27 research outputs found

    Drugs, alcohol, and criminal behaviour : a profile of inmates in canadian federal institutions

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    The scientific literature often mentions that there is a statistical connection between alcohol and drug consumption and criminal behaviour. However, there is little information available which would make it possible to quantify this connection, and specify the impact that drugs and alcohol have on criminal behaviour. Consumption of psychoactive substances has two major effects: intoxication and addiction. These effects are related, respectively, to the psycho-pharmacological and economic-compulsive models of the connection between drugs and crime. The first model associates drug use and intoxication with a decrease in cognitive functions and a lack of self-control, leading to aggressive impulses, violence and lack of inhibitions. The second model refers to the huge costs that are associated with being addicted to certain drugs. A person addicted to these drugs would need to engage in lucrative criminal activities in order to pay for them. This article explores and attempts to further define the links between alcohol, illicit drugs and criminal behaviour, taking into account the types of drugs consumed and the types of criminal behaviour displayed

    Quinze annĂ©es de recherche au RISQ : bilan des connaissances sur l’impact des traitements

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    Cet article fait le bilan de six recherches Ă©valuatives menĂ©es par une Ă©quipe de chercheurs du RISQ (Recherche et intervention sur les substances psychoactives – QuĂ©bec) sur les traitements offerts au QuĂ©bec, principalement dans les centres de rĂ©adaptation publics, entre 1991 et 2005. Objectifs. Ces Ă©tudes avaient pour but d’évaluer : 1) si les participants provenant de centres de traitement en toxicomanie du QuĂ©bec amĂ©liorent leur situation pendant et aprĂšs leur traitement ; 2) quelles sont les sphĂšres de vie oĂč se produisent ces amĂ©liorations ; et 3) y a-t-il un lien entre les changements observĂ©s et l’exposition des participants au traitement. MĂ©thode. Il s’agit d’une mĂ©thode dite « naturaliste » : les participants ont Ă©tĂ© exposĂ©s au traitement rĂ©gulier offert dans les centres oĂč ils Ă©taient suivis. À l’aide de l’IGT-ASI, leur situation en matiĂšre de consommation de substances psychoactives et leur situation biopsychosociale ont Ă©tĂ© Ă©valuĂ©es lors de trois temps de mesure, soit Ă  leur arrivĂ©e en traitement, puis Ă  des intervalles d’environ six et 12 mois. On a Ă©galement mesurĂ© la quantitĂ© (heures d’exposition au traitement) et la durĂ©e de l’intervention qu’ils ont reçue. RĂ©sultats. On observe de façon constante, dans les six groupes Ă  l’étude, une amĂ©lioration des participants aux Ă©chelles « alcool » et « drogues » de l’IGT-ASI de mĂȘme qu’à la plupart des dimensions Ă©valuĂ©es par cet instrument entre le temps 1 et le temps 2, de mĂȘme que le maintien de cette amĂ©lioration au temps 3. Par ailleurs, il n’y a pas de diffĂ©rence significative entre les participants qui ont eu peu ou pas de traitement et ceux qui en ont eu beaucoup. InterprĂ©tation. Le sens et la portĂ©e de ces rĂ©sultats sont discutĂ©s par les auteurs, notamment en lien avec les limites de ces Ă©tudes. Sont prĂ©sentĂ©es Ă©galement les stratĂ©gies de recherches dĂ©veloppĂ©es ultĂ©rieurement pour rĂ©pondre aux questions soulevĂ©es par ces Ă©tudes.This article reports on six evaluative research projects led by a research team at the RISQ (Recherche et intervention sur les substances psychoactives – QuĂ©bec) on treatments offered in Quebec, mainly in public rehabilitation centres, between 1991 and 2005. Objectives: The goal of these studies was to evaluate: 1) whether the participants from drug addiction treatment centres in Quebec improved their situation during and after their treatment; 2) the spheres of life in which these improvements occurred; and 3) whether there was a relationship between the changes observed and the participants’ exposure to the treatment. Method: The method is referred to as a “naturalist” approach: participants were exposed to the regular treatment offered in the centres where they were followed. By means of the ASI-IGT, their situation concerning consumption of psychoactive substances and their bio-psychosocial condition were evaluated at three measurement times, on their arrival in treatment, then at intervals of approximately 6 and 12 months. Measurements also included the quantity (hours of exposure to treatment) and the duration of the intervention they received. Results: In the six groups under study, a constant improvement of the participants on the ASI-IGT “alcohol” and “drug” scales was observed as well as most of the dimensions evaluated by this tool in time 1 and time 2, and maintenance of this improvement in time 3. There was no significant difference between the participants who had little or no treatment and those who had a great deal. Interpretation: The meaning and the extent of these results are discussed by the authors, particularly in relation to the limitations of these studies. Research strategies developed thereafter to respond to the questions raised by these studies are also presented.Este artĂ­culo hace un resumen de quince años de investigaciones evaluativas llevadas a cabo por un equipo de investigadores del RISQ (Recherche et intervention sur les substances psychoactives – QuĂ©bec) sobre los tratamientos que se ofrecieron en Quebec, principalmente en los centros de readaptaciĂłn pĂșblicos, entre 1991 y 2005. Objetivos. Estos estudios tuvieron como objetivo evaluar: 1) si los participantes provenientes de centros de toxicomanĂ­a de Quebec mejoraron su situaciĂłn durante y despuĂ©s del tratamiento ; 2) cuĂĄles son las esferas de vida en las que se producen estas mejoras ; y 3) verificar si hay un vĂ­nculo entre los cambios observados y la exposiciĂłn de los participantes al tratamiento. MĂ©todo. Se trata de un mĂ©todo llamado «naturalista»: los participantes fueron expuestos al tratamiento regular que se ofrecĂ­a en los centros en los que se les hacĂ­a el seguimiento. Por medio del IGT-ASI se evaluĂł su situaciĂłn en materia de consumo de sustancias psicoactivas y su situaciĂłn biopsicosocial en tres momentos de medida, es decir, a su llegada al tratamiento y luego a intervalos de alrededor de 6 y 12 meses. Se midiĂł asimismo la cantidad (horas de exposiciĂłn al tratamiento) y la duraciĂłn de la intervenciĂłn recibida. Resultados. Se observa de manera constante, en los seis grupos estudiados, un mejoramiento de los participantes en las escalas de «alcohol» y «drogas» del IGT-ASI asĂ­ como en la mayorĂ­a de las dimensiones evaluadas por este instrumento entre el tiempo 1 y el tiempo 2, y el mantenimiento de esta mejorĂ­a en el tiempo 3. Por otra parte, no hay una diferencia significativa entre los participantes que han tenido poco o ningĂșn tratamiento y los que han recibido mucho. InterpretaciĂłn. Los autores discuten el significado y el alcance de estos resultados, principalmente en conexiĂłn con los lĂ­mites de estos estudios. Se presentan asimismo estrategias de investigaciĂłn desarrolladas posteriormente para responder a las preguntas que surgen de estos estudios

