing a universal leadership curriculum might be difficult, and it is most ideal to create a leadership curriculum that fits a specific culture to maximize the efficiency of a leader. Cultural factors such as society structure and dispute resolution continue to influence the desired leadership curriculum and training in target regions. Western leadership has been impacted by growth mentality, emotional intelligence, and conflict resolution, while Eastern leadership is typically connected with Confucianism and collectivism

Understanding needs: facilitating faculty support for formal assessment processes in higher education

Prior literature discusses how conflicting beliefs regarding assessment, competing workloads, and a lack of formal assessment resources may contribute to faculty reluctance to engage with formal assessment processes. There is a gap in research on exploring assessment leader-faculty relationships through the lens of Leader-Member Exchange Theory and how that may affect participation in formal assessment processes. To address this gap, the researcher implemented a qualitative, phenomenological study to interview faculty about their lived experiences in working with formal assessment processes and interacting with assessment leaders. The goal was to discover emerging thematic categories regarding faculty perceptions of formal assessment processes and working relationships with assessment leaders that inform strategies for addressing resistance to formal assessment. The sample consisted of 13 faculty members representing 3 divisions within a private accredited institution of higher education in California. Interview transcripts were redacted and qualitatively coded through a priori and emergent approaches. The results showed that faculty participants were knowledgeable about formal assessment processes, though there was a learning curve in understanding assessment-related tasks and disproportionate opportunities for participation. Participants also displayed awareness of whether assessment work reflected a culture of student learning or a culture of compliance; emphasis was placed on framing the benefits of assessment for not only student learning but also performance at the programmatic or institutional levels. Lastly, participants indicated that they trusted their assessment leaders through moments of conflict and resistance; tensions were instead directed toward the nature of formal assessment processes

The Angel Wears Prada, the Devil Buys It on The RealReal: Expanding Trademark Rights Beyond the First Sale Doctrine

Luxury brands derive their goodwill from the high-class exclusivity and first-rate quality signified in their trademarks. The Trademark Act of 1946, commonly known as the Lanham Act, grants trademark holders the right to control use of their mark. However, under common law, the first sale doctrine restricts trademark protection after holders authorize the initial sale of their trademarked product. Such limitation particularly jeopardizes the luxury industry as trademark holders ultimately bear the loss of goodwill when counterfeit luxury goods enter the market due to the negligence of resellers. This Comment illustrates how blockchain authentication offers all luxury industry participants—the brands, the consumers, and the resellers—added protection under the material difference and quality control exceptions to the first sale doctrine of trademark law. Furthermore, this Comment proposes codification of the “first resale” doctrine to narrow the scope of the first sale doctrine defense to trademark infringement for the purpose of fostering competition and maintaining quality in the luxury industry

Lingering Effects of the Class Ceiling on Leadership Development

This study examines the influence of social standing, affluence, and privilege on the formation of leaders. The review of literature synthesizes research including individuals from diverse socioeconomic backgrounds and factors that may influence leadership development. Previous research indicates that family socioeconomic situations influence the learning of leadership knowledge, the building of a leadership attitude, and the practice of leadership skills during adolescence, hence influencing the likelihood of becoming an outstanding leader. High-status persons possess leadership-enhancing benefits, such as social capital and privileged knowledge. Nonetheless, relationships, social identity, and congruence also influence the efficacy of leaders. The study concludes that parental socioeconomic status affects more than simply an individual\u27s leadership development and that social status is a significant aspect in leadership development

Judicial Fidelity

Judicial critics abound. Some say the rule of law is dead across all three branches of government. Four are dead if you count the media as the fourth estate. All are in trouble, even if one approves of each branch’s headlines, but none of them are dead. Not yet. Pundits and scholars see the latest term of the Supreme Court as clear evidence of partisan politics and unbridled power. They decry an upheaval of laws and norms demonstrating the dire situation across the federal judiciary. Democracy is not dead even when the Court issues opinions that overturn precedent, upends long-standing constitutional rights, leaks confidential drafts, and countenances judicial failures to recuse despite questionable impartiality. Assuming all these claims are true, not all of them are inherently bad for democracy and the rule of law. Rather, democracy has seen and survived overruling of precedent, counter-majoritarian rulings, and a pendulum of opinions steeped in politics. It has survived ethical failings. Some of these occurrences are measurably bad for the federal judiciary and society, and they threaten democracy, but ultimately, the rule of law will survive. It must. For its survival, ink must be spilled, reforms must flow, partisan advocates must be careful what they wish for, and judges themselves must do better. The measure of a person is what one does in the face of a crisis. This Article asserts that this crisis is not unprecedented, but it is nonetheless real and serious. Perhaps it is a genuine moment to look to higher powers and within ourselves to “save this honorable Court” and, in turn, save democracy. This Article defines and promotes novel conceptions of judicial fidelity. Judges must answer to a duty beyond pure individualistic or tribal motives. Judicial fidelity requires aiming towards judicial ideals such as judicial humility, a balance of heart and mind, transparent reasoning, respect for coordinate branches, fairness towards litigants, and good-faith decision-making. This work offers positive and negative examples in recent Supreme Court cases from high-visibility constitutional cases to low-visibility remedial and procedural cases. We are past the claim of neutral principles devoid of any normative wants, but judges can transparently show their reasoning, values, and favored interpretive methods. Accountability must increase for thoughtful critics to promote meaningful reform. Ideally, each party’s judicial nominations will be better stewards of this sacred role federal judges play individually and collectively. A well-functioning federal judiciary must perform its essential functions under Article III with healthy separation-of-powers tension with other government branches, basic procedural checks visibly in place and operating, well-reasoned opinions, and the wise exercise of discretion where the case or its remedy dictate a pivot in the law. Otherwise, those tears in the fabric of democracy will continue to fray and the very foundational constitutional rights at stake will lose their force. With a renewed fidelity to judicial ideals by all actors, the federal judiciary can do its part to protect the rule of law and serve democratic values