Behavior study of Bifidobacterium longum using solid state fermentation from commercial soybean meal

The development of alternatives to dairy products has gained great importance using plant-based foods. In this study, efforts have been made to develop vegetable alternatives from soybean paste without any supplement using single potential probiotic culture. Commercial soybean meal was inoculated with Bifidobacterium (B.) longum under previously fitted fermentation conditions by experimental design. Carbohydrates, organic acids, isoflavones, and amino acids profiles were studied in nine conditions of moisture and temperature, and also at several times in optimized conditions. Kinetics and technological parameters, effect of simulated gastric conditions on bacterium survival in optimized soybean paste, and their relationship with soybean matrix using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were also evaluated. B. longum was able to use the main carbohydrates in soybean producing organic acids as was expected (acetic/lactic ∼ 1.5) and to enhance bioactive isoflavones (maximum concentration: 32.6 mg/50 g of soybean paste). Furthermore, B. longum showed high tolerance at simulated saliva solution and gastric juice, but the pancreatic solution deeply affected its viability in MRSs and also in soybean paste. Soybean paste represents an excellent vegetable candidate to be used as potential probiotic carrier food for B. longum and an attractive alternative to develop new functional foods.Fil: Rodríguez de Olmos, Antonieta. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos; ArgentinaFil: Garro, Oscar Alfredo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Cientificas y Tecnicas. Centro Cientifico Tecnologico Conicet - Nordeste. Instituto de Investigaciones En Procesos Tecnologicos Avanzados. - Universidad Nacional del Chaco Austral. Instituto de Investigaciones En Procesos Tecnologicos Avanzados.; ArgentinaFil: Garro, Marisa Selva. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos; Argentin

Observability of Turing Machines: a refinement of the theory of computation

The Turing machine is one of the simple abstract computational devices that can be used to investigate the limits of computability. In this paper, they are considered from several points of view that emphasize the importance and the relativity of mathematical languages used to describe the Turing machines. A deep investigation is performed on the interrelations between mechanical computations and their mathematical descriptions emerging when a human (the researcher) starts to describe a Turing machine (the object of the study) by different mathematical languages (the instruments of investigation). Together with traditional mathematical languages using such concepts as ‘enumerable sets’ and ‘continuum’ a new computational methodology allowing one to measure the number of elements of different infinite sets is used in this paper. It is shown how mathematical languages used to describe the machines limit our possibilities to observe them. In particular, notions of observable deterministic and non-deterministic Turing machines are introduced and conditions ensuring that the latter can be simulated by the former are established

Assessment of the Quality and Shelf-Life in Enriched n3 PUFA Raw Beef Patties Using Dry Soybean Sprouts as Antioxidant

The appearance of fresh meat is a major determinant of its appeal to consumers. Ground beef in retail display oxidizes at a faster rate than whole muscle products; the use of antioxidants to break the radical chain reaction in the oxidation process is an effective method for slowing oxidation. Soybean is a complex matrix with several bioactive compounds, including peptides and proteins, isoflavones, saponins, and other compounds with antioxidant properties. This study was conducted for 1) to evaluate the antioxidant properties of dry soybeans sprouts (DSS) from Glycine max (L.) Merr., MUNASQA®; 2) to evaluate quality characteristics of raw beef patties added with dried soybean sprouts at different levels (0.5%, 1% and 2%) and soybean oil as replacer of fat; and 3) to estimate color changes and lipid oxidation of n3 fortified raw beef under frozen storage. Results showed that dry soybean sprouts had a high level of superoxide dismutase enzyme, high total phenolics and flavonoids content and appreciable vitamin c content. Although reduction power was low, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2?-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6- sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radicals scavenging activity were elevated. When different concentrations of DSS were incorporated to enriched beef patties with soybean oil, the nutritional value was slightly affected, while that n3 and n6 fatty acid content were increased around three twice. The beef patties formulated with 1% of natural antioxidant showed significantly (p < 0.05) better color stability than those without antioxidants. The lipid oxidation was inhibited in all cases, and was strongly effective at 1% concentration of DSS being the reduced percent of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) comparable to butilated hydroxianisole (BHA). The results shown in this research suggest that dry soybeans sprouts could also be used as a cheap natural antioxidant source for meat products.Fil: Romero, Mara Cristina. Universidad Nacional del Chaco Austral. Departamento de Ciencias Basicas y Aplicadas. Laboratorio de Industrias Alimentarias Ii; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Garro, Oscar Alfredo. Universidad Nacional del Chaco Austral. Departamento de Ciencias Basicas y Aplicadas. Laboratorio de Microbiología de Alimentos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Romero, Ana María. Universidad Nacional del Chaco Austral. Departamento de Ciencias Basicas y Aplicadas. Laboratorio de Industrias Alimentarias Ii; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Michaluk, Ariel German. Universidad Nacional del Chaco Austral. Departamento de Ciencias Basicas y Aplicadas. Laboratorio de Industrias Alimentarias Ii; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Doval, Mirtha Marina. Universidad Nacional del Chaco Austral. Departamento de Ciencias Basicas y Aplicadas. Laboratorio de Industrias Alimentarias Ii; ArgentinaFil: Judis, Maria Alicia. Universidad Nacional del Chaco Austral. Departamento de Ciencias Basicas y Aplicadas. Laboratorio de Industrias Alimentarias Ii; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; Argentin

