El papel de las radios comunitarias en la divulgación de los acuerdos de paz. El empleo de los medios de comunicación, en especial de la radio, por las guerrillas rurales latinoamericanas

Analizar cuál ha sido el papel de los medios de comunicación alternativos, y en éste contexto, determinar específicamente el papel de la radio por parte de cuatro de los movimientos guerrilleros rurales más relevantes de América Latina como lo fueron los Sandinistas de Nicaragua, El Farabundo Martí en El Salvador, Los Zapatistas en México, y Las Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia, FARC, se convierte en un ejercicio relevante desde la perspectiva de las Ciencias Políticas, dado que estos movimientos subversivos en su momento histórico asumieron y/o generaron conflictos armados internos en sus respectivos países, -cada uno con diferentes resultados en su lucha final respecto a la toma del poder-, y a partir de las condiciones que les posibilitaba la lucha armada emplearon de manera clandestina, diversos medios de comunicación para visibilizarse socialmente, difundir las razones de su lucha, hacer uso de los mismos para divulgar sus ideologías, ganar adeptos, seguidores y militantes, propagar y hacer circular su discurso social y político alternativo, agitar a las masas a las que representaban, y finalmente, convertir a los medios de comunicación en instrumentos fundamentales de la lucha armada, como recurso ideológico e instrumental en procura de confrontar a sus enemigos, buscando no sólo informar sino ganar las simpatías, el respaldo y el corazón de la población, en procura de tomar el poder.To analyze what has been the role of alternative media, and in this context, specifically determine the role of radio by four of the most relevant rural guerrilla movements in Latin America, such as the Sandinistas of Nicaragua, El Farabundo Martí in El Salvador, and Los Zapatistas in Mexico, and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, FARC, becomes a relevant exercise from the perspective of Political Science, given that these subversive movements in their historical moment assumed and/or generated internal armed conflicts in their respective countries -each one with different results in its final struggle with respect to the seizure of power-, and starting from the conditions that the armed struggle made possible for them, they used in a clandestine manner, diverse means of communication to make themselves socially visible, to disseminate the reasons for their struggle, to make use of them to disseminate their ideologies, to gain followers, followers and militants, to propagate and circulate their alternative social and political discourse, to agitate the masses they represented, and finally, to turn the media into fundamental instruments of the armed struggle, as an ideological and instrumental resource in seeking to confront their enemies, seeking not only to inform but to win the sympathies, support and hearts of the people, in seeking to seize power.Magíster en Estudios PolíticosMaestrí

Zmiany kliniczne i immunologiczne u chorych z czynną, umiarkowaną lub ciężką orbitopatią tarczycową leczonych bardzo niskimi dawkami rytuksymabu

