Mortality from gastrointestinal congenital anomalies at 264 hospitals in 74 low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries: a multicentre, international, prospective cohort study

Summary Background Congenital anomalies are the fifth leading cause of mortality in children younger than 5 years globally. Many gastrointestinal congenital anomalies are fatal without timely access to neonatal surgical care, but few studies have been done on these conditions in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared outcomes of the seven most common gastrointestinal congenital anomalies in low-income, middle-income, and high-income countries globally, and identified factors associated with mortality. Methods We did a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of patients younger than 16 years, presenting to hospital for the first time with oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, intestinal atresia, gastroschisis, exomphalos, anorectal malformation, and Hirschsprung’s disease. Recruitment was of consecutive patients for a minimum of 1 month between October, 2018, and April, 2019. We collected data on patient demographics, clinical status, interventions, and outcomes using the REDCap platform. Patients were followed up for 30 days after primary intervention, or 30 days after admission if they did not receive an intervention. The primary outcome was all-cause, in-hospital mortality for all conditions combined and each condition individually, stratified by country income status. We did a complete case analysis. Findings We included 3849 patients with 3975 study conditions (560 with oesophageal atresia, 448 with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, 681 with intestinal atresia, 453 with gastroschisis, 325 with exomphalos, 991 with anorectal malformation, and 517 with Hirschsprung’s disease) from 264 hospitals (89 in high-income countries, 166 in middleincome countries, and nine in low-income countries) in 74 countries. Of the 3849 patients, 2231 (58·0%) were male. Median gestational age at birth was 38 weeks (IQR 36–39) and median bodyweight at presentation was 2·8 kg (2·3–3·3). Mortality among all patients was 37 (39·8%) of 93 in low-income countries, 583 (20·4%) of 2860 in middle-income countries, and 50 (5·6%) of 896 in high-income countries (p<0·0001 between all country income groups). Gastroschisis had the greatest difference in mortality between country income strata (nine [90·0%] of ten in lowincome countries, 97 [31·9%] of 304 in middle-income countries, and two [1·4%] of 139 in high-income countries; p≤0·0001 between all country income groups). Factors significantly associated with higher mortality for all patients combined included country income status (low-income vs high-income countries, risk ratio 2·78 [95% CI 1·88–4·11], p<0·0001; middle-income vs high-income countries, 2·11 [1·59–2·79], p<0·0001), sepsis at presentation (1·20 [1·04–1·40], p=0·016), higher American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score at primary intervention (ASA 4–5 vs ASA 1–2, 1·82 [1·40–2·35], p<0·0001; ASA 3 vs ASA 1–2, 1·58, [1·30–1·92], p<0·0001]), surgical safety checklist not used (1·39 [1·02–1·90], p=0·035), and ventilation or parenteral nutrition unavailable when needed (ventilation 1·96, [1·41–2·71], p=0·0001; parenteral nutrition 1·35, [1·05–1·74], p=0·018). Administration of parenteral nutrition (0·61, [0·47–0·79], p=0·0002) and use of a peripherally inserted central catheter (0·65 [0·50–0·86], p=0·0024) or percutaneous central line (0·69 [0·48–1·00], p=0·049) were associated with lower mortality. Interpretation Unacceptable differences in mortality exist for gastrointestinal congenital anomalies between lowincome, middle-income, and high-income countries. Improving access to quality neonatal surgical care in LMICs will be vital to achieve Sustainable Development Goal 3.2 of ending preventable deaths in neonates and children younger than 5 years by 2030

The Status of Laparoscopic Inguinal Hernia Surgery in Children: A Nationwide Assessment

