Dinamika investiranja u sredstva mehanizacije na gazdinstvu

At the farms it has to be paid particular attention to the mechanization utilization degree. Namely, annual costs calculated on the basis of depreciation and accompanying maintenance costs, then insurance, interests and investment maintenance are of fixed character and they do not depend on mechanization utilization. Higher utilization of available farm mechanization facilities decreases the unit fixed costs calculated on the basis of production volume, which causes decrease of the unit product costs as well as an increase of the farm economic efficiency. In accordance with that, in the case of investments into farm mechanization it is necessary first of all to be examined economic justification of such investment. Such analysis could give an answer: Is it economically more favorable for the farm to provide its own mechanization or to fulfill such needs by utilization of external mechanization services? Besides, if it is necessary to be provided own mechanization, it is important to be determined phasing of investments due to the faster paying back of invested capital. In this paper on an economic model it is shown a methodological procedure for finding out answers onto the asked questions.Na poljoprivrednim gazdinstvima posebnu pažnju treba pokloniti stepenu iskorišćavanja sredstava mehanizacije. Naime, godišnji troškovi obračunati preko amortizacije i pratećih troškova održavanja, zatim, osiguranje, kamate i investiciono održavanje su fiksnog karaktera i ne zavise od obima upotrebe mehanizacije. Veće korišćenje raspoloživih sredstava mehanizacije na gazdinstvu smanjuje fiksne troškove po jedinici ostvarenog obima proizvodnje što utiče na smanjenje cene koštanja proizvoda i povećanje ekonomske efikasnosti gazdinstva. Prema tome, pri investiranju u sredstva mehanizacije na gazdinstvu, prethodno je potrebno da se ispita ekonomska opravdanost takve investicije. Pri tome se može dobiti odgovor na pitanje: Da li je za poljoprivredno gazdinstvo ekonomski povoljnije da nabavi sopstvena sredstva mehanizacije ili da takve potrebe podmiruje koristeći usluge sa strane? Takođe, ukoliko je neophodno da nabavi sopstvena sredstva, u cilju brzog povraćaja uloženog kapitala, važno je da se utvrdi dinamika investiranja. U ovom radu je na ekonomskom modelu prikazan metodološki postupak za iznalaženje odgovora na navedena pitanja

Organizaciono učenje i znanje kao generator ruralnog razvoja

The study stresses the importance of initiating education in agricultural enterprises considering knowledge as the prerequisite of rural development. Only those enterprises having permanent education of personnel as part of their everyday activities may be considered competitive. Knowledge and education are prerequisites for the creation of new values. In our country the future development of agriculture and rural development in general may only be expected under the conditions of permanent education and knowledge acquisition.U radu je ukazano na značaj organizacionog učenja i znanja kao osnovnih pokretača razvoja.Organizacije koje uključe učenje kao permanentan proces mogu biti konkurentne.Nove vrednosti stvaraju se na osnovu znanja i obrazovnih sistema.I u ruralnim područjima našeg društva učenje, znanje i obrazovanje su pretpostavke ne samo razvoja poljoprivrede već i drugih delatnosti i ukupnog ruralnog razvoja

Uticaj različitih oblika kalcijum-hidroksida i hlorheksidina kao interseansnih medikamenata na ishod endodontskog lečenja zuba sa hroničnim periapeksnim lezijama

