Importance of jewelry in Women: Case Study in Pakistan

Jewelry’s anecdotes have been growing up since kingdom times. Getting acceptation day by day, women are using jewelry  cutturely, etiquette  generation and acquiesce. Passion of jewelry in women has trending now a days, another trending of young generation to become more attractive and beautiful with the help of jewelry. Everyone use jewelry for their capacity like, Diamon, Gold, Silver, Pearls and other materials. Time is changed and the importance of jewelry has been increased, Gold and Silver’s values are different but getting expensive of Gold other material take  place here some other introduction of jewelry

Thematic Progression: A Comparative Analysis of Social Science Research Articles Written by Pakistani and British Research Scholars

Cohesion plays a crucial role in shaping the texture of a text through appropriate thematic choices. Recognizing the issue of cohesion, the researcher conducted a present study to address this problem. The study focused on analyzing social science research articles authored by Pakistani and British research scholars, employing thematic terminologies and emphasizing the textual metafunction. The objectives were twofold: first, to explore and compare the thematic meanings expressed in Pakistani and British social science research articles, and second, to elucidate the functional interpretation of the identified themes. The researcher conducted a qualitative analysis of the data in three steps: (1) dividing the text into clauses, (2) identifying theme components, and (3) tagging the components according to their types and sub-types of themes. The results revealed that the prominent sub-types of themes were the unmarked topical theme (UMT), finite, continuatives, and conjunctions in the topical, interpersonal, and textual themes, respectively. The topical themes served as noun groups, while the textual themes connected new information with prior information. The qualitative analysis focused on studying the patterns of cohesion, leading the researcher to thematic progression and explaining the relationship between theme and rheme within a text. This relationship and its interpretation demonstrated that cohesion relies on thematic choices. Furthermore, the study found that British research articles exhibited greater cohesion compared to Pakistani research articles

Nuetrophil-To-Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) as a Predictor of Acute Appendicitis

Objective: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of (NLR) neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio to prognosticate severe/ complicated appendicitis by taking histopathology of the appendix as a gold standard.Methodology: This cross-sectional validation study was conducted at the department of surgery and western vascular institute, University College Hospital Galway, Irelandretrospectively for a period of 6 months i.e. from 05/06/2016 to 05/01/2016. For sampling in this study, non-probability purposive convenience technique was used. An informed consent was taken from each patient. All data were analyzed on SPSS version 21.Results: The mean age of patients in this study was 29.15±9.54 years, the ratio of male to female was 1:1.7. The sensitivity, Specificity was 97.1% and 25.2% respectively and diagnostic accuracy of NLR was 38.7% taking histopathology as gold standard.Conclusion: According to our study results the (NLR) neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio is a highly sensitive tool to predict severe/ complicated appendicitis by taking histopathology as the gold standard, but with low value of diagnostic accuracy in terms of specificity

Clinical Accuracy of Inflammatory Markers Combined with Ultrasound in Acute Appendicitis

Objective: To determine the clinical accuracy of inflammatory markers combined with ultrasound, in acute appendicitis keeping histopathology as gold standard.Study design: Cross Sectional (validation) study.Study setting: Surgical B ward, Department of Surgery Khyber teaching hospital Peshawar.Duration of Study: 07 months i.e from 1st September 2014 to 31st of Mar, 2015Methodology: All patients having acute appendicitis were subjected to blood sampling for CRP, TLC and neutrophil%. After that all these patients were subjected to ultrasonography to detect the presence or absence of appendicitis. All removed appendices were sent for histopathology which was taken as the gold standard.Results In the present study, TLC had the highest sensitivity (77.68%) followed by neutrophil% (69.96%), CRP (67.10%) and U/Sound (62.96%) respectively. While U/Sound had the highest specificity (70.59%) followed by CRP and TLC (64.71% each) and neutrophil% (58.82%) respectively. When all the four tests were combined   the sensitivity, specificity, (99.17% and 98.45%) increased significantly. It was seen that when all the four tests were negative, appendicitis could be safely ruled out and surgery could be deferred in these patients.It would reduce the rate of negative appendicectomies.Conclusion: TLC  contains  important  diagnostic   information  and  hence  should  always  be included in  the diagnostic  workup of  acute appendicitis.  The sensitivity of   CRP and Neut. % is low individually, but when combined with TLC and u/sound the sensitivity and specificity increases significantly. But it is stressed that history and clinical examination by a skilled surgeon still remain important in diagnosing acute appendicitis, and its importance cannot be denied. The investigations can be used as an adjuvant to a surgeon’s clinical diagnosis

