Forecasting banknotes

A central bank’s liquidity forecast is important in ensuring that it supplies the banking system’s need for central bank money. Banknote (or currency in circulation) demand is the largest and for some central banks the most variable component of the liquidity forecast. Accurate forecasting of banknotes is essential in ensuring an accurate liquidity forecast and in turn effective monetary policy implementation. This Handbook discusses these issues and outlines a structural time series state space (STSSS) model which is now used by central banks including the Bank of England and ECB to forecast banknotes (currency in circulation).Forecasting banknotes

A one-Pot Three-Component Synthesis of 4,6-Diarylpyrimidin-2(1H)-Ones (DAPMs) Using Atomized Sodium in THF under Sonic Condition

A simple and an efficient procedure for the synthesis of 4,6-diarylpyrimidin-2(1H)-ones using atomized sodium/THF via a one-pot three-component Biginelli-like cyclocondensation of an aldehyde, a methyl ketone and urea under ultrasonic condition is developed. The method is mild and inexpensive; yields are high and the reactions go to completion within 10–15 min

p-TSA catalysed efficient synthesis of 1,2,4,5-tetraaryl-imidazoles

Abstractp-TSA catalysed simple and efficient synthesis of 1,2,4,5-tetraaryl-imidazoles via a four component condensation of benzoin, aniline, ammonium acetate and araldehydes in ethanol under reflux condition is reported. The yields are high, procedure is mild and less time consuming

Lithium hydroxide: A simple and an efficient catalyst for Knoevenagel condensation under solvent-free Grindstone method

AbstractSynthesis of arylmethylidenes from araldehydes and active methylene compounds catalyzed by catalytic amount of lithium hydroxide (LiOH·H2O) in the absence of a solvent under Grindstone method is reported. The reactions go to completion within 1–5min and give products in excellent yields at 26°C

Silica-ZnCl 2 : An Efficient Catalyst for the Synthesis of 4-Methylcoumarins

Silica-ZnCl2 has been found to be an efficient and eco-friendly catalyst for the synthesis of substituted 4-methylcoumarins from ethyl acetoacetate and substituted phenols under “neat” conditions in an oil bath at 80°C. The experimental procedure is simple, includes shorter reaction times (15–65 min), compatible with sensitive functional groups, and results in excellent yield of the products

A versatile and an efficient synthesis of 5-​substituted-​1H-​tetrazoles

A simple, efficient and a versatile method for the synthesis of 5-​substituted-​1H-​tetrazoles by a [3+2]​-​cycloaddn. reaction of aryl nitriles with sodium azide in DMF using ZrOCl2·8 H2O as catalyst has been developed. The reactions work well at 100°C and give the desired products in excellent yield. The examples studied include arom. nitriles having electron donating as well as electron releasing groups on the arene nucleus

Impact of the Policies of the National Government on the Organization of Business and Management Styles in India

The purpose of this investigation is to explore the policies of the government of British India and of the independent Republic of India relative to their impact on organizational structure, management practices and styles, and management education in business organizations in India. The British, who were responsible for the growth of some of the organized industries in India, also gave the country, among other things, a modern educational system. They left India, however, with a limited industrial base. There was a serious shortage of professional managers to meet the demands of growing industry. Upon independence, the national government through its policies encouraged the development of business and industries and brought awareness among business managers of the importance of management education

Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Some 2-Mercaptobenzothiazole Derivatives