Introduction/Objective The aim of this study was to determine clinical and radiographic periapical healing of teeth with apical periodontitis treated with different formulations of calcium hydroxide (CH) - paste (CH-paste) and gutta-percha points (CH-GP) - as well as those of chlorhexidine (CHX) - gel (CHXgel) and gutta-percha points (CHX-GP) -12 months after therapy. Methods Eighty patients with chronic apical periodontitis were randomly allocated to four treatment groups according to the intracanal medicament used: CH-paste, CH-GP, CHX-gel, and CHX-GP group. Seventy-eight patients were analyzed clinically and radiographically 12 months postoperatively. The periapical index (PAI) was used for the radiographic evaluation of treatment. Results Overall outcome was classified according to radiographic evaluation only, since clinical success was observed in all the patients. In all the groups, significant reduction in PAI scores was observed (p lt 0.001). The proportions of healed teeth (PAI ≤ 2) were 73.7%, 60%, 68.4%, and 65% in CH-paste, CH-GP, CHX-gel and CHX-GP group, respectively, with no significant differences between the groups. Conclusion The results suggest that there are no differences between investigated CH- and CHX-delivery systems regarding treatment outcome of teeth with apical periodontitis.Uvod/Cilj Cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se ispita klinički i radiografski ishod lečenja zuba sa apeksnim periodontitisom 12 meseci posle završene terapije i primene različitih oblika kalcijum-hidroksida (KH): pasta (KH-pasta) i gutaperka poeni (KH-GP) i hlorheksidina (HH): gel (HH-gel) i gutaperka poeni (HH-GP). Metode Randomizovano je 80 ispitanika sa hroničnim periapeksnim lezijama u četiri grupe na osnovu vrste korišćenog interseansnog medikamenta: KH-pasta, KH-GP, HH-gel i HH-GP. Dvanaest meseci posle završenog lečenja pregledano je 78 ispitanika i urađeni su retroalveolarni snimci. Za procenu radiografskog uspeha lečenja korišćen je periapikalni indeks (PI). Rezultati Ishod lečenja je klasifikovan na osnovu radiološkog nalaza jer je kod svih ispitanika zabeležen klinički uspeh lečenja. U svim ispitivanim grupama je zabeleženo značajno smanjenje vrednosti PI (p lt 0,001). Izlečenje (PI ≤ 2) uočeno je kod 73,3% zuba u grupi KH-pasta, 60% u KH-GP grupi, 68,4% u grupi HH-gel i kod 65% zuba u grupi HH-GP, pri čemu razlike između grupa nisu bile statistički značajne. Zaključak Rezultati ovog istraživanja pokazuju da ne postoji razlika u ishodu lečenja zuba sa apeksnim periodontitisom posle primene ispitivanih oblika KH i HH

Ocena konkurentske sposobnosti engleskog ljulja u smešama sa crvenom detelinom i lucerkom đubrenim različitim količinama azota

Grass-legume mixtures represent complex communities of grasses and legumes that make better use of resources and have a number of positive traits in comparison to monoculture. The aim of our research was to examine competitive ability of perennial ryegrass in mixtures with lucerne and red clover (50/50, 70/30) in condition of fertilization with three different nitrogen levels (0, 50, 100 kg ha-1). Dry matter yield of perennial ryegrass in mixtures with red clover was higher compared to mixtures with lucerne. Nitrogen had a very significant impact on perennial ryegrass production. Added N significantly increase DM production of grass treatment with 100 kgN ha-1. The values, of relative yield above 1 (RY >1), aggressivity index and competitive balance index, above 0 (Ag > Cbg > 0) indicated higher competitive ability of perennial ryegrass in relation to legumes. Competitive ability of ryegrass was higher in 70/30 mixtures and mixtures with lucerne. N fertilization increases competitive ability of ryegrass and decreases competitive ability of legumes.Travno-leguminozne smeše predstavljaju složene zajednice trava i leguminoza koje bolje koriste prirodne resurse i imaju niz pozitivnih osobina u odnosu na monokulturu. Cilj našeg istraživanja je bio da se ispita konkurentna sposobnost engleskog ljulja u smešama sa lucerkom i crvenom detelinom (50/50, 70/30) u uslovima đubrenja sa tri različita nivoa azota (0, 50, 100 kg ha-1). Prinos suve materije engleskog ljulja u smeši sa crvenom detelinom bio je veći u poređenju sa smešom sa lucerkom. Azot je imao značajan uticaj na prinos engleskog ljulja. Dodati azot je značajno povećao prinos engleskog ljulja, naročito doze od 100 kgN ha-1. Vrednosti relativnog prinosa iznad 1 (RI> 1), indeksa agresivnosti i indeksa konkurentske ravnoteže iznad 0 (Ag> Cbg> 0) ukazuju na veću konkurentsku sposobnost engleskog ljulja u odnosu na mahunarke. Кonkurentna sposobnost engleskog ljulja bila je veća kod 70/30 smeša i smeša sa lucerkom. N djubrenje povećava konkurentsku sposobnost ljulja i smanjuje konkurentsku sposobnost leguminoza

