The Iron Unresolved Transition Array in Active Galactic Nuclei

The unresolved transition array (UTA) of iron M-shell ions is a prominent absorption feature in the X-ray spectrum of many active galactic nuclei (AGNs). Modeling photoionized plasmas in attempt to match the observed silicon and oxygen lines fail to predict the level of ionization of iron as inferred by this feature. It is suggested that the discrepancy is due to underestimation of the low-temperature dielectronic recombination rates for iron M-shell ions. Modified ionization balance calculations, based on new (guessed) atomic data, support this idea. The results are shown and compared to the global properties of several observed UTAs. Implications for AGN absorbing gas are discussed including an analysis of the ionization parameter distribution in such sources. The need for real calculations of such atomic data is stressed.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, accepted by Ap

Einstein's conversion from his static to an expanding universe

In 1917 Einstein initiated modern cosmology by postulating, based on general relativity, a homogeneous, static, spatially curved universe. To counteract gravitational contraction he introduced the cosmological constant. In 1922 Alexander Friedman showed that Einstein's fundamental equation also allowed dynamical worlds, and in 1927 Geroges Lemaitre, backed by observational evidence, concluded that our universe was expanding. Einstein impetuously rejected Friedman's as well as Lemaitre's findings. However, in 1931 he retracted his former static model in favour of a dynamic solution. This investigation follows Einstein on his hesitating path from a static to the expanding universe. Contrary to an often repeated belief the primary motive for his switch was not observational evidence, but the realisation that his static model was unstable.Comment: Published in EPJH (European Physics Journal - History) on February 4, 2014, 26 pages, 5 figures. A note on an unpublished draft by Einstein, found at the AEA, has been added in proof. Full biblio info was added on March 24, and a printing error was correcte

Locating Rousseau\u27s Legislator in the Social Contract

It is challenging to define precisely what role the legislator plays in Rousseau’s Social Contract; however, when viewed in light of the ancient guardians, the role of the legislator becomes less obscure. This paper pursues the similarities between Rousseau’s concept of the legislator and Plato’s concept of the guardian while also exploring the poignant differences between the two. One cannot help but notice their fundamental similarities such as the superior character and intelligence of the legislator and how each communicates with the people. Their ultimate purpose and legitimacy differs, however, in that the legislator plays a more esoteric role in his relation to the people to order to persuade them of his ideas. Conversely, the guardian’s purpose is one of enlightenment through reason; he never has to persuade anyone of anything

Lema\^{i}tre's Hubble relationship

Edwin Hubble is often credited with discovering the expanding Universe based on spectra taken by him. This statement is incorrect and we feel that it is the responsibility of those who are aware of the historical facts to set the record straight.Comment: 3 page letter, more accurately reflects letter published in Physics Today, August 201

Groundwater data management by water service providers in peri-urban areas of Lusaka

Groundwater management by water service providers in Lusaka, Zambia, includes borehole siting, drilling and on-going monitoring. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with Lusaka Water and Sewerage Company (LWSC) and devolved Water Trust managers, in order to assess their needs and collect their suggestions to improve data management. The research found that both the Water Trusts and LWSC lacked the capacity to fully utilize hydrogeological information. Prior to the research, none of the ten Water Trusts collected water level data. Four have started to collect data recently and another four have plans to, and they would like to share this data more widely

Juvenilhormon-Esterase, ein Schlüsselenzym in Wirt-Parasitoid-Interaktionen

Hymenopteran endoparasitoids that develop inside their lepidopteran host may exert a multitude of interactions with their host until they are able to emerge successfully from a developmentally arrested host that finally dies. Parasitoid interferences comprise physiological and biochemical modifications in the host endocrine and immune system which in turn affect host growth and development (reviewed in Edwards & Weaver, 2001). We use the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (Lep., Lymantriidae) and the endoparasitic, polydnavirus (PDV)-carrying braconid wasp Glyptapanteles liparidis (Hym., Braconidae) as a model system to study the endocrine changes associated with parasitism. Following wasp oviposition into young gypsy moth larvae, the parasitoids develop through two endoparasitic instars, and then emerge as newly molted third instars from a host that dies in the larval stage. In previous studies we have already described the endocrine changes in parasitized gypsy moth larvae which show an increase in juvenile hormone (JH) titers, a shift from JH II to JH III as the dominant homologue, and a prominent decrease in the JH degrading enzymes (Schopf & al., 1996; Schafellner & al., 2004). Here, we investigated the possible mechanisms that account for the JH elevating effects such as (i) stimulated host corpora allata activity, (ii) reduced activity of the JH metabolic enzymes such as JH esterase, and (iii) synthesis and release of JH by the parasitoid larvae.Die gregäre, parasitische Brackwespe Glyptapanteles liparidis (Hym., Braconidae) entwickelt sich in den Raupen des Schwammspinners Lymantria dispar (Lep., Lymantriidae). Bei der Eiablage injiziert die Wespe Viruspartikel in die Leibeshöhle der Wirtsraupe, die deren Immunabwehr lahm legen und so das Einkapseln der Eier verhindern. Im Laufe der Entwicklung der Parasitoidenlarven ändern sich die Juvenilhormongehalte in der Wirtshämolymphe dramatisch. Das für den Abbau des Juvenilhormons verantwortliche Enzym, die Juvenilhormon-Esterase (JH-Esterase), wird dramatisch herunterreguliert, während der Titer an Juvenilhormon steigt und kurz vor dem Ausbohren der Parasitoiden das Hundertfache des Normalwertes von unparasitierten Raupen erreicht. Wir konnten in unseren Untersuchungen nachweisen, dass die Polydnaviren für die Blockierung dieses spezifischen Enzyms verantwortlich sind, wobei aber die Aktivität des JH-Esterase Gens in den parasitierten Raupen unverändert bleibt. Mit der Häutung der Parasitoidenlarven in das 2. Larvenstadium beginnt der Hormonspiegel in der Hämolymphe kontinuierlich anzuwachsen. Auffallend dabei ist, dass davon vor allem das JH III Homolog betroffen ist, welches als das bisher einzige von Hymenopteren produzierte Homolog bekannt ist. Mit Hilfe von Inkubationsversuchen konnten wir zeigen, dass dieses Homolog von den Parasitoidenlarven selbst produziert und in die Wirtsraupe abgegeben wird. Die Syntheseleistung und die Abgabe von JH durch die Corpora allata der Wirtsraupe wird durch die Parasitierung dagegen nicht gesteigert; der im Vergleich zu JH III geringere Anstieg von JH II – dem dominierenden Homologon in Lepidopteren – ist offenbar auf die unterdrückte Enzymaktivität zurückzuführen. Aus den vorliegenden Ergebnissen wird klar, dass Parasitoide und Polydnaviren auf unterschiedlichen Ebenen in die Hormonregulation eingreifen und erst das komplexe Zusammenspiel beider eine erfolgreiche Parasitierung ermöglicht