75 research outputs found
Kinematic quantum states for the Teleparallel Equivalent of General Relativity
A space of kinematic quantum states for the Teleparallel Equivalent of
General Relativity is constructed by means of projective techniques. The states
are kinematic in this sense that their construction bases merely on the
structure of the phase space of the theory and does not take into account
constraints on it. The space of quantum states is meant to serve as an element
of a canonical quantization of the theory.Comment: 41 pages, no figures, Latex2
Quantum group connections
The Ahtekar-Isham C*-algebra known from Loop Quantum Gravity is the algebra
of continuous functions on the space of (generalized) connections with a
compact structure Lie group. The algebra can be constructed by some inductive
techniques from the C*-algebra of continuous functions on the group and a
family of graphs embedded in the manifold underlying the connections. We
generalize the latter construction replacing the commutative C*-algebra of
continuous functions on the group by a non-commutative C*-algebra defining a
compact quantum group.Comment: 40 pages, LaTeX2e, minor mistakes corrected, abstract slightly
change
Background independent quantizations: the scalar field I
We are concerned with the issue of quantization of a scalar field in a
diffeomorphism invariant manner. We apply the method used in Loop Quantum
Gravity. It relies on the specific choice of scalar field variables referred to
as the polymer variables. The quantization, in our formulation, amounts to
introducing the `quantum' polymer *-star algebra and looking for positive
linear functionals, called states. The assumed in our paper homeomorphism
invariance allows to determine a complete class of the states. Except one, all
of them are new. In this letter we outline the main steps and conclusions, and
present the results: the GNS representations, characterization of those states
which lead to essentially self adjoint momentum operators (unbounded),
identification of the equivalence classes of the representations as well as of
the irreducible ones. The algebra and topology of the problem, the derivation,
all the technical details and more are contained in the paper-part II.Comment: 13 pages, minor corrections were made in the revised versio
Quantization of four-dimensional Abelian gravity
An abelian version of standard general relativity in the Cartan-Palatini
gauge-like formulation in four dimensions has been introduced. Traditional
canonical analysis utilizing similarities to the akin Husain-Kuchar SU(2)
version of gravity has been performed. The model has been next quantized in the
canonical path-integral Faddeev-Popov formalism yielding abelian BF theory.Comment: Minor changes, additional symmetry discussed. 5 pages, 2 columns,
REVTeX
The detection of Helicobacter pylori in paraffin sections using the PCR technique and various primers as compared to histological techniques
Helicobacter pylori is thought to represent a significant etiopathogenic factor in
diseases of the upper gastrointestinal tract. It seems, therefore, important to elaborate
effective techniques for its detection. The aim of the present study was to
evaluate the effectiveness of Helicobacter pylori detection using the PCR technique
on paraffin sections with various pairs of primers and to compare the results
with those of a histological appraisal. Material for the studies involved 50 paraffin
blocks with gastric mucosa biopsies fixed in 4% buffered formalin. In this material
4 tests were performed with the aim of diagnosing Helicobacter pylori infection:
1) H+E staining, 2) staining by the Giemsa technique, 3) an immunocytochemical
technique with antibodies against H. pylori and 4) the PCR technique with various
primers. In the present study the most reliable results for H. pylori detection as
well as the most pronounced correlation were obtained by using the PCR technique
with primers for the ureC gene, immunohistochemistry and staining according
to Giemsa. Less compatible results were obtained employing the two PCR
techniques which utilise various primers. The experiments confirmed the usefulness
of the PCR technique in the detection of Helicobacter pylori in paraffin sections
by using a suitable pair of primers, and also indicated that Giemsa staining
and immunohistochemistry should be taken into account
ADM-like Hamiltonian formulation of gravity in the teleparallel geometry
We present a new Hamiltonian formulation of the Teleparallel Equivalent of
General Relativity (TEGR) meant to serve as the departure point for canonical
quantization of the theory. TEGR is considered here as a theory of a cotetrad
field on a spacetime. The Hamiltonian formulation is derived by means of an
ADM-like 3+1 decomposition of the field and without any gauge fixing. A
complete set of constraints on the phase space and their algebra are presented.
The formulation is described in terms of differential forms.Comment: 43 pages, LaTeX2e; the original 73 page paper arXiv:1111.5498v1 was
revised and divided into two parts. The present paper is the first part of
the original one (the second part is available as arXiv:1309.4685
Background independent quantizations: the scalar field II
We are concerned with the issue of quantization of a scalar field in a
diffeomorphism invariant manner. We apply the method used in Loop Quantum
Gravity. It relies on the specific choice of scalar field variables referred to
as the polymer variables. The quantization, in our formulation, amounts to
introducing the `quantum' polymer *-star algebra and looking for positive
linear functionals, called states. Assumed in our paper homeomorphism
invariance allows to derive the complete class of the states. They are
determined by the homeomorphism invariant states defined on the CW-complex
*-algebra. The corresponding GNS representations of the polymer *-algebra and
their self-adjoint extensions are derived, the equivalence classes are found
and invariant subspaces characterized. In the preceding letter (the part I) we
outlined those results. Here, we present the technical details.Comment: 51 pages, LaTeX, no figures, revised versio
Differentiated expression of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PgR) in ductal breast cancers.
Contents of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PgR) in cells of breast cancers represent strong predictive factors. The higher is the contents of ER and PgR in breast cancer, the higher is a probability of obtaining a response to hormonal therapy and prognosis for the patient is better. In a routine manner, all tumours of mammary gland are subjected to evaluation of ER and PgR expression using immunohistochemistry. Forty ductal breast cancers (pT2N0) were subjected to an immunohistochemical evaluation (IHC) aimed at detection of ER and PgR expression. From every tumour three samples were taken for immunohistochemical studies: the lateral one from the side of axilla (ER-1; PgR-1); the median one (ER-2; PgR-2) and the medial one from the side of sternum (ER-3; PgR-3). The levels of both ER and PgR expression proved to be highly differentiated between the medial zone of the tumour and its periphery. The distinct expression of ER and PgR in ductal breast cancers, dependent on evaluated zone of the tumour, confirms its heterogeneous character and exerts an effect on the type of applied treatment
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