Association of gene variants in TLR4 and IL-6 genes with Perthes disease

Uvod Pertesova bolest je idiopatska avaskularna osteonekroza proksimalne epifize femura koja se javlja kod dece. Etiologija ove bolesti je nepoznata. Tokom razvoja Pertesove bolesti zastupljen je proces zapaljenja, za koji je pokazano da utiče na remodelovanje koštanog tkiva. Cilj rada S obzirom na to da genetički faktori koji utiču na proces zapaljenja dosad nisu ispitivani kod Pertesove bolesti, cilj ovog istraživanja je bio da se utvrdi povezanost učestalosti varijanti u genima koji učestvuju u inflamatornom odgovoru, TLR4 (engl. toll-like receptor 4) i IL-6 (interleukin 6), i ove bolesti. Metode rada Ispitano je 37 dece s Pertesovom bolešću i 50 zdravih osoba. Metodom PCR-RFLP određeni su polimorfizmi medijatora zapaljenja TLR4 (Asp299Gly, Thr399Ile) i IL-6 (G-174C, G-597A). Rezultati Pokazano je da su polimorfizmi IL-6 G-174C i G-597A u našem ispitivanju bili u potpunoj gametskoj neravnoteži vezanosti. U kontrolnoj grupi je bilo statistički značajno više nosilaca heterozigotnog genotipa IL-6 G-174C/G-597A u poređenju sa grupom ispitanika s Pertesovom bolešću (p=0,047; OR=2,49; 95% CI=1,00-6,21). Takođe, grupa bolesnika nije bila u Hardi- Vajnbergovoj ravnoteži za polimorfizme IL-6 G-174C/G-597A. Nije primećena statistički značajna razlika u raspodeli genotipova za polimorfizme analizirane u TLR4 genu. Raspodela genotipova među grupama bolesnika formiranih na osnovu uzrasta kada se bolest pojavila nije pokazala statistički značajnu povezanost s analiziranim polimorfizmima. Zaključak Naše istraživanje je pokazalo da su nosioci heterozigotnog genotipa za IL-6 G-174C/G-597A polimorfizme bili značajno češći u kontrolnoj grupi nego u grupi dece obolele od Pertesove bolesti. Na osnovu toga zaključili smo da je kod dece koja su nosioci heterozigotnog genotipa za ove polimorfizme manja verovatnoća za razvoj Pertesove bolesti nego kod nosilaca oba homozigotna genotipa.Introduction Perthes disease is idiopathic avascular osteonecrosis of the hip in children, with unknown etiology. Inflammation is present during development of Perthes disease and it is known that this process influences bone remodeling. Objective Since genetic studies related to inflammation have not been performed in Perthes disease so far, the aim of this study was to analyze the association of frequencies of genetic variants of immune response genes, toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), with this disease. Methods The study cohort consisted of 37 patients with Perthes disease and 50 healthy controls. Polymorphisms of well described inflammatory mediators: TLR4 (Asp299Gly, Thr399Ile) and IL-6 (G-174C, G- 597A) were determined by polymerase chain reaction restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Results IL-6 G-174C and G-597A polymorphisms were in complete linkage disequilibrium. A statistically significant increase of heterozygote subjects for IL-6 G-174C/G-597A was found in controls in comparison to Perthes patient group (p=0.047, OR=2.49, 95% CI=1.00-6.21). Also, the patient group for IL-6 G-174C/G- 597A polymorphisms was not in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. No statistically significant differences were found between patient and control groups for TLR4 analyzed polymorphisms. A stratified analysis by the age at disease onset also did not reveal any significant difference for all analyzed polymorphisms. Conclusion Our study revealed that heterozygote subjects for the IL-6 G-174C/G-597A polymorphisms were significantly overrepresented in the control group than in the Perthes patient group. Consequently, we concluded that children who are heterozygous for these polymorphisms have a lower chance of developing Perthes disease than carriers of both homozygote genotypes

