The Fossilization-Formula Interface

The construct of fossilization has enjoyed considerable scrutiny over nearly four decades of second language acquisition (SLA) research. In contrast, the phenomena of formulaic expressions (FEs), which are multi-word language chunks processed as a whole, have historically attracted only marginal interest in the field of SLA especially given the long-standing influence of the generative-nativist paradigm and its focus on discrete morphosyntactic constituents. Recently, FEs have been reevaluated with regard to interlanguage use and potential for contributing to interlanguage development (N. Ellis, 2002; Van Lancker Sidtis, 2009; Wray, 2000). This resurgence in interest auspiciously coincides with Han’s (2009) publication of Interlanguage and fossilization: Towards an analytic model with potentially fruitful repercussions. It is suggested here that cultivating an SLA perspective on FEs in tandem with Han’s analytic model on fossilization may prove useful in two ways: (1) FEs may provide a useful testing ground for the scope and predictions about fossilizable structures made by the analytic model, and (2) the model might provide a clearer understanding of how various types of FEs are used by L2 learners and develop in the interlanguage

Manufacturability Analysis of Thermally-Enhanced Polymer Composite Heat Exchangers

Thermally-enhanced polymer composite heat exchangers are an attractive alternative for applications such as the use of seawater as a cooling medium and other corrosive environments that traditionally use expensive exotic metallic alloys, but a number of manufacturing challenges exist. The goal of this thesis is to develop an understanding of the manufacturing feasibility, in particular mold filling and fiber orientation, of utilizing thermally-enhanced polymer composites and injection molding to manufacture polymer heat exchangers. To best predict mold filling feasibility, this thesis proposes developing an explicit construction of the boundary, represented as a surface based on the parameter space, which separates the feasible and infeasible design space. The feasibility boundary for injection molding in terms of the design parameters is quite complex due to the highly nonlinear process physics, which, consequently, makes molding simulation computationally intensive and time consuming. This thesis presents a new approach for the explicit construction of a moldability-based feasibility boundary based on intelligent Design of Experiments and adaptive control techniques to minimize the number or computation experiments needed to build an accurate model of the feasibility boundary. Additionally, to improve the flexibility of the mold filling prediction framework to changes in overall heat exchanger design, a model simplification approach is presented to predict mold filling for general finned-plate designs by determining an equivalent flat plate representation and utilizing a developed flat plate mold filling metamodel to estimate mold filling. Finally, a fiber orientation measurement methodology is presented for experimentally determining fiber orientation behavior for sample heat exchanger geometries that develops both a local and global understanding of the fiber orientation behavior and compares thesis findings to simulation predictions. The work presented in this thesis significantly advances the understanding of manufacturability considerations for utilizing thermally-enhanced polymer composites in heat exchanger applications and is useful in design exploration, optimization, and decision-making approaches

L2 Learner-Made Formulaic Expressions and Constructions

The emergence of lexico-grammatical productivity has been a central issue in the field of Second Language Acquisition (SLA). Ellis (2002) proposed that formulaic chunks of language are one resource for the learner to develop such productivity. This exploratory study sought to determine whether formulaic language chunks were observed in the oral production of three adult beginner learners of English as a Second Language (ESL) over a nine-week period in a community language program. It also attempted to determine whether there was a developmental relationship between formulae and productive forms called constructions. Tasks used to elicit the data included picture description tasks and semi-structured interviews. Results showed that formulae were minimally present in the learner output and that constructions and formulae of similar structure coexisted, but that a developmental relationship between formulae and constructions was not clearly evident. The discussion proposes the existence of a pre-formulaic stage account for the data, and submits that the relationship between formulae and productive constructions requires more intensive study

Trauma-Informed Schools: A Strategy for Problem Behaviors in the Classroom

Students that are making poor behavior choices in school generally are performing lower academically. The growing number of students that are coming to school that have experienced trauma is one reason why students are misbehaving in class. Schools have the opportunity to address this issue by implementing a trauma-informed school methodology. Trauma-informed schools work with students to be aware of the trauma that they have faced and teaches them ways to cope with the symptoms of trauma. This project discusses what trauma is and how it affects students and what schools can do to meet the needs of these students. The project is a framework for administrators to begin the process of creating a trauma-informed school. The project includes a professional development plan that instructs teachers what trauma is and how schools can better serve students