Inguinal hernia repair (IHR) is a common procedure in childhood. Laparoscopic IHR has been evolving for the last three decades. Although clear advantages have been shown, adaptation in Germany has been slow. We aim to study the current status of pediatric laparoscopic IHR. A survey was sent to all 89 pediatric surgical departments in Germany on current practices and preferences of open versus laparoscopic IHR. Two nationwide databases of administrative claims data from 2019 were analyzed and correlated with responses from the survey. A total of 56% of the pediatric surgical departments supplied data through the quality reports. The recall of our survey was 58% of all pediatric surgery departments. According to the pooled data, laparoscopic IHR was performed in 8.2% of all inpatients treated. Laparoscopic IHR was considered a training procedure in 48% of the departments. Five different laparoscopic techniques were described (most commonly percutaneous closure of the hernia under laparoscopic vision). The choice between open and laparoscopic IHR was mainly determined by the child&rsquo;s age. Currently, only a minority of German children undergo inguinal hernia repair by laparoscopy. More training opportunities in the form of hands-on and video workshops may lead to more widespread employment of the laparoscopic technique

Response to Letter to the Editor concerning Schmedding et al.: Decentralised surgery of abdominal wall defects in Germany (Pediatr Surg Int (2020) 36: 569–578)

Proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is in the focus of cardiovascular research due to its role in hepatic low density lipoprotein (LDL) clearance. However, extrahepatic expression of PCSK9 such as in cardiomyocytes and its regulation by oxidized LDL (oxLDL) put notion on extrahepatic effects of PCSK9 as well. This study was aimed to reveal the role of PCSK9 in oxLDL-dependent regulation of cardiomyocyte function. Adult rat and mouse ventricular cardiomyocytes and isolated perfused hearts were used. OxLDL was applied to increase PCSK9 expression in cardiomyocytes. Cell function was analyzed by load-free cell shortening as well as left ventricular developed pressure of isolated hearts. OxLDL decreased shortening in wild-type-derived mouse cardiomyocytes but not in those isolated from PCSK9 knockout mice. Overexpression of human PCSK9 in rat cardiomyocytes reduced shortening in the absence of oxLDL. Addition of recombinant PCSK9 mimicked these effects. In cardiomyocytes, oxLDL induced PCSK9 release into the supernatant. Inhibition of PCSK9 by Pep 2-8 or alirocumab attenuated the oxLDL-induced loss of cardiomyocyte shortening. Cardiomyocytes express surfeit locus protein 4 (SURF-4), a protein required for PCSK9 secretion in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK 293 T), and silencing of SURF-4 reduced the oxLDL effects on cardiomyocytes. In isolated perfused rat hearts PCSK9 inhibition by alirocumab improved the function. In addition, left ventricular function of isolated hearts from PCSK9 knockout mice was increased under basal conditions as well as at 10 min and 120 min of reperfusion following 45 min of ischemia. Collectively, the data show that cardiomyocytes express and release PCSK9 that acts in an autocrine way on cardiomyocytes and impairs their function

Versorgungssituation in der deutschen Kinderchirurgie unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Versorgung von angeborenen Fehlbildungen

