Tanzania HIV/AIDS Indicator Survey 2003-04

The Tanzania Commission for AIDS (TACAIDS) authorised the National Bureau of Statistics\ud (NBS) to conduct the THIS. The THIS is the first household survey of its kind to be conducted in Tanzania.\ud The survey covered the Tanzania Mainland only.The main objective of the survey was to provide HIV/AIDS programme managers and policymakerswith information needed to guide planning and implementation of interventions, including resource mobilization and allocation, monitoring and evaluation of existing programmes, and designing new and effective strategies for combating the epidemic.\ud Before this survey, national HIV prevalence estimates depended entirely on data derived from\ud blood donors and pregnant women seeking antenatal care. Although this information from the surveillance system has been useful for monitoring the trends of HIV in Tanzania, the inclusion of HIV testingin the THIS offers the opportunity to better understand the magnitude and pattern of infection in the generalreproductive-age population in Tanzania. The THIS results are in turn expected to improve the calibrationof the annual sentinel surveillance data, so that trends in HIV infection can be more accurately\ud measured in the intervals between household surveys.\ud This report contains findings from the 2003-04 THIS collected from the households visited. The\ud survey was designed to produce regional estimates. The tables and text cover the most important indicatorsrelated to HIV/AIDS and should be of use to policymakers and programme administrators who needup-to-date data for evaluating their activities and planning future directions.\u

Joint External Evaluation of the Health Sector in Tanzania:1999-2006

This is a historic evaluation. It is (probably) the first ever sector evaluation which is fully in line with the 2005 Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness: The evaluation was led by Tanzania’s Ministry of Finance and looks into an entire sector and the role and contributions of all domestic and external stakeholders including government authorities at all levels, civil society organisations, and the private sector in Tanzania; and all development partners, bilateral and multilateral. The aim is not limited to improving the performance of individual donors, but to feed into Tanzania’s Third Health Sector Strategic Plan covering 2008-15 and to give recommendations on how all stakeholders can best contribute towards \ud the plan. The Evaluation was carried out from December 2006 to September 2007 by a consortium of COWI, Denmark; Goss Gilroy, Canada; and EPOS, Germany. Team Leader was Ted Freeman of GGI, Canada. Six development partners: Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands and Switzerland were the major funders of the direct cost of the evaluation. The management of the evaluation was conducted by a management group comprising of Denmark, Germany and Tanzania.\u

Analisis Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Kebijakan Dividen

This research aims to analyze factors which influence dividend policy. Variables include company life cycle, investment opportunity set, earnings, size, managerial ownership and institutional ownership. This research is used quantitative approach by using multiple linear regression. For samples is the manufacturing company that allocated dividend for period 2004-2008 which listed on PT Bursa Efek Indonesia. The number of observation are equal to 125. Research finding indicates that size, earnings and managerial ownership doesn't affect significantly to dividend policy. Company life cycle gives significantly negative affect to dividend policy, investment opportunity set and institutional ownership significantly positive affect to dividend policy

Final Report:Health sector Public Expenditure Review(PER) update financial year (FY) 06

The Public Expenditure Review update for FY2005/06 (FY06) takes a slightly different form from previous years. A summary briefing paper was provided for discussion at the Annual Joint Heath Sector Review, while this later report has been provided as input to the Cluster PER and the budget process for FY2007/08. The change in timing had some negative consequences in that it overlapped with the final stages of the budgetary process for FY2006/07, making it more difficult than usual to access key individuals and data. Review of the PER findings and recommendations for FY05 found that there had been some progress in the area of lobbying for additional funds for that year’s budget, that it had been agreed to review the allocation formula for drugs and medical supplies, and that a tracking study on all drugs and supplies within the sector had been initiated. However, other recommendations had not been followed up, in part due to human resource constraints within the Department of Policy and Planning. Notable was the failure of the High Level committee on health financing, established during FY2003/04, to meet regularly and take forward the many issues in this area.\u