Introduction: Glucocorticoids represent the therapy of choice for active and moderate-to-severe Graves' orbitopathy (GO). In some patients, rituximab, a monoclonal antibody against the cluster of differentiation (CD) 20 receptor of B-lymphocytes, can serve as a second-line or an alternative treatment. The effect of very low-dose of rituximab on the clinical activity of GO and corresponding clinical or laboratory changes is reported. Material and methods: Changes of Clinical Activity Score (CAS) for GO, proptosis, levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibodies, and depletion of CD19+ and CD20+ B-lymphocytes were determined in ten patients (two men and eight women) with active moderate-to-severe GO treated with a single 100-mg dose of rituximab. Correlations between differences of clinical and laboratory parameters were performed. Results: A significant decrease of CAS was found during subsequent examinations compared to the baseline values. A significant depletion of CD19+ and CD20+ B-lymphocytes was detected after rituximab administration. Differences between follow-up and baseline levels of CD20+ positively correlated with differences in CAS after six (p < 0.05) and 12 months (p < 0.01). Differences in CD19+ levels correlated with differences in CAS after 12 months (p < 0.05) of the treatment. Two patients developed dysthyroid optic neuropathy (DON) requiring orbital decompression. No other rituximab side effects were reported during the whole study duration. Conclusions: A single very low-dose of rituximab appears to be very well tolerated and effective enough to reduce clinical activity in active moderate-to-severe GO patients without impending DON.Wstęp: Glikokortykoidy są leczeniem z wyboru w czynnej, umiarkowanej lub ciężkiej orbitopatii tarczycowej (Graves' orbitopathy, GO). U niektórych pacjentów jako leczenie drugiej linii lub leczenie alternatywne można zastosować rytuksymab, przeciwciało monoklonalne przeciw receptorowi kompleksu różnicowania (cluster of differentiation, CD) 20. W niniejszej pracy opisano wpływ bardzo małych dawek rytuksymabu na aktywność kliniczną GO i odpowiednie zmiany parametrów klinicznych i laboratoryjnych. Materiał i metody: U 10 chorych (2 mężczyzn i 8 kobiet) z czynną, umiarkowaną lub ciężką GO, którym podano pojedynczą dawkę 100 mg rytuksymabu, oceniono zmiany oceny w skali aktywności klinicznej (Clinical Activity Score, CAS) orbitopatii tarczycowej, stopnia wytrzeszczu, stężenia przeciwciał przeciw receptorom hormonu tyreotropowego (thyroid-stimulating hormone, TSH) oraz liczby limfocytów B typu CD19+ i CD20+. Zbadano korelacje między zmianami parametrów klinicznych i laboratoryjnych. Wyniki: W kolejnych badaniach stwierdzono zmniejszenie aktywności choroby ocenianej w skali CAS w porównaniu z wartościami wyjściowymi. Po podaniu rytuksymabu zaobserwowano zmniejszenie liczby limfocytów B typu CD19+ i CD20+. Różnice między liczbą limfocytów CD20+ podczas kolejnych wizyt kontrolnych a wartością wyjściową korelowały dodatnio z różnicami wartości wskaźnika CAS po 6 (p < 0,05) i 12 miesiącach (p < 0,01). Różnice w liczbie limfocytów CD19+ korelowały z różnicami wartości wskaźnika CAS po 12 miesiącach (p < 0,05). U 2 chorych rozwinęła się neuropatia nerwu wzrokowego w przebiegu orbitopatii tarczycowej (dysthyroid optic neuropathy, DON) wymagająca dekompresji oczodołu. Nie stwierdzono innych działań niepożądanych rytuksymabu w trakcie badania. Wnioski: Pojedyncza bardzo mała dawka rytuksymabu była bardzo dobrze tolerowana przez chorych i wystarczająco skuteczna w zmniejszaniu aktywności klinicznej choroby u pacjentów z czynną, umiarkowaną lub ciężką GO bez zagrażającej DON

Organization specific predictors of job satisfaction: findings from a Canadian multi-site quality of work life cross-sectional survey

BACKGROUND: Organizational features can affect how staff view their quality of work life. Determining staff perceptions about quality of work life is an important consideration for employers interested in improving employee job satisfaction. The purpose of this study was to identify organization specific predictors of job satisfaction within a health care system that consisted of six independent health care organizations. METHODS: 5,486 full, part and causal time (non-physician) staff on active payroll within six organizations (2 community hospitals, 1 community hospital/long-term care facility, 1 long-term care facility, 1 tertiary care/community health centre, and 1 visiting nursing agency) located in five communities in Central West Ontario, Canada were asked to complete a 65-item quality of work life survey. The self-administered questionnaires collected staff perceptions of: co-worker and supervisor support; teamwork and communication; job demands and decision authority; organization characteristics; patient/resident care; compensation and benefits; staff training and development; and impressions of the organization. Socio-demographic data were also collected. RESULTS: Depending on the organization, between 15 and 30 (of the 40 potential predictor) variables were found to be statistically associated with job satisfaction (univariate analyses). Logistic regression analyses identified the best predictors of job satisfaction and these are presented for each of the six organizations and for all organizations combined. CONCLUSIONS: The findings indicate that job satisfaction is a multidimensional construct and although there appear to be some commonalities across organizations, some predictors of job satisfaction appear to be organization and context specific

Job design, employment practices and well-being: a systematic review of intervention studies

