4,928 research outputs found
Critiques of the human rights framework as the foundation of a human rights-based app- roach to development
During the 1990s, the human rights-based approach (HRBA) emerged as the newest development framework to address increasing global poverty and inequality. Under this approach, development objectives are determined by human rights standards and goals as set out in international treaties, conven- tions, declarations, and authoritative interpretations of rights. Beneficiaries of development programmes also gain legal rights against corresponding duty bearers, which supersedes moral claims for the fulfilment of development goals. Furthermore, human rights principles such as equality and non-discrimination, accountability, participation, empowerment and the indivisibility of rights form the cornerstone of a HRBA. However, the human rights framework, as the foundation for this approach, has come under severe criticism over the past few years. Significant disparities exist between that which is promised in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and real-world respect for, and protection of human rights. This article aims to explore and analyse the most popular of these criticisms. These include critiques raised against the claimed universality of rights, inherent discriminatory practices, the inability of the framework to take account of practicalities and limitations, and the lack of effective protection and monitoring by United Nationâs bodies. It also explores emerging threats such as, for example, globalisation to the human rights framework. However, the framework has proven to be adaptable to these challenges. Practitioners and scholars are continuously working towards overcoming practicalities that impede the achievement of the protection and realisation of the human rights of all. In addition, the article examines critiques against the normative value of human rights as a product of natural law. However, the international human rights framework has gained widespread acceptance as the highest moral authority, as it is based on respect for human dignity and guaranteeing the freedom of all. The article demonstrates that the use of human rights language in lieu of other terms such as âgoalsâ, âdutiesâ, âinterestsâ, âneedsâ, and âclaimsâ carries several advantages, the most important of which is the creation of rights holders with corresponding duty bearers. It also determines that, despite the numerous critiques examined, the human rights framework offers a solid, and the most accepted, foundation for development programming with a number of benefits
Prioritising socio-economic rights in sovereign debt governance: The obligations of private creditors
Over the past few decades, sovereign debt crises have become recurring phenomena across the world. Studies have shown the devastating impacts of these crises on the realisation of socio-economic rights. Sovereign debtors constantly face an âobligatory dilemmaâ of simultaneously satisfying multiple contractual and treaty obligations owed to different constituencies, including to their citizens and private creditors. Unfortunately, there is currently no binding legal framework to deal with sovereign debt crises and, consequently, creditors are unwilling to compromise. Therefore, using Waldronâs theory of socio-economic rights, this article argues for the prioritisation of socio-economic rights considerations during debt crises. It observes a convergence between the areas of business and human rights and sovereign debt restructuring regimes and suggests the employment of the former to achieve this prioritisation. This can be done by taking advantage of the efforts to develop a binding instrument on business and human rights
Development of a high-sensitivity torsion balance to investigate the thermal Casimir force
We report development of a high-sensitivity torsion balance to measure the
thermal Casimir force. Special emphasis is placed on experimental
investigations of a possible surface electric force originating from surface
patch potentials that have been recently noticed by several experimental
groups. By gaining a proper understanding of the actual contribution of the
surface electric force in real materials, we aim to undertake precision force
measurements to resolve the Casimir force at finite temperature in real metals,
as well as in other semiconducting materials, such as graphene.Comment: Proceedings of the 10th International Conference "Quantum Field
Theory Under the Influence of External Conditions"; 11 pages and 4 figure
Information systems for development planning
In this paper the changing approaches to development planning are
described, from the economic-growth oriented strategies of the 1950s and the
1960s to the contemporary emphasis on alleviating poverty and meeting basic
needs. The process of development planning includes several phases; the
identification of aims, analysis, plan formulation and detailed design,
Implementation, controls, updating, and feedback and adjustment. This process
has become much more sophisticated in recent years, but in general, the
comprehensiveness and refinement of a development plan depends on the type
and scope of the data available. At the same time, the very process of
planning may reveal deficiencies In data and thus act as an incentive to
improved information gathering.
Three information systems are needed for development planning:
a resources information system, whose importance has been recognised for some
time but which has frequently consisted of a series of isolated and uncoordinated
inventories and studies; a scientific and technological information system'
and a management information system, whose Importance has frequently been
neglected.
Information in these areas must be collected, communicated to
government policy makers and administrators to meet their immediate needs, and
stored in a convenient and coordinated form so that it will be accessible in
the future. More global surveys and inventories will be needed during the
eiarly stages of development planning, and detailed project and programme
surveys will be needed during the design and implementation stages
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