WFUMB guidelines and recommendations for clinical use of ultrasound elastography: Part 3: Liver

The breast section of these Guidelines and Recommendations for Elastography produced under the auspices of the World Federation of Ultrasound in Medicine and Biology (WFUMB) assesses the clinically used applications of all forms of elastography used in breast imaging. The literature on various breast elastography techniques is reviewed, and recommendations are made on evidence-based results. Practical advice is given on how to perform and interpret breast elastography for optimal results, with emphasis placed on avoiding pitfalls. Artifacts are reviewed, and the clinical utilityof some artifacts is discussed. Both strain and shear wave techniques have been shown to be highly accurate in characterizing breast lesions as benign or malignant. The relationship between the various techniques is discussed, and recommended interpretation based on a BI-RADS-like malig- nancy probability scale is provided. This document is intended to be used as a reference and to guide clinical users in a practical way. (E-mail: [email protected]) 2015 Published by Elsevier Inc. on behalf of World Federation for Ultrasound in Medicine & Biology

Technology in Genomics and Bioinformatics

The advantages that new technological advancements in genomics and bioinformatics provide are numerous and varied. The advent of new technologies provides faster sequencing throughput, making the opportunity available to allow for the sequencing of an entire genome to be completed in twenty-four hours. The input of sequencing data and information into large databases distributes it across the world and provides the ability for comparisons between genes, gene products, mutations, and comparisons between species. The fact that these databases can be accessed instantly will help further catalyze not only developments in genomics but also in the medical field

WFUMB Guidelines and Recommendations for Clinical Use of Ultrasound Elastography: Part 1: Basic Principles and Terminology

Abstract Conventional diagnostic ultrasound images of the anatomy (as opposed to blood flow) reveal differences in the acoustic properties of soft tissues (mainly echogenicity but also, to some extent, attenuation), whereas ultrasound-based elasticity images are able to reveal the differences in the elastic properties of soft tissues (e.g., elasticity and viscosity). The benefit of elasticity imaging lies in the fact that many soft tissues can share similar ultrasonic echogenicities but may have different mechanical properties that can be used to clearly visualize normal anatomy and delineate pathologic lesions. Typically, all elasticity measurement and imaging methods introduce a mechanical excitation and monitor the resulting tissue response. Some of the most widely available commercial elasticity imaging methods are 'quasi-static' and use external tissue compression to generate images of the resulting tissue strain (or deformation). In addition, many manufacturers now provide shear wave imaging and measurement methods, which deliver stiffness images based upon the shear wave propagation speed. The goal of this review is to describe the fundamental physics and the associated terminology underlying these technologies. We have included a questions and answers section, an extensive appendix, and a glossary of terms in this manuscript. We have also endeavored to ensure that the terminology and descriptions, although not identical, are broadly compatible across the WFUMB and EFSUMB sets of guidelines on elastography ( Bamber et al. 2013; Cosgrove et al. 2013 )

Hypertext in the Semantic Web

The Semantic Web extends the current state of the Web with well-defined meaning. We advocate the use of ontological hypertext as an application of the Semantic Web to provide a principled and structured approach to navigating the resources on the Web. This paper demonstrates how we have applied this concept to two real-world scenarios

Hypertext in the Semantic Web

The Semantic Web extends the current state of the Web with well-defined meaning. We advocate the use of ontological hypertext as an application of the Semantic Web to provide a principled and structured approach to navigating the resources on the Web. This paper demonstrates how we have applied this concept to two real-world scenarios

Measurement-Device-Independent Approach to Entanglement Measures

Within the context of semiquantum nonlocal games, the trust can be removed from the measurement devices in an entanglement-detection procedure. Here we show that a similar approach can be taken to quantify the amount of entanglement. To be specific, first, we show that in this context a small subset of semiquantum nonlocal games is necessary and sufficient for entanglement detection in the LOCC paradigm. Second, we prove that the maximum pay-off for these games is a universal measure of entanglement which is convex and continuous. Third, we show that for the quantification of negative-partial-transpose entanglement, this subset can be further reduced down to a single arbitrary element. Importantly, our measure is operationally accessible in a measurement-device-independent way by construction. Finally, our approach is simply extended to quantify the entanglement within any partitioning of multipartite quantum states.Comment: 8 pages, 2 figures, the main result is split into two theorems with slight modifications, extended proof