    Increased Susceptibility to Dextran Sulfate Sodium Induced Colitis in the T Cell Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Heterozygous Mouse

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    T cell protein tyrosine phosphatase (TC-PTP / PTPN2) is an enzyme that is essential for the proper functioning of the immune system and that participates in the control of cell proliferation, and inflammation. We previously observed that TC-PTP−/− mice display various immunodeficiencies, hypersensitivity to LPS and die within three weeks of birth due to anemia and widespread inflammation. A recent analysis of the Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (WTCC) genome wide scan data, reported in 2007, indicated a potential role for TC-PTP in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). To further investigate the potential role of TC-PTP in IBD, we studied heterozygous TC-PTP mutant mice challenged with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) in their drinking water. In comparison to control animals, we observed significant changes in the colon mucosa of DSS-treated TC-PTP+/− mice, in the ratio of colon to body weight, as well as an up-regulation of mRNA transcripts for IL-6, IL-23, 1L-12ÎČ, IFN-Îł, TNF-α. Moreover, up-regulation of serum IL-6 levels in DSS-treated TC-PTP+/− mice confirms that mice with a single copy of the TC-PTP gene display increased susceptibility to systemic inflammation due to bowel epithelial erosion resulting from DSS challenge. Our findings support the lack of modulation of Janus kinases 1 and 3 (Jak1, Jak3), and the downstream signal transducer and activator of transcription 1,3 and 5 (Stat1, Stat3, Stat 5) by PTPN2 in the development of IBD like condition. Pathological and molecular analysis reveal that the deficiency of TC-PTP results in pro-inflammatory condition in the bowel of heterozygous TC-PTP+/− mice. These novel findings in TC-PTP hemi-deficiency support the hypothesis that TC-PTP is an important regulator of inflammatory cytokine signaling and that it may be implicated in the pathophysiology of IBD