Environmental Exposure to Metals, Parameters of Oxidative Stress in Blood and Prostate Cancer: Results from Two Cohorts

We studied the potential role of exposure to various metal(oid)s (As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Ni, and Pb) in prostate cancer. Two cohorts were established: the Croatian cohort, consisting of 62 cases and 30 controls, and the Serbian cohort, consisting of 41 cases and 61 controls. Blood/serum samples were collected. Levels of investigated metal(oid)s, various parameters of oxidative stress, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) were determined in collected samples. A comparison of the measured parameters between 103 prostate cancer patients and 91 control men from both Croatian and Serbian cohorts showed significantly higher blood Hg, SOD, and GPx levels and significantly lower serum SH levels in prostate cancer patients than in controls. Correlation analyses revealed the significant relationship between certain parameters of oxidative stress and the concentrations of the measured metal(loid)s, pointing to the possible role of metal(oid)-induced oxidative stress imbalance. Furthermore, a significant inverse relationship was found between the blood Pb and the serum PSA in prostate cancer patients, but when the model was adjusted for the impacts of remaining parameters, no significant association between the serum PSA and the measured parameters was found. The results of the overall study indicate a substantial contribution of the measured metal(loid)s to the imbalance of the oxidant/antioxidant system. Although somewhat conflicting, the results of the present study point to the possible role of investigated metal(oid)s in prostate cancer, especially for Hg, since the obtained relationship was observed for both cohorts, followed by the disturbances in oxidative stress status, which were found to be correlated with Hg levels. Nevertheless, further studies in larger cohorts are warranted to explain and confirm the obtained results

Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory potential of different immortelle essential-oil chemotypes

Helichrysum italicum or immortelle (Asteraceae) essential oil has been widely used in alternative medicine for wound healing and other skin conditions such as hematoma and scars. It is possible that the therapeutic efficacy of this oil changes with the natural variability of the composition, i.e. existence of chemotypes, and due to various environmental factors (soil type, altitude, sun exposure, etc.) [1]. Herein we aimed to assess the relationship of the composition and the overall antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory potentials for 4 commercial immortelle oils containing differing amounts of neryl esters (23 : 43 : 12 : 21; oils 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively), α-pinene (17 : 2 : 20 : 5), γ- and ar-curcumenes (19 : 14 : 16 : 15), and β-diketones (3 : 12 : 5 : 7). Oils 3 and 4 displayed higher antimicrobial activity compared to oils 1 and 2, showing a prominent anti-Staphylococcus aureus effect (MIC = 0.62 and 0.31 mg/mL, respectively). The tested strains were least susceptible (MIC ≥ 5 mg/mL) to the action of oil 1, rich in mono- and sesquiterpenic hydrocarbons. However, this oil, along with oil 3, showed the highest cytotoxicity toward macrophages (LC50 ~ 0.14 mg/mL). Among the oil chromatographic fractions, those enriched in α-pinene and curcumenes displayed the highest cytotoxicity, but were inferior to the toxicity of the oils. The statistical (PCA) treatment of the obtained composition-activity data implied that the observed differences in activities among the tested oils were not only due to the different amounts of the major constituents, but also due to the presence of minor constituents (e.g. 2-methylbutyl angelate in the case of the anti-staphylococcal activity of the oils). Interestingly, based on literature data, the constituents that displayed strong negative correlations in the PCA matrix possess a lower antimicrobial potential than the tested oils. We found that immortelle oil efficiency as antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory agents strongly depends on its composition and is an outcome of synergistic action between its constituents

Veza cirkulišućeg nivoa sklerostina sa markerima metabolizma kostiju kod pacijenata sa poremećajem rada štitaste žlezde

