Pedagogía y Didáctica; una aproximación a estos términos

The referred article discusses a current topic of paramount importance in the contextualization of the pedagogical practice of higher education professionals. The work explains some considerations on pedagogy and didactics, analyzed from the conceptions of different authors. It also analyses the evolution of didactics as a science, as well as the contribution of the Cuban pedagogical thought and its contributions to current Cuban pedagogy. On the other hand it is performed a study of the historical evolution, the current demarcation of didactics and pedagogy, the contributions of other sciences to the didactics and the vision of pedagogy and didactics of higher education under the Configurational - Holistic Scientific Theory-. This article analyses the evolution of pedagogy and didactics since its emergence, besides the stages and conceptions through which they have traveled and the visions that researchers have assumed. Ideas of the traditional school and the new school are also considered and there is a reflection about the thought of researchers.El referido artículo aborda un tema actual y de gran importancia en la contextualización de la práctica pedagógica de los profesionales de la educación superior. El trabajo explica algunas consideraciones sobre pedagogía y didáctica analizadas desde las concepciones de diferentes autores. En él además se analiza la evolución de la didáctica como ciencia, así como la contribución del pensamiento pedagógico cubano y sus aportaciones a la pedagogía cubana actual. Por otra parte se  realiza un estudio de la evolución histórica,  la demarcación actual de la didáctica y la pedagogía, los aportes de otras ciencias a la didáctica y la visión de la pedagogía y la didáctica de la educación superior enmarcadas en la Teoría Científica Holístico – Configuracional. En este artículo se analiza la evolución de la pedagogía y la didáctica desde su surgimiento, además de  los estadios y concepciones por los que han transitado las mismas y las visiones  que han asumido los investigadores. Se abordan además  ideas de la escuela tradicional y de la nueva escuela  y se reflexiona acerca del pensamiento  de investigadores

Comportamiento de los tumores malignos de tiroides en nuestro medio

Carcinoma is the most frequent thyroid gland tumor and also the most frequent endocrine system malignancy. Thyroid cancer affects women more frequently than men, usually having an onset between ages 25 and 65 years. A study was performed including all cases with thyroid malignancy surgically treated in the Provincial University Hospital Arnaldo Milian Castro between January and December 2003. The incidence was 34.3%, with a female gender preference, with a peak at ages between 31 and 60 years. The main clinical symptom was cervical mass. Preoperatory ancillary tests were performed in order to help diagnosis and therapy (hemogram, cervical ultrasound and fine needle aspiration biopsy), being the last two procedures of utmost importance regarding the practical management. The treatment was surgical in all cases, with a total thyroidectomy in 75% of them. The 75% of cases were discharged successfully, with a hospitalization of less than 3 days.El carcinoma es el cáncer más frecuente de las tumoraciones de la glándula tiroides y la neoplasia maligna más común del sistema endocrino. El cáncer tiroideo afecta a la mujer con mayor frecuencia que al hombre y suele presentarse en personas de 25-65 años de edad. Se estudiaron los pacientes intervenidos quirúrgicamente por tumores malignos de la glándula tiroides en el Hospital Universitario “Arnaldo Milián Castro” de Santa Clara en el período de un año (enero–diciembre de 2003). La incidencia fue de un 34.3%, con predominio del sexo femenino en relación al masculino y mayor incidencia en las edades comprendidas entre 31 y 60 años. La manifestación clínica fundamental fue el aumento de volumen a nivel cervical. Se realizaron estudios preoperatorios de importancia marcada para el diagnóstico y el tratamiento: hemograma, leucograma, ultrasonido cervical y biopsia por aspiración con aguja fina, los dos últimos son muy necesarios para definir la conducta a seguir. El tratamiento en todos los pacientes fue quirúrgico, en el 75% de los casos se practicó la tiroidectomía total, con resultados favorables. El 75% de los pacientes fueron egresados satisfactoriamente, con una estadía hospitalaria inferior a tres días

Intensive care adult patients with severe respiratory failure caused by Influenza A (H1N1)v in Spain