    Les drogues, l’alcool et la criminalitĂ© : profil des dĂ©tenus fĂ©dĂ©raux canadiens

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    Il est souvent fait mention dans la documentation scientifique d’une association statistique entre la consommation d’alcool, de drogues illicites et la criminalitĂ©. Cependant, on trouve peu d’information permettant d’estimer l’importance de cette relation et de la prĂ©ciser. La consommation de substances psychoactives se caractĂ©rise par deux propriĂ©tĂ©s importantes, soit une Ă©ventuelle intoxication et la dĂ©pendance. Ces deux propriĂ©tĂ©s renvoient respectivement aux modĂšles psycho-pharmacologique et Ă©conomico-compulsif tentant d’expliquer la relation drogue-crime. Le premier modĂšle associe l’usage et l’intoxication Ă  une diminution de la performance des fonctions cognitives et de contrĂŽle donnant libre cours, entre autres, aux pulsions agressives et Ă  la violence. On rĂ©fĂšre ainsi souvent aux thĂ©ories de la dĂ©sinhibition. Le deuxiĂšme modĂšle fait rĂ©fĂ©rence Ă  l’énorme pression Ă©conomique qui repose sur les Ă©paules d’un consommateur dĂ©pendant de certaines drogues, et Ă  la nĂ©cessitĂ© d’exercer des activitĂ©s criminelles lucratives dans le but de se procurer l’argent nĂ©cessaire Ă  la consommation. Cet article explore les liens entre la consommation d’alcool, de drogues illicites et la criminalitĂ©, en cherchant Ă  les prĂ©ciser en tenant compte d’une part du type de substances et d’autre part du type de criminalitĂ© en question

    Atrasentan and renal events in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease (SONAR): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial

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    Background: Short-term treatment for people with type 2 diabetes using a low dose of the selective endothelin A receptor antagonist atrasentan reduces albuminuria without causing significant sodium retention. We report the long-term effects of treatment with atrasentan on major renal outcomes. Methods: We did this double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial at 689 sites in 41 countries. We enrolled adults aged 18–85 years with type 2 diabetes, estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)25–75 mL/min per 1·73 m 2 of body surface area, and a urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio (UACR)of 300–5000 mg/g who had received maximum labelled or tolerated renin–angiotensin system inhibition for at least 4 weeks. Participants were given atrasentan 0·75 mg orally daily during an enrichment period before random group assignment. Those with a UACR decrease of at least 30% with no substantial fluid retention during the enrichment period (responders)were included in the double-blind treatment period. Responders were randomly assigned to receive either atrasentan 0·75 mg orally daily or placebo. All patients and investigators were masked to treatment assignment. The primary endpoint was a composite of doubling of serum creatinine (sustained for ≄30 days)or end-stage kidney disease (eGFR <15 mL/min per 1·73 m 2 sustained for ≄90 days, chronic dialysis for ≄90 days, kidney transplantation, or death from kidney failure)in the intention-to-treat population of all responders. Safety was assessed in all patients who received at least one dose of their assigned study treatment. The study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT01858532. Findings: Between May 17, 2013, and July 13, 2017, 11 087 patients were screened; 5117 entered the enrichment period, and 4711 completed the enrichment period. Of these, 2648 patients were responders and were randomly assigned to the atrasentan group (n=1325)or placebo group (n=1323). Median follow-up was 2·2 years (IQR 1·4–2·9). 79 (6·0%)of 1325 patients in the atrasentan group and 105 (7·9%)of 1323 in the placebo group had a primary composite renal endpoint event (hazard ratio [HR]0·65 [95% CI 0·49–0·88]; p=0·0047). Fluid retention and anaemia adverse events, which have been previously attributed to endothelin receptor antagonists, were more frequent in the atrasentan group than in the placebo group. Hospital admission for heart failure occurred in 47 (3·5%)of 1325 patients in the atrasentan group and 34 (2·6%)of 1323 patients in the placebo group (HR 1·33 [95% CI 0·85–2·07]; p=0·208). 58 (4·4%)patients in the atrasentan group and 52 (3·9%)in the placebo group died (HR 1·09 [95% CI 0·75–1·59]; p=0·65). Interpretation: Atrasentan reduced the risk of renal events in patients with diabetes and chronic kidney disease who were selected to optimise efficacy and safety. These data support a potential role for selective endothelin receptor antagonists in protecting renal function in patients with type 2 diabetes at high risk of developing end-stage kidney disease. Funding: AbbVie