Background: The aim of this study was to compare serum sclerostin concentrations in patients with thyroid dysfunction with euthyroid control subjects and to assess the relationship between sclerostin and markers of bone metabolism (osteocalcin and beta-cross-laps). Methods: The study included 30 patients with thyroid dysfunction (hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism and subclinical hyperthyroidism) and ten euthyroid controls. Free thyroxine (FT4) was measured by radioimmunoassay, while thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration was determined immunoradiometrically. We used an ELISA kit to determine the sclerostin level. The electrochemiluminescence method was applied for measuring the bone markers. Results: Sclerostin levels were significantly lower in hypothyroid patients (p=0.009) and significantly elevated in hyperthyroid patients (p=0.008) compared to control values. Hyperthyroid patients also had higher sclerostin than patients with subclinical hyperthyroidism (p=0.013). Sclerostin concentrations were negatively correlated with TSH levels (r=-0.746, p lt 0.001), but positively with FT4 (r=0.696, p lt 0.001). Moreover, sclerostin was positively associated with osteocalcin (r=0.605, p=0.005) and beta-cross-laps levels (r=0.573, p=0.008) in all thyroid patients. Conclusions: Serum sclerostin is significantly affected in subjects with thyroid dysfunction. Both sclerostin and thyroid status affect bone homeostasis, which is reflected through the significant correlations with osteocalcin and beta-cross-laps.Uvod: Cilj ove studije bio je da uporedimo serumske koncentracije sklerostina kod pacijenata sa disfunkcijom štitaste žlezde u odnosu na eutiroidne kontrolne ispitanike, i da procenimo odnos između sklerostina i markera koštanog metabolizma (osteokalcina i beta-cross-lapsa) u istoj populaciji. Metode: Studijom je obuhvaćeno 30 pacijenata sa disfunkcijom štitaste žlezde (hipotireozom, hipertireozom i supkliničkom hipertireozom) i 10 eutiroidnih kontrola. Slobodni tiroksin (FT4) meren je radioimunološkom metodom, dok je koncentracija tireostimulišućeg hormona (TSH) određivana imunoradiometrijski. Za merenje nivoa sklerostina koristili smo ELISA-test. Metoda elektrohemiluminiscencije primenjena je za merenje koncentracije koštanih markera. Rezultati: Nivo sklerostina bio je značajno niži kod bolesnika sa hipotireozom (p = 0,009) odnosno značajno viši kod bolesnika sa hipertireozom (p = 0,008) u poređenju sa vrednostima kod eutiroidnih kontrolnih ispitanika. Pacijenti sa hipertireozom su takođe imali statistički značajno viši nivo sklerostina u odnosu na bolesnike sa supkliničkom hipertireozom (p = 0,013). Pokazana je negativna korelacija koncentracije sklerostina i TSH (r = -0,746, p lt 0,001), odnosno pozitivna korelacija sa FT4 (r = 0,696, p lt 0,001) kod pacijenata sa tireoidnom disfunkcijom. Štaviše, sklerostin pozitivno korelira sa koncentracijom osteokalcina (r = 0,605, p = 0,005) i beta-cross-lapsa (r = 0,573, p = 0,008) kod ovih pacijenata. Zaključak: Serumski nivoi sklerostina izmenjeni su kod osoba sa disfunkcijom štitaste žlezde. Sklerostin zajedno sa tireoidnim statusom utiče na koštani metabolizam, što se ogleda u njegovoj značajnoj korelaciji sa osteokalcinom i beta-cross-lapsom

Fertility of sows of different genotypes on individual farms in regions suitable for intensive pig production