A Study Report On Infant Feeding Practices In The Context Of\ud HIV / AIDS

\ud \ud This report presents the findings of a study on infant feeding practices in the context of HIV/AIDS in Tanzania. The study was undertaken from 8th – 24th August 2004 in 3 regions implementing PMTCT activities namely Kagera, Mbeya and Kilimanjaro. In each region, two PMTCT and one Non-PMTCT implementing districts were involved. The study population included mothers of infants who are HIV negative, infected and those of unknown status. Others were health service providers dealing with mothers and children, men and women of reproductive age and key informants. A total of 471 and 95 mothers with their infants were interviewed in PMTCT and Non-PMTCT sites respectively. Also 211 health service providers and 16 key informants were interviewed. HIV positive and negative mothers were selected purposively whereas those of unknown status were selected randomly. The quantitative data from mothers and health workers were collected by using structured questionnaires. A checklist was used to collect qualitative data from key informants such as TBAs, CBOs, FBOs, VHWs and VGLs. Another checklist was also used for facilitation of focus group discussion which involved men and women of reproductive age. In addition, secondary data from various sources were collected. The collected data were edited manually before being captured using excel, cleaned and finally transferred into SPSS version 10 for analysis. The results show that mean age of the interviewed mothers was 25 years and 62.4% of them had more than one child. Most mothers (87.3%) were married and (76.7%) were primary school leavers. There were 40% housewives. Proportion of mothers who delivered at health facility was 76.6%. Many of health service providers interviewed were Nurse Midwives, (45.5%) and nursing officers (21.3%). As regard to knowledge about breastfeeding, 50% of mothers were able to recognize its nutritional role and 34% knew the importance of colostrums. About breastfeeding initiation, 67.5 percent of mothers reported that it is recommended to start within an hour after delivery. However, a small proportion of mothers (2.5%) and (2.7%) appreciated the advantage of exclusive breastfeeding in relation to family planning and reducing the risk of MTCT of HIV respectively. Furthermore, 34.5% of mothers mentioned appropriate age for complementation as 4-6 months, where as 32.0% mentioned at 6 months. On the other hand, 24.6% of mothers reported to complement their infants at the age below 4 months. Complementary food given were named as maize porridge (40%), Lishe porridge 2.5% and cow’s milk 24%. Findings also show that frequency of feedingfor infants aged 6-9 months as mentioned by 39.8% of mothers was 3 times. However, there were 31.3% mothers who fed their infants 1-2 times a day. With regard to infant aged 10-12 months, the data show that 29.9% and 26.3 percent are fed 3 and 4 times a day respectively. Moreover, 6.0 percent of mothers did not know feeding frequency for infants aged 6-9 months and 9.2% of them were not aware of feeding frequency of infants aged 10-12 months. As regards to knowledge of mothers on MTCT of HIV, most of the mothers (over 90%), were aware that there is a possibility of MTCT of HIV. The awareness was high (over 90%) among the HIB +ve and HIV-ve mothers within the PMTCT sites. The risk was equally known by majority of mothers even in non-PMTCT sites. The findings also show that 57% of mothers that the commonest mode of MTCT of HIV is through breastfeeding. Generally in both PMTCT and non PMTCT sites MTCT of HIV through breastfeeding was the way known by many mothers. Among the mentioned factors that increase the risk of MTCT of HIV were breastfeeding exposure (35.2%), and breast conditions (25.1%). Other factors were sharing clothes between infant and mother; mothers’ spits and sweat on the breast during breast-feeding. However, re-infection with HIV and poor breastfeeding technique were less known as they were mentioned factors by 0.3 and 3.6 percent of mothers respectively. Ways of reducing MTCT of HIV as mentioned by mothers were replacement feeding (62.3%) and avoiding the infants to suckle on a breast with some spits and sweat (16.6%). On the other hand 3.2% of mothers were not aware about any way of reducing MTCT of HIV. However, 1.7 percent and 3.6 percent knew that EBF and ARV respectively could reduce the risk. In PMTCT sites both HIV infected (69%) and non infected (89%) mothers breastfed their infants soon after delivery. HIV positive mothers who reported to give their infants replacement feed soon after delivery were only 4.8%. The proportion of infants fed on breast milk after delivery was as high 81.1% even among mothers with unknown status. On top of that the findings also show that health service providers are the important source of information on infant feeding to mothers. They are depended by almost 70% of mothers and their influence as reported by mothers is very high (60.6%). Family members were also mentioned as other source of information. The main constraints as regard to infant feeding as reported by HIV infected mothers were the refusal of infants to eat other foods, insufficient breast milk and women heavy workload. However, majority of them (71.7%) did not report way constraint. In additional, the findings revealed that infant feeding counseling was given to majority (76.1%) of HIV infected mothers and only few (24.9%) of HIV negative women. About49.6% of HIV infected women were counseled on infant feeding option during pregnancy. Those counseled during and after delivery were 21.8% and 28.6% respectively. The most preferred infant feeding option was early cessation of breast feeding, as it was used by 55.7% of HIV positive women. Other women (17.1 and 14.3%) used exclusive breastfeeding for six months and commercial infant formula respectively. Affordability of infant feeding option was the main motivation (22.9%) to choose and use the said option, as compared to HIV transmission risk reduction (11.0%). Majority of HIV infected mothers (58.7%) reported to face no constraint as regard to implementation of infant feeding option. However, some of them (12%) mentioned stigma from family and community members as a major constraint to successful implementation of infant feeding option of their choice. Some health service providers (26.5%) mentioned the 4-6 months duration of exclusive breastfeeding and 46.4% mentioned the WHO / UNICEF recommended duration of 6 months. Furthermore, 13% of HSP were unable to demonstrate proper positioning and attachment of a baby on the breast, and 0.9% were not ware of the appropriate age for complementation. The findings further show that Few HSP in PMTCT (23%) were aware that there is a possibility of MTCT of HIV during pregnancy. On top of that there were (32.9%) of HSP in PMTCT aware of the increased risk of MTCT of HIV were due to breast conditions, only (4%) of HSP recognized the risk of MTCT associated with poor positioning and attachment of baby on breast. Furthermore, 44% of HSP in PMTCT sites were trained on infant feeding in the context of HIV/AIDS. With regards to infant feeding options 21.3% of The HSP in PMTCT sites mentioned exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months 29.5% mentioned early cessation of breastfeeding. Home prepared infant formula 20.7% and commercial infant formula was given by 15%. According to HSP in PMTCT sites, the main constraints faced by HIV infected mothers when implementing IFO are stigma (51.1%), avoiding to be known by other family members that they are HIV positive (20%), and switching from one option to another without consultation (22%). Overall, the study findings show that there is limitation in terms of knowledge and skills on breastfeeding, complementation and infant feeding options among HSP and mothers. More training, sensitization and media campaigns on infant feeding are needed. Counseling services on infant feeding option need to be strengthened. Also more research need to be conducted to explore the risk of MTCT transmission of HIV through the various existing mode of infant feeding among HIV infected mothers.\u