Diagnostic accuracy of pelvic MRI for determination of the cervical involvement in endometrial cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of pelvic MRI for assessment of the cervical involvement in endometrial cancer. STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional analytical study. PLACE AND DURATION OF STUDY: Radiology Department of the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi from January 2014 to December 2015. METHODOLOGY: Patients with biopsy-proven endometrial cancer were included, who had both their MRI and histopathological diagnosis performed at our institution. Those patients treated with chemo/radiotherapy or had incomplete medical records, were excluded. The extent of cervical involvement by endometrial carcinoma was seen on T2WI images, and findings were correlated after surgery taking histopathology as the gold standard. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value and diagnostic accuracy were calculated. RESULTS: The mean age of the 56 patients was 60.87 ±8.80 years (range 37-84 years). The most common clinical indication was post-menopausal bleeding (n=37, 66.1%). The most common histological subtype was endometrioid adenocarcinoma (n=50, 89.3%). The sensitivity, specificity, diagnostic accuracy, positive and negative predictive values of MRI in the detection of cervical invasion were 92.85%, 88.09%, 89.28%, 72.22% and 97.36%, respectively. CONCLUSION: MRI is a highly sensitive and specific imaging modality for detection of cervical invasion in endometrial carcinoma

Infodemics and its Effect on Mental Health of Medical Students of IMDC during COVID-19 Pandemic

IntroductionGlobally rising the number of daily COVID-19 cases has triggered the incredible surge in the information (and misinformation) regarding COVID-19. This misinformation was about numbers of cases, inaccurate guidelines, advertisement of unapproved treatments, and remedies as cures. The increasing prevalence of depression and anxiety was found to be linked directly to the misinformation catered from social media. The study aims to explore the mental health of medical students due to a surge in information and misinformation regarding Covid-19.Materials and MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted online from August 2020 to January, 2021. 227 MBBS students of IMDC (1st year to final year with age range 19-25 years) were invited to participate in an online survey through Google docs. Those who were on medication for anxiety and depression were excluded from the study. The use of the data for research purposes was explained and written consent in the first section of the online survey was given to all participants before filling the questionnaire which was divided into 3 sections. The first part was about Demographic information. The second part consisted of 5 questions about info-media use and the third part consisting of 12 questions about mental health including stress-related and behavioral changes, somatic symptoms, emotional disturbance, and cognitive functioning during the covid-19 pandemic. Ethical Approval was taken from the ethical committee of IMDC. A Chi-square test was applied to calculate the significance of qualitative variables and determine the prevalence of mental health.ResultsThe total number of students who participated in this survey were 227 (28.2% males and 71.8% females). Among types of info-media, Whats-app was used most frequently by MBBS students. Different questions were asked regarding Info-media usage and mental health. A significant association was found between gender (Both males and females) and feelings of fear and worry (p-value 0.004**), feeling socially isolated(p= 0.005**), difficulty in communicating with people (p = 0.021*), feeling confused in decision making as time progressed( 0.008**), lack of interest in studying or difficulty in concentration during this time (p 0.037*) and effect on memorizing ability (0.000)**.MBBS students who were regularly using Info-media showed a significant disturbance in mental health problems including stress-related and behavioral changes and somatic symptoms. They were found to be significantly fearful and worried (p-value 0.010*), had difficulty in communicating with people regarding covid-19(p-value 0.021*), and also felt a change in appetite-valuable 0.030*). No serious mental health problem was found related to cognitive functioning. ConclusionIn conclusion, our findings show that there is a high prevalence of mental health problems, which were positively associated with frequent use of info-media during the COVID-19 outbreak

Effect of chronic restraint stress on body weight of male Sprague Dawley rats

Background:  Stress disturbs body weight and food intake, but the core mechanisms are not well understood.    Study design:  Experimental     Materials and Methods:  The study was conducted in  National  Institute  of  Health  (NIH),  Islamabad Sixty male Sprague Dawley rats (mean wt 250 ± 50 grams) were used and divided into 2 groups.   Each group comprised of 30 rats.   Group I was taken as control. Group II was exposed to chronic stress.  Results:  The comparison of weight gain by the different groups disclosed that there was a significant decrease in weight gain of rats exposed to the chronic stress as compared to control group.     Conclusion:  Chronic restraint stress has a detrimental effect on body weight.