    Design and baseline characteristics of the finerenone in reducing cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in diabetic kidney disease trial

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    Background: Among people with diabetes, those with kidney disease have exceptionally high rates of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality and progression of their underlying kidney disease. Finerenone is a novel, nonsteroidal, selective mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist that has shown to reduce albuminuria in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) while revealing only a low risk of hyperkalemia. However, the effect of finerenone on CV and renal outcomes has not yet been investigated in long-term trials. Patients and Methods: The Finerenone in Reducing CV Mortality and Morbidity in Diabetic Kidney Disease (FIGARO-DKD) trial aims to assess the efficacy and safety of finerenone compared to placebo at reducing clinically important CV and renal outcomes in T2D patients with CKD. FIGARO-DKD is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, event-driven trial running in 47 countries with an expected duration of approximately 6 years. FIGARO-DKD randomized 7,437 patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate >= 25 mL/min/1.73 m(2) and albuminuria (urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio >= 30 to <= 5,000 mg/g). The study has at least 90% power to detect a 20% reduction in the risk of the primary outcome (overall two-sided significance level alpha = 0.05), the composite of time to first occurrence of CV death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure. Conclusions: FIGARO-DKD will determine whether an optimally treated cohort of T2D patients with CKD at high risk of CV and renal events will experience cardiorenal benefits with the addition of finerenone to their treatment regimen. Trial Registration: EudraCT number: 2015-000950-39; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT02545049

    7 Montreal Sculptors = 7 sculpteurs de Montréal

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    Seven Montréal sculptors briefly discuss concepts of sculpture in relation to their work. Biographical notes

    Paléoenvironnements de la mer de Champlain dans la région de Québec, entre 11 300 et 9750 bp : le site de Saint-Nicolas