Fast and effective relief of pain and inflammation in the human being is continued to be a major challenge for the medicinal chemistry researchers. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are important therapeutic agents for the alleviation of pain and inflammation associated with a number of pathological conditions. However, chronic administration of NSAIDs has been associated with clinically significant complications such as gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms including mucosal damage, bleeding, nausea, heartburn, dyspepsia, abdominal pain and renal toxicity. Co-administration of multiple drugs for treatment of inflammatory conditions associated with microbial infection is a major risk especially in patients with prior history of peptic ulcer disease, patients with impaired liver or kidney functions and patients taking anticoagulants, corticosteroids, etc. concurrently. A mono therapy of a drug with dual antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity would be preferred from the pharmacoeconomic and patient compliance point of view. In view of the above-mentioned facts some novel 2-mercaptobenzothiazoles carrying 1,3,4-oxadiazole (ODZ1-15 and OXZ1-13), acetohydrazide (ACH1-5), 1,3,4-thiadiazole (TDZ1-13), 1,3,4-triazole (TRZ1-13) and 2-pyrazoline (PYZ1-19 and PYS1-9) moieties at the second position were synthesized. This combination was suggested in an attempt to develop hybrid compounds that would act as antimicrobial and analgesic-anti-inflammatory agents with minimal gastrointestinal (GI) side effects. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for their in vitro antimicrobial activity by the cup plate method. The tested compounds ODZ1-4, ODZ6, ODZ10, ODZ11 and ODZ13 showed significant inhibitory activity (inhibition zone 24-32 mm) against all the tested bacterial strains whereas compounds OXZ8, TRZ1, ATZ1, TDZ4, TDZ8, TDZ9, TDZ10, PYZ8, PYZ9, PYZ10 and PYZ14 indicated specific inhibitory activity (inhibition zone > 19 mm) against the Gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In the present investigation tested compounds did not posses antifungal activity. Compounds that showed significant antibacterial activity were evaluated for their in vivo analgesic activity using tail immersion method in mice and results were compared with the reference standard drug paracetamol. In case of 2-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylsulfanyl)-N-[5-(aryloxymethy)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]acetamide the highest activity (76.5% analgesia) was observed at 3 h in derivative ODZ10. At first and second hour derivatives OXZ8 and OXZ11 belonging to the 2-{(benzo[d]thiazol-2-ylthio)methyl}-5-(aryloxymethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazoles series and derivatives TDZ1 and TDZ9 belonging to the 2-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylsulfanyl)-N-[5-(aryloxymethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]acetamide series exhibited significant analgesic activity (46.0-76.8%). Among 2-pyrazoline incorporated 2-mercaptobenzothiazoles, derivatives PYZ5, PYZ9, PYZ10 and PYZ14 exhibited potent analgesic activity (55.9 to 69.8%) at second and third hour following oral administration. Compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity using the carrageenan induced paw oedema method in rats. At 2 and 3 h compounds ODZ4, ODZ6 and ODZ10 belonging to the 2-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylsulfanyl)-N-[5-(aryloxymethy)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]acetamide series were effective in inhibiting the paw oedema (58.2-68.2%), when compared with the reference drug diclofenac sodium. In case of 2-{(benzo[d]thiazol-2-ylthio)methyl}-5-(aryloxymethyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole/triazole and 2-(1,3-benzothiazol-2-ylsulfanyl)-N-[5-(aryloxymethyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-yl]acetamide series highest activity (81.6%) was found in derivative TDZ4 at 1h after carrageenan injection. Among the 2-pyrazoline incorporated 2-mercaptobenzothiazole analogs highest activity (76.9%) was observed at second hour in derivative PYZ14. On the other hand, sulfonyl analogs (PYS1-3) showed weak anti-inflammatory activity at all time interval. Compounds that exhibited higher analgesic and anti-inflammatory profiles in the prementioned animal models and promising antibacterial activities were further evaluated for their ulcerogenic potential. The results indicated low severity index of the tested compounds ODZ10, TDZ4, TDZ9, PYZ9 and PYZ14 ranging from 2.0±0.3 to 3.2±0.7

Cadangan menaiktaraf dan merekabentuk dalaman Terowong Sejarah Pasir Salak diatas Lot 1324, Kompleks Sejarah Pasir Salak, 36800 Kampong Gajah, Perak Darul Ridzuan untuk penolong kurator Muzium Kompleks Sejarah Pasir Salak / Khairul Afzal Mohamed Rais

Laporan Projek Akhir THE 386 merupakan laporan lengkap mengenai projek akhir semester enam. Laporan ini merekodkan peijalanan dan perkembangan projek dari permulaannya sehingga tamat projek. Matlamat projek ini adalah untuk menarik lebih ramai pengunjung dan seterusnya menjadikan muzium menjadi satu tempat lawatan di masa lapang dan sumber maklumat. Objektif projek ini adalah menjadikan muzium sebagai tempat mencari dan menimba ilmu dan menghilangkan pandangan orang ramai akan muzium di negara ini. Proses rekabentuk dibuat berdasarkan metodologi yang disediakan. Di setiap peringkat, penulis akan menghadiri sessi kritik bersama pensyarah untuk memastikan proses rekabentuk adalah mengikut garis panduan yang telah ditetapkan. Rekabentuk akhir dibangunkan berdasarkan konsep rekabentuk yang dipilih, iaitu “Bumi Pahlawan Melayu” . Konsep rekabentuk ini telah diaplikasikan dalam rekabentuk untuk mendapatkan cadangan akhir yang memenuhi matlamat dan objektif projek