Increasing the Resilience of Cyber Physical Systems in Smart Grid Environments using Dynamic Cells

Resilience is an important system property that relies on the ability of a system to automatically recover from a degraded state so as to continue providing its services. Resilient systems have the means of detecting faults and failures with the added capability of automatically restoring their normal operations. Mastering resilience in the domain of Cyber-Physical Systems is challenging due to the interdependence of hybrid hardware and software components, along with physical limitations, laws, regulations and standards, among others. In order to overcome these challenges, this paper presents a modeling approach, based on the concept of Dynamic Cells, tailored to the management of Smart Grids. Additionally, a heuristic algorithm that works on top of the proposed modeling approach, to find resilient configurations, has been defined and implemented. More specifically, the model supports a flexible representation of Smart Grids and the algorithm is able to manage, at different abstraction levels, the resource consumption of individual grid elements on the presence of failures and faults. Finally, the proposal is evaluated in a test scenario where the effectiveness of such approach, when dealing with complex scenarios where adequate solutions are difficult to find, is shown

Production of Pectinolytic Enzymes by the Yeast Wickerhanomyces anomalus Isolated from Citrus Fruits Peels

Wickerhamomyces anomalus is pectinolytic yeast isolated from citrus fruits peels in the province of Misiones, Argentine. In the present work, enzymes produced by this yeast strain were characterized, and polygalacturonase physicochemical properties were determined in order to evaluate the application of the supernatant in the maceration of potato tissues. W. anomalus was able to produce PGin liquid mediumcontaining glucose and citrus pectin,whosemode of actionwas mainly of endo type.The supernatant did not exhibit esterase or lyase activity. No others enzymes, capable of hydrolyzing cell wall polymers, such as cellulases and xylanases,were detected. PGshowedmaximal activity atpH4.5 and at temperature range between 40∘Cand50∘C. It was stable in the pH range from3.0 to 6.0 and up to 50∘Cat optimumpH.The enzymatic extractmacerated potato tissues efficiently.Volume of single cells increased with the agitation speed.The results observed make the enzymatic extract produced by W. anomalus appropriate for future application in food industry, mainly for the production of fruit nectars or mashed of vegetables such as potato or cassava, of regional interest in the province of Misiones, Argentine.Fil: Martos, María Alicia. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Químicas y Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Zubreski, Emilce R.. Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Químicas y Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Garro, Oscar Alfredo. Universidad Nacional del Chaco Austral. Departamento de Ciencias Basicas y Aplicadas. Laboratorio de Microbiologia de Alimentos; ArgentinaFil: Hours, Roque Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico la Plata. Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo En Fermentaciones Industriales (i); Argentin

Partial characterization of enzymatic activities produced by a wild strain of <i>A. niger</i>

Aspergillus niger, isolated from decay citrus peels in the province of Misiones, was able to produce pectinases by submerged fermentation. The enzymatic extract exhibited polygalacturonase, pectinesterase and lyase activities. Others enzymes capable of degrading cell wall polymers were also detected in the enzymatic extract such as cellulases and xylanases. Polygalacturonase was an endo-polygalacturonase. The enzyme exhibited a maximal activity at pH range between 4.5 to 5.0, was stable in the pH range from 2.5 to 5.5 and remained unchanged when was incubated at temperatures lower than 50 ºC. The fungi produced three PG isoenzymes. The enzymatic extract was able to clarify apple juice. The results observed make the pectinolytic enzymes produced by A. niger appropriate for future application in fruit juice processing industries.Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Fermentaciones Industriale

Design and Principles Enabling the Space Reference FOM

A first complete draft of the Simulation Interoperability Standards Organization (SISO) Space Reference Federation Object Model (FOM) has now been produced. This paper provides some insights into its capabilities and discusses the opportunity for reuse in other domains. The focus of this first version of the standard is execution control, time management and coordinate systems, well-known reference frames, as well as some basic support for physical entities. The biggest part of the execution control is the coordinated start-up process. This process contains a number of steps, including checking of required federates, handling of early versus late joiners, sharing of federation wide configuration data and multi-phase initialization. An additional part of Execution Control is the coordinated and synchronized transition between Run mode, Freeze mode and Shutdown. For time management, several time lines are defined, including real-time, scenario time, High Level Architecture (HLA) logical time and physical time. A strategy for mixing simulations that use different time steps is introduced, as well as an approach for finding common boundaries for fully synchronized freeze. For describing spatial information, a mechanism with a set of reference frames is specified. Each reference frame has a position and orientation related to a parent reference frame. This makes it possible for federates to perform calculations in reference frames that are convenient to them. An operation on the Moon can be performed using lunar coordinates whereas an operation on Earth can be performed using Earth coordinates. At the same time, coordinates in one reference frame have an unambiguous relationship to a coordinate in another reference frame. While the Space Reference FOM is originally being developed for Space operations, the authors believe that many parts of it can be reused for any simulation that has a focus on physical processes with one or more coordinate systems, and require high fidelity and repeatability