There is inconsistent evidence that deliberate attempts to improve job design realise improvements in well-being. We investigated the role of other employment practices, either as instruments for job redesign or as instruments that augment job redesign. Our primary outcome was well-being. Where studies also assessed performance, we considered performance as an outcome. We reviewed 33 intervention studies. We found that well-being and performance may be improved by: training workers to improve their own jobs; training coupled with job redesign; and system wide approaches that simultaneously enhance job design and a range of other employment practices. We found insufficient evidence to make any firm conclusions concerning the effects of training managers in job redesign and that participatory approaches to improving job design have mixed effects. Successful implementation of interventions was associated with worker involvement and engagement with interventions, managerial commitment to interventions and integration of interventions with other organisational systems. Practitioner Summary: Improvements in well-being and performance may be associated with system-wide approaches that simultaneously enhance job design, introduce a range of other employment practices and focus on worker welfare. Training may have a role in initiating job redesign or augmenting the effects of job design on well-being

Well-being through learning: a systematic review of learning interventions in the workplace and their impact on well-being

The view that learning is central to well-being is widely held and the workplace is an important setting in which learning takes place. Evaluations of the effectiveness of well-being interventions in work settings are commonplace, but to date, there has been no systematic review of the effectiveness of learning interventions with regard to their impact on well-being. The review synthesizes evidence from 41 intervention studies, and although no studies report a negative impact on well-being, 14 show no effect on well-being, with 27 studies having a positive impact. We classify the studies according to the primary purpose of the learning intervention: to develop personal resources for well-being through learning; to develop professional capabilities through learning; to develop leadership skills through learning; and to improve organizational effectiveness through organizational-level learning. Although there is an abundance of workplace learning interventions, few are evaluated from a well-being perspective despite the commonly held assumption that learning yields positive emotional and psychological outcomes. The evidence indicates an important gap in our evaluation of and design of workplace learning interventions and their impact on well-being, beyond those focusing on personal resources. This raises important theoretical and practical challenges concerning the relationship between learning and well-being in the context of professional capability enhancement, leadership capability and organizational learning

Nature: a new paradigm for well-being and ergonomics

Nature is presented as a new paradigm for ergonomics. As a discipline concerned with well-being, the importance of natural environments for wellness should be part of ergonomics knowledge and practice. This position is supported by providing a concise summary of the evidence of the value of the natural environment to well-being. Further, an emerging body of research has found relationships between well-being and a connection to nature, a concept that reveals the integrative character of human experience which can inform wider practice and epistemology in ergonomics. Practitioners are encouraged to bring nature into the workplace, so that ergonomics keeps pace with the move to nature-based solutions, but also as a necessity in the current ecological and social context. Practitioner Summary: Nature-based solutions are coming to the fore to address societal challenges such as well-being. As ergonomics is concerned with well-being, there is a need for a paradigm shift in the discipline. This position is supported by providing a concise summary of the evidence of the value of the natural environment to well-being

Do 72-Hour Waiting Periods and Two-Visit Requirements for Abortion Affect Women's Certainty? A Prospective Cohort Study

PurposeThis paper examines how Utah's two-visit requirement and 72-hour waiting period influence women's certainty about their decision to have an abortion.ProceduresThis study uses data from a prospective cohort study of 500 women who presented at an abortion information visit at four Utah family planning facilities. At the information visit, participants completed a baseline survey; 3 weeks later, they completed telephone interviews that assessed their pregnancy outcome, change in certainty, and factors affecting changes in certainty.Main findingsOverall, 63% reported no change in certainty owing to the information visit and 74% reported no change in certainty owing to the waiting period. Changes in certainty were primarily in the direction of increased certainty, with more women reporting an increase (29%) than a decrease (8%) in certainty owing to the visit and more women reporting an increase (17%) than a decrease (8%) owing to waiting. Changes in certainty in either direction were concentrated among the minority (8%) who were conflicted about their decision at baseline. Learning about the procedure, meeting staff, and discovering that the facility was a safe medical environment were main contributors to increased certainty.ConclusionMost women were certain of their decision to have an abortion when they presented for their abortion information visit and their certainty remained unchanged despite the information visit and 72-hour waiting period. Changes in certainty were largely concentrated in the minority of women who expressed uncertainty about their decision before the beginning of the information visit. Thus, individualized counseling for the minority who are conflicted when they first present for care seems more appropriate than universal requirements