25 research outputs found
National economic and environmental development study: the case of Pakistan
Pakistan is a developing country bracing for significant economic growth and development in the future. In this regards, the country is poised to shift towards an increased reliance upon its indigenous coal reserves to fuel its development in the 2010-2050 time frame. Although this will significantly raise its projected greenhouse gas emissions, the present study has identified numerous measures which can be taken to shift this future development pathway on to a lower carbon and more climate friendly trajectory. The country, however, requires this shift to be supported through the access and transfer of appropriate technologies and finance. The ensuing âadditionalâ financial needs for mitigation for a cleaner development future range from between U 17 billion. These have been identified in this report along with a potential of 18% and 40% reduction of emissions between below âBusiness As Usualâ scenario which is possible with a shift towards cleaner technologies. These clean development investments, however, need to be made in the near future as otherwise the energy future of Pakistan will get locked into the lower cost - higher carbon options. This mitigation costing estimate will, however, need to be refined and focused further as Pakistan identifies not only the specific technologies that it needs for this low carbon shift (through carrying out the âTechnology Needs Assessmentâ) but also the programmatic, sectoral as well as project specific NAMAs (Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions) in the near future. Pakistan is also highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and faces immense associated challenges in coping with its unavoidable effects and economic implications. This study has highlighted the need to treat adaptation to climate change as a primary development issue for Pakistan. The potential impacts and sectors demanding prioritized adaptation have been identified in this study and the, associated, costs of adaptation have been estimated utilizing three diverse modeling methodologies â using GDP projections, per-capita figures and âfloodâ disaster modeling. The resulting adaptation cost figures range from between U 14 billion/year that Pakistan would have to spend at an average in the 2010-2050 time frame to cope with the effects of climate change while it will be also left to, unavoidably, bear significant âresidual damageâ costs induced due to climate change. The top-down adaptation costing analysis applied in this report is aimed at providing a reasonable first approximation that can be refined over time as relevant and reliable local data becomes available especially from research focusing on sector specific adaptation costing. Most significantly the report reinforces the fact that the issue of climate change is, thus, not only an environmental issue challenging the country but an issue which will directly impinge upon the countryâs economic, financial and development future as it deals with its extreme vulnerability to climate change. The significant climate costs identified in this study inextricably shows that climate change is an issue which Pakistan can ill afford to ignore in the future. Finally the report has identified the major financing options available for climate change related activities in Pakistan as well as the significant unilateral climate resources, U$ 4.5 billion in 2007-2009 alone, that the country is already committing to climate change without getting any global recognition for its efforts. In future, global financing will need to augment and leverage such national financial commitments. Also, as climate finance becomes increasingly available at the global level, it would be essential to enact appropriate assimilative national capacity in Pakistan to direct this finance towards nationally identified priorities as well as channelize it transparently and efficiently through consolidated financial mechanisms like a National Climate Change Fund which has been proposed through this study.climate change Pakistan
Pakistani Elite Press and Public Agenda: The Case of Women Social Issues
This study attempts to find the correlation between the coverage of social issues of women by Pakistani elite press and the preferences of its readers regarding the coverage. The results show that Pakistani elite press has its own policy to give space and prominence by covering social issues of women in its contents and its readers are not agreed with its policy. The policy adopted by both dailies is different from each other. The News did not give more space and prominence to the issues in its coverage. The issues of murder and rape are on the top in the list of the agenda of The News. On the other hand, The daily Dawn has a policy to highlight the issues by covering them with more space and prominence. The issues of murder and women rights are on the top in the list of the agenda of Dawn. While in perspective of audience characteristics, the readers those higher in age, education, belong to social sciences, female, and married comparatively have more correspondence with the agenda of the dailies. The issues of murder, rape, and women rights have received maximum coverage by Pakistani elite press in overall coverage. Keywords: Elite, Newspapers, Women, Social, Issues, Dawn, New
National economic and environmental development study: the case of Pakistan
Pakistan is a developing country bracing for significant economic growth and development in the future.
In this regards, the country is poised to shift towards an increased reliance upon its indigenous coal
reserves to fuel its development in the 2010-2050 time frame. Although this will significantly raise its
projected greenhouse gas emissions, the present study has identified numerous measures which can be
taken to shift this future development pathway on to a lower carbon and more climate friendly
trajectory.
The country, however, requires this shift to be supported through the access and transfer of appropriate
technologies and finance. The ensuing âadditionalâ financial needs for mitigation for a cleaner
development future range from between U 17 billion. These have been identified in
this report along with a potential of 18% and 40% reduction of emissions between below âBusiness As
Usualâ scenario which is possible with a shift towards cleaner technologies. These clean development
investments, however, need to be made in the near future as otherwise the energy future of Pakistan
will get locked into the lower cost - higher carbon options.
This mitigation costing estimate will, however, need to be refined and focused further as Pakistan
identifies not only the specific technologies that it needs for this low carbon shift (through carrying out
the âTechnology Needs Assessmentâ) but also the programmatic, sectoral as well as project specific
NAMAs (Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions) in the near future.
Pakistan is also highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and faces immense associated
challenges in coping with its unavoidable effects and economic implications. This study has highlighted
the need to treat adaptation to climate change as a primary development issue for Pakistan.
The potential impacts and sectors demanding prioritized adaptation have been identified in this study
and the, associated, costs of adaptation have been estimated utilizing three diverse modeling
methodologies â using GDP projections, per-capita figures and âfloodâ disaster modeling. The resulting
adaptation cost figures range from between U 14 billion/year that Pakistan would have
to spend at an average in the 2010-2050 time frame to cope with the effects of climate change while it
will be also left to, unavoidably, bear significant âresidual damageâ costs induced due to climate change.
