Réglementation et Performances des Micros, Petites et Moyennes Entreprises Camerounaises

L'objectif de ce travail est d'étudier les différentiels de performance entre les entreprises en fonction de leur niveau de formalisation en utilisant une méthodologie économétrique qui traite la formalisation comme une variable endogène, discrète et ordonnée. Les données utilisées ont été collectées auprès des entreprises des villes de Yaoundé et Douala entre octobre et novembre 2012. Les analyses économétriques basées sur un échantillon de 1017 entreprises permettent de montrer que : (i) les différentiels de performance entre les différents niveaux de formalité sont importants, mais celles-ci sont dues en grande partie aux caractéristiques observées des entrepreneurs et des entreprises, (ii) les pertes de profit subies par les entreprises informelles ou partiellement formelles augmentent avec le niveau d'éducation, l'âge de l'entrepreneur, la taille de n'entreprise mesurée par le nombre d'employés et le niveau de capital physique. Ce travail met en évidence des similitudes entre les entreprises informelles et celles qui sont partiellement formelles, et des différences entre ces deux groupes d'entreprises et celles qui sont complètement formelles

Strengthening women´s and youths’ access to innovation support services (ISS): The 24 h’ cassava retting case in Cameroon

Strengthening the participation of women and youths in agri-food innovation processes is key to support the development of solutions that meet their needs and that enhance their capacity to drive change in rural areas. We disentangle the 24 hours cassava retting case in Cameroon into three service situations across the ideation, development and dissemination phases. We then assess the intention of inclusion of key innovation support service providers (ISPs) and their approaches, the roles played by women and youths, and the capacity of women and youths to fully benefit from innovation support services (ISS) depending on factors at the personal/agency, relational and structural/environmental levels – an adaptation of the gender-transformative approach (GTA) framework. We find that ISPs wish to target women and youths, but this objective is only assessed in quantitative terms. A deeper understanding of what favors or constrains the capacity to use services and resources of innovative actors at the personal or collective levels would help improve the inclusiveness and quality of ISS, as well as raise awareness of deeper structural changes that are needed at the policy, informal norms and environmental levels. Some women benefit from skills and knowledge, personal traits, as well as from extensive support networks that allow them to overcome the constraining patriarchal norms to innovate. Their capacity to support the active participation of people constrained by e.g. remoteness, health and disability issues or unfavorable gender norms, should be strengthened. This can be supported by extended research and knowledge sharing about innovative solutions found to some specific problems faced by marginalized people across Sub-Saharan Africa. ISPs should also develop, coordinate, and qualitatively assess their activities to help underserved people participate in innovation processes in rural areas

The evolving SARS-CoV-2 epidemic in Africa: Insights from rapidly expanding genomic surveillance

INTRODUCTION Investment in Africa over the past year with regard to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) sequencing has led to a massive increase in the number of sequences, which, to date, exceeds 100,000 sequences generated to track the pandemic on the continent. These sequences have profoundly affected how public health officials in Africa have navigated the COVID-19 pandemic. RATIONALE We demonstrate how the first 100,000 SARS-CoV-2 sequences from Africa have helped monitor the epidemic on the continent, how genomic surveillance expanded over the course of the pandemic, and how we adapted our sequencing methods to deal with an evolving virus. Finally, we also examine how viral lineages have spread across the continent in a phylogeographic framework to gain insights into the underlying temporal and spatial transmission dynamics for several variants of concern (VOCs). RESULTS Our results indicate that the number of countries in Africa that can sequence the virus within their own borders is growing and that this is coupled with a shorter turnaround time from the time of sampling to sequence submission. Ongoing evolution necessitated the continual updating of primer sets, and, as a result, eight primer sets were designed in tandem with viral evolution and used to ensure effective sequencing of the virus. The pandemic unfolded through multiple waves of infection that were each driven by distinct genetic lineages, with B.1-like ancestral strains associated with the first pandemic wave of infections in 2020. Successive waves on the continent were fueled by different VOCs, with Alpha and Beta cocirculating in distinct spatial patterns during the second wave and Delta and Omicron affecting the whole continent during the third and fourth waves, respectively. Phylogeographic reconstruction points toward distinct differences in viral importation and exportation patterns associated with the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron variants and subvariants, when considering both Africa versus the rest of the world and viral dissemination within the continent. Our epidemiological and phylogenetic inferences therefore underscore the heterogeneous nature of the pandemic on the continent and highlight key insights and challenges, for instance, recognizing the limitations of low testing proportions. We also highlight the early warning capacity that genomic surveillance in Africa has had for the rest of the world with the detection of new lineages and variants, the most recent being the characterization of various Omicron subvariants. CONCLUSION Sustained investment for diagnostics and genomic surveillance in Africa is needed as the virus continues to evolve. This is important not only to help combat SARS-CoV-2 on the continent but also because it can be used as a platform to help address the many emerging and reemerging infectious disease threats in Africa. In particular, capacity building for local sequencing within countries or within the continent should be prioritized because this is generally associated with shorter turnaround times, providing the most benefit to local public health authorities tasked with pandemic response and mitigation and allowing for the fastest reaction to localized outbreaks. These investments are crucial for pandemic preparedness and response and will serve the health of the continent well into the 21st century

Frequency and Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of <i>Streptococcus agalactiae</i> Strains Isolated from Women in Yaounde, Cameroon

Group B Streptococcus (GBS), a commensal in the body, causes a wide range of infectious diseases. This bacterium is dangerous for pregnant women and their babies, in whom it is responsible for early neonatal bacterial sepsis (EOS). The colonisation levels of GBS and its resistance profile to antibiotics provide important information that is useful for orienting prevention strategies. There are few data available on the subject on the determination of resistance phenotypes in Cameroon. We therefore aimed to determine the prevalence of colonisation and antibiotic resistance, including patterns of inducible resistance to clindamycin, of GBS in the city of Yaounde. To achieve this goal, a prospective cross-sectional study with an analytical component was carried out from 28 June to 29 August 2020 at the BIOSANTE laboratory and the Yaounde Gynaeco-Obstetrics and Paediatrics hospital. Vaginal swabs and urine were collected from 163 women. This samples were analysed using 5% defibrinated sheep blood agar and chocolate plus polyvitex agar. The isolates were identified using the morphology of the colony, Gram staining, haemolysis, catalase tests and latex grouping tests. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was carried out by disk diffusion method following the recommendations of the ACFSM 2019. The double disk diffusion method was used to identify isolates with clindamycin-inducible resistance. Our data were analysed with SPSS version 2.1. The results obtained showed that the overall prevalence of colonisation by GBS was 37% (57/163), or 40.3% in non-pregnant women and 59.7% in pregnant women. Pregnancy (p-value = 0.019) and earlier (from the second semester of pregnancy) gestational age (p-value = 0.025) constituted the risk factors of maternal colonisation by GBS. In addition, the strains of GBS were resistant to all 16 antibiotics tested. A D test showed that 64.7% of GBS strains were constitutively resistant to clindamycin. We also note the presence of M phenotypes. As a whole, our results demonstrated that the rate of GBS colonisation in this study was similar to or higher than those in previous reports in Cameroon. All these results indicate that attention should be paid to this bacterium in the monitoring of antimicrobial resistance and in the care of pregnant women and newborns