Introduction: Patients with influenza A (H1N1)v infection have developed rapidly progressive lower respiratory tract disease resulting in respiratory failure. We describe the clinical and epidemiologic characteristics of the first 32 persons reported to be admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) due to influenza A (H1N1)v infection in Spain. Methods: We used medical chart reviews to collect data on ICU adult patients reported in a standardized form. Influenza A (H1N1)v infection was confirmed in specimens using real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction (RT PCR) assay. Results: Illness onset of the 32 patients occurred between 23 June and 31 July, 2009. The median age was 36 years (IQR = 31 - 52). Ten (31.2%) were obese, 2 (6.3%) pregnant and 16 (50%) had pre-existing medical complications. Twenty-nine (90.6%) had primary viral pneumonitis, 2 (6.3%) exacerbation of structural respiratory disease and 1 (3.1%) secondary bacterial pneumonia. Twenty-four patients (75.0%) developed multiorgan dysfunction, 7 (21.9%) received renal replacement techniques and 24 (75.0%) required mechanical ventilation. Six patients died within 28 days, with two additional late deaths. Oseltamivir administration delay ranged from 2 to 8 days after illness onset, 31.2% received high-dose (300 mg/day), and treatment duration ranged from 5 to 10 days (mean 8.0 +/- 3.3). Conclusions: Over a 5-week period, influenza A (H1N1)v infection led to ICU admission in 32 adult patients, with frequently observed severe hypoxemia and a relatively high case-fatality rate. Clinicians should be aware of pulmonary complications of influenza A (H1N1)v infection, particularly in pregnant and young obese but previously healthy persons

Multicenter Diagnostic Evaluation of a Novel Coronavirus Antigen Lateral Flow Test among Symptomatic Individuals in Brazil and the United Kingdom

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to the commercialization of many antigen-based rapid diagnostic tests (Ag-RDTs), requiring independent evaluations. This report describes the clinical evaluation of the Novel Coronavirus 2019-nCoV Antigen Test (Colloidal Gold) (Beijing Hotgen Biotech Co., Ltd.), at two sites within Brazil and one in the United Kingdom. The collected samples (446 nasal swabs from Brazil and 246 nasopharyngeal samples from the UK) were analyzed by the Ag-RDT and compared to reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). Analytical evaluation of the Ag-RDT was performed using direct culture supernatants of SARS-CoV-2 strains from the wild-type (B.1), Alpha (B.1.1.7), Delta (B.1.617.2), Gamma (P.1), and Omicron (B.1.1.529) lineages. An overall sensitivity and specificity of 88.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 81.3 to 93.3) and 100.0% (95% CI, 99.1 to 100.0), respectively, were obtained for the Brazilian and UK cohorts. The analytical limit of detection was determined as 1.0 × 103 PFU/mL (Alpha), 2.5 × 102 PFU/mL (Delta), 2.5 × 103 PFU/mL (Gamma), and 1.0 × 103 PFU/mL (Omicron), giving a viral copy equivalent of approximately 2.1 × 104 copies/mL, 9.0 × 105 copies/mL, 1.7 × 106 copies/mL, and 1.8 × 105 copies/mL for the Ag-RDT, respectively. Overall, while a higher sensitivity was claimed by the manufacturers than that found in this study, this evaluation finds that the Ag-RDT meets the WHO minimum performance requirements for sensitivity and specificity of COVID-19 Ag-RDTs. This study illustrates the comparative performance of the Hotgen Ag-RDT across two global settings and considers the different approaches in evaluation methods

Design and baseline characteristics of the finerenone in reducing cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in diabetic kidney disease trial

Background: Among people with diabetes, those with kidney disease have exceptionally high rates of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality and progression of their underlying kidney disease. Finerenone is a novel, nonsteroidal, selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist that has shown to reduce albuminuria in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) while revealing only a low risk of hyperkalemia. However, the effect of finerenone on CV and renal outcomes has not yet been investigated in long-term trials. Patients and Methods: The Finerenone in Reducing CV Mortality and Morbidity in Diabetic Kidney Disease (FIGARO-DKD) trial aims to assess the efficacy and safety of finerenone compared to placebo at reducing clinically important CV and renal outcomes in T2D patients with CKD. FIGARO-DKD is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, event-driven trial running in 47 countries with an expected duration of approximately 6 years. FIGARO-DKD randomized 7,437 patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate >= 25 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and albuminuria (urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio >= 30 to <= 5,000 mg/g). The study has at least 90% power to detect a 20% reduction in the risk of the primary outcome (overall two-sided significance level alpha = 0.05), the composite of time to first occurrence of CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure. Conclusions: FIGARO-DKD will determine whether an optimally treated cohort of T2D patients with CKD at high risk of CV and renal events will experience cardiorenal benefits with the addition of finerenone to their treatment regimen. Trial Registration: EudraCT number: 2015-000950-39; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02545049

Métodos y técnicas de monitoreo y predicción temprana en los escenarios de riesgos socionaturales

Esta obra concentra los métodos y las técnicas fundamentales para el seguimiento y monitoreo de las dinámicas de los escenarios de riesgos socionaturales (geológicos e hidrometeorológicos) y tiene como objetivo general orientar, apoyar y acompañar a los directivos y operativos de protección civil en aterrizar las acciones y políticas públicas enfocadas a la gestión del riesgo local de desastre