The top-down adaptation costing analysis applied in this report is aimed at providing a reasonable first
approximation that can be refined over time as relevant and reliable local data becomes available
especially from research focusing on sector specific adaptation costing.
Most significantly the report reinforces the fact that the issue of climate change is, thus, not only an
environmental issue challenging the country but an issue which will directly impinge upon the countryâs
economic, financial and development future as it deals with its extreme vulnerability to climate change.
The significant climate costs identified in this study inextricably shows that climate change is an issue
which Pakistan can ill afford to ignore in the future.
Finally the report has identified the major financing options available for climate change related
activities in Pakistan as well as the significant unilateral climate resources, U$ 4.5 billion in 2007-2009
alone, that the country is already committing to climate change without getting any global recognition
for its efforts. In future, global financing will need to augment and leverage such national financial
commitments. Also, as climate finance becomes increasingly available at the global level, it would be
essential to enact appropriate assimilative national capacity in Pakistan to direct this finance towards
nationally identified priorities as well as channelize it transparently and efficiently through consolidated
financial mechanisms like a National Climate Change Fund which has been proposed through this study
National economic and environmental development study: the case of Pakistan
Pakistan is a developing country bracing for significant economic growth and development in the future.
In this regards, the country is poised to shift towards an increased reliance upon its indigenous coal
reserves to fuel its development in the 2010-2050 time frame. Although this will significantly raise its
projected greenhouse gas emissions, the present study has identified numerous measures which can be
taken to shift this future development pathway on to a lower carbon and more climate friendly
trajectory.
The country, however, requires this shift to be supported through the access and transfer of appropriate
technologies and finance. The ensuing âadditionalâ financial needs for mitigation for a cleaner
development future range from between U 17 billion. These have been identified in
this report along with a potential of 18% and 40% reduction of emissions between below âBusiness As
Usualâ scenario which is possible with a shift towards cleaner technologies. These clean development
investments, however, need to be made in the near future as otherwise the energy future of Pakistan
will get locked into the lower cost - higher carbon options.
This mitigation costing estimate will, however, need to be refined and focused further as Pakistan
identifies not only the specific technologies that it needs for this low carbon shift (through carrying out
the âTechnology Needs Assessmentâ) but also the programmatic, sectoral as well as project specific
NAMAs (Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions) in the near future.
Pakistan is also highly vulnerable to the impacts of climate change and faces immense associated
challenges in coping with its unavoidable effects and economic implications. This study has highlighted
the need to treat adaptation to climate change as a primary development issue for Pakistan.
The potential impacts and sectors demanding prioritized adaptation have been identified in this study
and the, associated, costs of adaptation have been estimated utilizing three diverse modeling
methodologies â using GDP projections, per-capita figures and âfloodâ disaster modeling. The resulting
adaptation cost figures range from between U 14 billion/year that Pakistan would have
to spend at an average in the 2010-2050 time frame to cope with the effects of climate change while it
will be also left to, unavoidably, bear significant âresidual damageâ costs induced due to climate change.
The top-down adaptation costing analysis applied in this report is aimed at providing a reasonable first
approximation that can be refined over time as relevant and reliable local data becomes available
especially from research focusing on sector specific adaptation costing.
Most significantly the report reinforces the fact that the issue of climate change is, thus, not only an
environmental issue challenging the country but an issue which will directly impinge upon the countryâs
economic, financial and development future as it deals with its extreme vulnerability to climate change.
The significant climate costs identified in this study inextricably shows that climate change is an issue
which Pakistan can ill afford to ignore in the future.
Finally the report has identified the major financing options available for climate change related
activities in Pakistan as well as the significant unilateral climate resources, U$ 4.5 billion in 2007-2009
alone, that the country is already committing to climate change without getting any global recognition
for its efforts. In future, global financing will need to augment and leverage such national financial
commitments. Also, as climate finance becomes increasingly available at the global level, it would be
essential to enact appropriate assimilative national capacity in Pakistan to direct this finance towards
nationally identified priorities as well as channelize it transparently and efficiently through consolidated
financial mechanisms like a National Climate Change Fund which has been proposed through this study
Physics Potential of the ICAL detector at the India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO)
The upcoming 50 kt magnetized iron calorimeter (ICAL) detector at the
India-based Neutrino Observatory (INO) is designed to study the atmospheric
neutrinos and antineutrinos separately over a wide range of energies and path
lengths. The primary focus of this experiment is to explore the Earth matter
effects by observing the energy and zenith angle dependence of the atmospheric
neutrinos in the multi-GeV range. This study will be crucial to address some of
the outstanding issues in neutrino oscillation physics, including the
fundamental issue of neutrino mass hierarchy. In this document, we present the
physics potential of the detector as obtained from realistic detector
simulations. We describe the simulation framework, the neutrino interactions in
the detector, and the expected response of the detector to particles traversing
it. The ICAL detector can determine the energy and direction of the muons to a
high precision, and in addition, its sensitivity to multi-GeV hadrons increases
its physics reach substantially. Its charge identification capability, and
hence its ability to distinguish neutrinos from antineutrinos, makes it an
efficient detector for determining the neutrino mass hierarchy. In this report,
we outline the analyses carried out for the determination of neutrino mass
hierarchy and precision measurements of atmospheric neutrino mixing parameters
at ICAL, and give the expected physics reach of the detector with 10 years of
runtime. We also explore the potential of ICAL for probing new physics
scenarios like CPT violation and the presence of magnetic monopoles.Comment: 139 pages, Physics White Paper of the ICAL (INO) Collaboration,
Contents identical with the version published in Pramana - J. Physic