Im 20. Jahrhundert entwickelte sich die Kinderchirurgie aus der Allgemeinchirurgie als eigenständiges Fachgebiet, da zunehmend klar wurde, dass Kinder einer anderen Behandlung bedürfen als Erwachsene und andere Rahmenbedingungen benötigen. Während sich die Erwachsenenchirurgie danach in immer mehr Subdisziplinen aufteilte, ist die Kinderchirurgie ein generalistisches chirurgisches Fach geblieben. Die vorliegende Arbeit analysiert die Entwicklung der Kinderchirurgie in Deutschland im Hinblick auf medizinische und nicht-medizinische Aspekte und die aktuelle Versorgungssituation, letzteres mit einem Vergleich der Ergebnisqualität ausgewählter angeborener Fehlbildungen im internationalen Vergleich. Für die Analyse wurden Methoden der Versorgungsforschung angewandt. Die beinhaltete insbesondere die Nutzung von öffentlichen Statistiken und Sekundärdaten, die Statistiken der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Kinderchirurgie sowie die Befragung von ausgewählten Gruppen. Die Analyse bezog sich im Detail auf die Anzahl der Einrichtungen, die akademische und nicht akademische Ausrichtung der Leistungserbringer, die regionale Verteilung, die Personalentwicklung, die Verteilung von Patientinnen und Patienten zwischen den Fachgebieten und innerhalb der Kinderchirurgie und die Netzwerkbildung. Weiterhin wurde die Ergebnisqualität ausgewählter angeborener Fehlbildungen im internationalen Kontext analysiert. Die Kinderchirurgie ist in Deutschland die Hauptdisziplin für die chirurgische Behandlung von Kindern und Jugendlichen geworden. Sie hat eine weitgehende Flächendeckung erreicht. Die Entwicklung wurde dabei von politischen Entscheidungen beeinflusst, was am Beispiel der Stagnation der Niederlassungen und der Zunahme der kinderchirurgischen Einrichtungen nach Änderung der Perinatal-Versorgung gezeigt werden konnte. Das Spektrum der Kinderchirurgie umfasst die allgemeine Kinderchirurgie, die Neugeborenenchirurgie, Kinderurologie, Kindertraumatologie, Thoraxchirurgie, Teile der Kinderneurochirurgie, plastische Kinderchirurgie, operative Kinderonkologie und die Verbrennungsmedizin. Sie geht damit weit über die Versorgung von angeborenen Fehlbildungen hinaus, wenngleich diese im Zentrum der politischen Diskussionen stehen. Die Arbeitsbedingungen in der Kinderchirurgie haben sich in den letzten Jahren konstant geändert. Die Zahl der Kliniken hat kontinuierlich zugenommen, genauso wie die Zahl der Fachärztinnen und Fachärzte. Der Anteil an Frauen und an Teilzeitbeschäftigten stieg ebenfalls. Die Zahl der ausgeschriebenen Stellen nahm in den Jahren 2021 und 2022 deutlich zu. Die Patientenzahl in den Abteilungen nahm insbesondere seit 2017 ab. Für die Analyse der Ergebnisqualität wurden die Krankheitsbilder Ösophagusatresie, Dünndarmatresie, Colonatresie, Bauchwanddefekte und Zwerchfellhernien gewählt. Für Kinder mit Ösophagusatresie und Bauchwanddefekten konnte aufgrund der spezifischen Prozeduren die dezentrale Versorgung für Deutschland aufgezeigt werden. Der Vergleich der Ergebnisqualität der Versorgung von angeborenen Fehlbildungen zeigte keine schlechteres Mortalität bei den operierten Kindern mit Ösophagusatresie, den Kindern mit Bauchwanddefekten, Zwerchfellhernie und Darmatresien. Die Verweildauer entsprach bei der Ösophagusatresie, den Bauchwanddefekten und Zwerchfellhernie dem internationalen Vergleich, bei den Darmatresien war sie länger. Weiterhin gab es eine vermehrte Anlage von Stomata bei den Darmatresien. Die Auswertung der Perinatalzentren Level 1 und 2 ergab eine konstant große Anzahl von Zentren ohne Kinderchirurgie am eigenen Standort. Im Bereich der seltenen Erkrankungen zeigte die Zuordnung der Kliniken zu den verschiedenen Zentren keine durchgehende Systematik. Das Gütesiegel „Ausgezeichnet für Kinder“ hatten 26 kinderchirurgische Kliniken, das Gütesiegel „Das schwerbrandverletzte Kind“ erhielten 16 Zentren für schwerbrandverletzte Kinder, 4 Erwachsenenzentren, die auch Kinder behandelten und 6 spezialisierte Kliniken für brandverletzte Kinder. Zusammenfassend zeigt die Arbeit die erreichte Flächendeckung der Kinderchirurgie, die teilweise durch politische Entscheidungen geprägt ist. Das Spektrum ist weiterhin generalistisch geblieben, auch wenn nicht jede Abteilung alle Anteile des Spektrums abdeckt. Die Versorgung von angeborenen Fehlbildungen erfolgt grundsätzlich dezentral