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    At Saint- Nicolas, in the QuĂ©bec City Strait, tidal current sands of the Pleistocene-Holocene transition preserve an exceptional marine fossil fauna: 34 types of invertebrates in addition to the microfossils, three species of marine mammals, three species of seabirds and five species of fish, whose 14 C age varies between 10 060 and 9810 BP (ÎŽ 13 C = 0 ‰). These sands are overlain by tidalites which correspond to the last phase of the Champlain Sea, until ca. 9750 BP. The lithological, geochemical, and paleontological data gathered in the area suggest that sedimentation took place in an archipelago which was located at the entrance of the Champlain Sea and was subjected to tides that reached levels on the order of 5 to 10 metres. The strong currents of the rising tide favored the late occurrence of salt water influx in the area. The archipelago protected the sedimentary units from erosion during ebb tide as well as from later fluvial erosion resulting from glacioisostatic rebound. Faunal diversity is associated with high marine productivity which is tied to the mixing of fresh and salt waters. The food web was composed of molluscs which were abundant at low tide, of fishes, walrus, seals, and birds that nested on the small rocky islands. This sedimentary and ecological system implies a stabilization of the relative sea level attributed to the early Holocene eustatic rise. The dissolved inorganic carbon effect in the Champlain Sea is assessed on the basis of a comparison of 14 C ages obtained from marine shells and wood. Ages from marine shells (ÎŽ 13 C= 0 ‰) are at least 350 y. older than stratigraphically equivalent wood ages (ÎŽ 13 C=25 ‰).À Saint-Nicolas, dans le dĂ©troit de QuĂ©bec, des sables de courants de marĂ©e de la transition PlĂ©istocĂšne-HolocĂšne contiennent une faune marine fossile exceptionnelle : 34 types d'invertĂ©brĂ©s en plus des microfossiles, 3 de mammifĂšres, 3 d'oiseaux et 5 de poissons, d'Ăąge au 14 C compris entre 10 060 et 9810 BP (ÎŽ 13 C = 0 ‰). Ils sont recouverts par des tidalites qui marquent la phase ultime de la Mer de Champlain, jusque vers 9750 BP. L'ensemble des donnĂ©es lithologiques, gĂ©ochimiques et palĂ©ontologiques Ă©voque une sĂ©dimentation dans un archipel situĂ© Ă  l'entrĂ©e de la Mer de Champlain, soumis Ă  des marĂ©es de l'ordre de 5 Ă  10 m d'amplitude. Les forts courants de marĂ©e montante ont favorisĂ© le maintien tardif d'apports d'eaux salĂ©es. L'archipel a protĂ©gĂ© les unitĂ©s de l'Ă©rosion pendant le reflux des marĂ©es ainsi que de l'Ă©rosion fluviatile ultĂ©rieure liĂ©e au relĂšvement glacio-isostatique. La diversitĂ© faunique est associĂ©e Ă  une forte productivitĂ© marine, liĂ©e au mĂ©lange des eaux douces et salĂ©es. La chaĂźne alimentaire allait de mollusques abondants Ă  marĂ©e basse Ă  des poissons, au morse, Ă  des phoques et Ă  des oiseaux qui nidifiaient sur les Ăźlots rocheux. Le maintien de ce systĂšme sĂ©dimentaire et Ă©cologique implique une stabilisation du niveau marin relatif attribuĂ©e Ă  la remontĂ©e eustatique du dĂ©but de l'HolocĂšne. La comparaison des Ăąges au 14 C de coquilles marines et de bois permet d'Ă©valuer l'effet du carbone inorganique dissous dans la Mer de Champlain. Les Ăąges des coquilles marines (ÎŽ 13 C = 0 ‰) sont vieillis d'au moins 350 ans par rapport aux Ăąges de matĂ©riel terrestre (ÎŽ 13 C=-25 ‰) en position stratigraphique Ă©quivalente.Bei Saint-Nicolas, in der Meerenge von QuĂ©bec, enthĂ€lt der Sand der Gezeitenströmungen aus dem Übergang vom PleistozĂ€n zum HolozĂ€n eine außergewöhnliche fossile marine Fauna: 34 Arten Wirbelloser zusĂ€tzlich zu den Mikrofossilen, 3 von SĂ€ugetieren, 3 von Vögeln und 5 von Fischen, deren 14 C-Alter zwischen 10 060 und 9810 v.u.Z. (ÎŽ 13 C=0 ‰) liegt. Sie sind von Gezeitensedimente bedeckt, welche die letzte Phase des Meeres von Champlain markieren, bis gegen 9750 v.u.Z. Die Gesamtheit der lithologischen, geochemischen und palĂ€ontologischen Daten weist auf eine Sedimentation in einer am Eingang des Meeres von Champlain gelegenen Inselgruppe hin, welche Gezeitenbewegungen von 5 bis 10 m Umfang ausgesetzt war. Die starken Strömungen der Flut begĂŒnstigten eine spĂ€te Zufuhr von Salzwasser. Die Inselgruppe schĂŒtzte die Sedimentationseinheiten vor der Erosion wĂ€hrend des RĂŒckflusses der Flutwasser, sowie vor der spĂ€teren fluviatilen Erosion in Verbindung mit der glazialisostatischen Hebung. Der Fauna-Reichtum wird auf eine starke marine ProduktivitĂ€t in Verbindung mit der Mischung der SĂŒĂŸ-wasser und Salzwasser zurĂŒckgefĂŒhrt. Die Nahrungskette reichte von zahlreichen Weichtieren bei Ebbe, ĂŒber Fische, Walross, Seehunde bis zu Vögeln, die auf den kleinen felsigen Inseln nisteten. Die Aufrechterhaltung dieses sedimentĂ€ren und ökologischen Systems bedeutet eine Stabilisierung des relativen Meeresniveaus, aufgrund der eustatischen Hebung am Anfang des HolozĂ€ns. Der Altersvergleich mittels 14 C von Meeresmuscheln und Holz ermöglicht es, die Wirkung des im Meer von Champlain aufgelösten anorganischen Kohlestoffs zu bestimmen. Die Alter der Meeresmuscheln (ÎŽ 13 C=0 ‰) sind mindestens 350 Jahre Ă€lter im Vergleich zu den Altern des Holzmaterials (ÎŽ 13 C=-25 ‰) in entsprechender stratigraphischer Position
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