Na teritoriji mačvanskog i braničevskog regiona praćene su reproduktivne osobine 1902 legla kod šest genotipova svinja: dve čiste rase, Švedski Landras (ŠL), Veliki Jorkšir (VJ), kao i četiri meleza nastala ukrštanejm ŠLxVJ, VJxŠL, Nemačkog Landrasa (NL) xVJ i VJx NL. Praćeni su sledeći parametri: broj živorođene prasadi u leglu, broj mrtvorođene prasadi u leglu, broj odgajene prasadi po leglu, dužina trajanja laktacije (dani) i masa legla na zalučenju (kg). Sve krmače su se nalazile na srednjim i velikim gazdinstvima (od 20 do 120 krmača). Najveći broj živorođene prasadi su imale krmače genotipa VJ (12,39), kao i najveći broj odgajene prasadi po leglu (11,32), dok je najveći broj mrtvorođene prasadi utvrđen kod krmača genotipa ŠLxVJ i NLxVJ (0,50). Dužina laktacije je bila najveća kod genotipa VJ x ŠL (34 dana), dok su najveći masu legla imale krmače genotipa VJ (93,42kg). Posmatrajući region kao faktor, utvrđeno je, da su svi ispitivani parametri statistički značajno (P<0.01) varirali, izuzev mase legla na zalučenju. Braničevski region je imao bolje rezultate za parametre: broj živorođene prasadi, broj mrtvorođene prasadi, dok je mačvanski region imao veći broj odgajene prasadi, kraće trajanje laktacije sa većom masom legla na zalučenju. Testiranjem značajnosti utvrđeno je da je genotip statistički značajno (P<0.01) uticao na sve ispitivane parametre osim na broj živorođene prasadi.On the territory of the Mačva and Braničevo region, reproductive properties for 1902 litters were monitored in 6 pig genotypes: Swedish Landrace (SL), Large White (LW) and crosses - SL x LW, LW x SL, German Landrace (GL) x LW and LW x GL. The following parameters were observed: number of live-born piglets in the litter, number of stillborn piglets in the litter, number of piglets reared per litter, duration of lactation (days), and litter mass at weaning (kg). All sows were reared on medium size and large farms (from 20 to 120 sows). The highest number of live-born piglets was determined for LW genotype (12.39), as well as the highest number of piglets reared per litter (11.32), while the highest number of stillborn piglets was found in sows SL x LW and GL x LW (0.50). The lactation duration was the highest in genotype LW x SL (34 days), while the greatest mass of the litter was determined in sows of the LW genotype - 93.42kg. Observing the region as a factor, it was found that all investigated parameters vary statistically significant (P<0.01), except for the mass of the litter at weaning. The Braničevo region had better results for the following parameters: the number of live-born piglets, the number of stillborn piglets, while the Mačva region showed a higher number of reared piglets, a shorter lactation duration with a higher mass of litter at weaning. By testing of the significance, it has been established that the breed highly statistically significantly (P<0.01) affects all the parameters tested except for the number of live-born piglets

Anticandidal activity of Inula helenium root essential oil: synergistic potential, anti-virulence efficacy, and mechanism of action

Inula helenium L. (elecampane) is a widely occurring perennial plant species in Europe and East Asia, belonging to the Compositae family. Roots of I. helenium have been traditionally used for the treatment of various diseases and it is officially listed in pharmacopeias as a diuretic, diaphoretic, expectorant and anthelmintic [1]. The present study investigated the anticandidal potential of I. helenium essential oil, isolated from roots and chemically characterized by GC and GC/MS. Antifungal efficacy was studied using the microdilution method and the determined minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were further used to study a potential synergistic interaction of the oil and an antifungal. Together with this, the mode of action (sorbitol and cholesterol assays) and anti-virulence effects (antibiofilm, germ-tube reducing and phospholipase-inhibitory activities) were also investigated.                The results showed that the isolated essential oil contained alantolactone and isoalantolactone as the dominant constituents (65.8 and 25.5%, respectively). The obtained MICs varied among the strains, but the oil generally exhibited a high anticandidal potential (0.009-0.312 mg/mL). The oil displayed a high synergistic effect in combination with the antifungal agent nystatin. Experiments on the mode of action demonstrated that the oil affected the cell membrane function, due to the enhancement of the oil's activity (lowering of active concentrations) in the presence of sorbitol and cholesterol. Considering the virulence factors, the oil exhibited an antibiofilm activity, as well as a very high germ-tube reducing potential (93.3-100% at MIC). Additionally, a complete inhibition of the enzyme phospholipase in the presence of I. helenium root essential oil was demonstrated.                Based on the presented results, the essential oil of I. helenium can be considered as a good candidate for a natural agent that can be further explored in the sense of candidiasis treatment