Jejunoileal atresia: a national cohort study

Purpose: Jejunoileal atresia (JIA) is a rare disease. We aimed to determine the overall incidence of this malformation and associated malformations in a national cohort. Furthermore, we compared the treatment results of this cohort with the current literature. Methods: Data from the major health insurance company, which covers ∼30% of the German population, were analyzed. All patients with ICD-10-Code Q41.1-9 (atresia of jejunum, ileum, other parts and not designated parts of the small bowel) who underwent any surgical procedure for small bowel were analyzed in a 10-year period between 2007 and 2016. Results: A total of 435 patients were included in the study. The incidence was 2.1 per 10,000 live births. The male:female ratio was 1:2. Sixty-four percent were premature, 21% had associated cardiac anomalies, 16% had abdominal wall defects, 7% had urogenital malformations, and 7% had cystic fibrosis. Sixty percent of all patients with jejunoileal atresia, 57% of patients with accompanying abdominal wall defects and 72% of patients with associated cystic fibrosis required ostomy as the initial procedure. In 25% of all patients, only one intestinal operation was coded. In 39% of patients, two operations were coded. Twelve percent of all patients required feeding gastrostomy or jejunostomy. Sixteen percent of all patients presented with liver-related complications, i.e., cholestasis or liver insufficiency. Six patients underwent an intestinal lengthening procedure (2 Bianchi, 4 STEP). In five patients, initial lengthening was performed within 1 year after the first intestinal operation. Mortality until 1 year after initial surgery was 5%. Of those who died, 88% were premature, 34% had cardiac anomalies and 16% had abdominal wall defects. None had cystic fibrosis. Patients with ostomy significantly more often needed operative central venous line or operative feeding tube. Short bowel was coded significantly more often in these patients. Conclusion: Patients with JIA present with low mortality. The rate of ostomies is higher than in literature. To give clinical recommendations for the initial surgical approach, further clinical research is needed

The Status of Laparoscopic Inguinal Hernia Surgery in Children: A Nationwide Assessment

Inguinal hernia repair (IHR) is a common procedure in childhood. Laparoscopic IHR has been evolving for the last three decades. Although clear advantages have been shown, adaptation in Germany has been slow. We aim to study the current status of pediatric laparoscopic IHR. A survey was sent to all 89 pediatric surgical departments in Germany on current practices and preferences of open versus laparoscopic IHR. Two nationwide databases of administrative claims data from 2019 were analyzed and correlated with responses from the survey. A total of 56% of the pediatric surgical departments supplied data through the quality reports. The recall of our survey was 58% of all pediatric surgery departments. According to the pooled data, laparoscopic IHR was performed in 8.2% of all inpatients treated. Laparoscopic IHR was considered a training procedure in 48% of the departments. Five different laparoscopic techniques were described (most commonly percutaneous closure of the hernia under laparoscopic vision). The choice between open and laparoscopic IHR was mainly determined by the child’s age. Currently, only a minority of German children undergo inguinal hernia repair by laparoscopy. More training opportunities in the form of hands-on and video workshops may lead to more widespread employment of the laparoscopic technique

Challenges of the COVID-19 Pandemic for the Work–Family Balance of Pediatric Surgeons

The COVID-19 pandemic has been a great challenge, especially for families. We aimed to analyze the impact of the pandemic on childcare for and the work–family balance of pediatric surgeons in Germany. An anonymized questionnaire on the working and familial situation before and during the COVID-19 pandemic was sent to the members of the German Society of Pediatric Surgery and trainees in pediatric surgery (April–July 2021). One-hundred-fifty-three participants (59% female) completed the questionnaire. A total of 16% of the males and 62% of the females worked part-time. Most (68%) had underage children. During the COVID-19 pandemic, 36% reported a decrease in patients and interventions, and 55% reported an increase in the organizational work-related burden. Childcare for underage children during lockdown was organized mainly with the help of institutional emergency childcare (45%), staying home (34%), one parent working from a home office (33%), or staying home by themselves (34%). Before the lockdown, 54% reported a good work–family balance. During the lockdown, this worsened by 42%. Most of the families had to organize themselves. Different means such as a home office, flexible working hours, and different models for childcare can help to improve the situation

Not everything is cordless today - case report of acute intestinal obstruction in a neonate due to cord clamping

We report a case of a 2-day-old neonate with bilious vomiting and abdominal distension. A small bowel obstruction with ileal perforation due to a misplaced clamping of the umbilical cord was apparent before laparotomy. This complication was a sequala after clamping the cord too close to the abdominal wall in a case where there was a hernia into the cord with intestinal content. A herniation of abdominal contents due to an omphalocele minor or a hernia must be taken into consideration during the inspection of the umbilical cord before clamping